Glucocorticoid signalling coordinating circadian rhythms between the glymphatic system and sleep contributes to brain health

Abstract

Circadian rhythms are present in almost every cell of the body and play important roles in various physiological processes. The central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is synchronized to the environmental light-dark cycle and ensures a temporal order for the peripheral clocks, which in turn modulate tissue and organ function. This temporal organization is crucial for the precise timing of bodily processes, including sleep, glucocorticoid release, and the function of the glymphatic system. Sleep and the glymphatic system are significantly impacted by the rhythmic secretion of glucocorticoids. One important function of the glymphatic system is the clearance of waste metabolites, which most likely happens during sleep. Disruptions within the SCN, glucocorticoid rhythms, sleep, or glymphatic clearance have been implicated in compromised brain health. This review explores the current knowledge on the interdependence of the SCN, glucocorticoids, sleep, and the glymphatic system, and emphasizes their importance in homeostasis and pathology; in particular, Alzheimer’s disease.

Keywords

Circadian rhythms / suprachiasmatic nucleus / glucocorticoids / glymphatic system / clearance / choroid plexus / sleep / Alzheimer’s disease

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