Update on systemic lupus erythematosus: A review

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune and idiopathic condition that affects connective tissues. It is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies, the accumulation of immune complexes, inflammation, and, ultimately, irreversible organ damage. It can affect individuals of various ages, ethnicities, and genders. Nonetheless, nearly 90% of newly diagnosed SLE patients are women of reproductive age. The early mortality associated with SLE is primarily due to significant disease activity. However, subsequent mortality is linked to chronic illness and the use of immunosuppressive agents. Despite extensive research, the precise etiology of SLE remains partially understood; however, its onset involves a complex interplay of genetic predispositions, environmental stimuli, hormonal factors, and immune system abnormalities. The predominant clinical signs include fatigue, fever, weight loss, arthritis, pericarditis, anemia, and pulmonary complications. Diagnosing SLE requires a combination of clinical evaluations and laboratory testing, including antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, among others. Managing SLE patients involves various approaches and lifestyle recommendations, including avoiding direct or reflected sunlight. This article presents an updated review of the mortality and pathophysiology of SLE. We also elucidate the clinical manifestations and the primary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this condition.

Keywords

Systemic lupus erythematosus / Clinical manifestations / Mortality / Diagnosis / Antinuclear antibodies

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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