Progesterone for reproductive vitality and women’s healthy ageing

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This article has been updated. A Correction to this article was published on .

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The Original Article was published on

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The Original Article was published on

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This article has been updated

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This article was retracted on

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This article has been updated

Abstract

The dominant paradigm for healthy ageing in women+ (all genders) focuses on estrogen and sees the menopause, per se, as a major health problem (with low estrogen and progesterone levels). In reality, the risks for diseases that increase at older ages originate during the menstruating years. Rarely discussed evidence supports the central role of progesterone and normally ovulatory menstrual cycles in preventing early cardiovascular disease, fragility fractures, dementia, and cancers. Menstrual cycles with normal and predictable lengths but disturbed ovulation, including short luteal phases with lower progesterone production as well as anovulation without progesterone, likely occur in over 25% of all such cycles. These Subclinical Ovulatory Disturbances are usually an adaptive and protective response to physiological, sociocultural, or emotional stressors. Ovulatory disturbances and risks for health issues during ageing are intrinsically related to the social determinants of health-wholesome food, plentiful physical activity, strong communities, and access to timely and appropriate medical care. This review discusses the empirical evidence that normal ovulation and progesterone production during the premenopausal years lead to the prevention of early heart attacks and fragility fractures. Few studies document the effects of prevalent Subclinical Ovulatory Disturbances on brain issues (sleep, night sweats, ischemic strokes, pain, and addictions) and cancer risks. Serious gaps in women+’s fundamental reproductive physiology must be addressed with unbiased (population-based), rigorously collected longitudinal physiological, hormonal, and sociocultural data. Progesterone therapy during perimenopause and menopause also indirectly leads to healthy ageing through effective treatment of night sweats, hot flushes, and disturbed sleep, which are associated with cardiovascular problems and osteoporosis. Not only is progesterone effective for vasomotor symptoms in menopause, but also effective in perimenopause, a time of high and chaotic estrogen levels. In sum, strong summarized evidence suggests that progesterone and ovulation need further exploration for their important roles in promoting healthy ageing for women+.

Keywords

cardiovascular diseases / healthy ageing / menstrual cycles / mortality / osteoporosis / progesterone / social determinants of health / subclinical ovulatory disturbances

CHANGE HISTORY

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