The growing demand for sustainable, real-time audio processing drives innovations in sound classification and energy harvesting. Traditional sound monitoring systems often struggle with scalability, energy efficiency, and adaptability, particularly in remote or resource-limited environments. The expansion of IoT applications intensifies power demands in widely distributed wireless sensor networks, highlighting the need for sustainable solutions. Moreover, the volume of data generated by these sensors frequently exceeds the capacity for efficient human analysis, necessitating the integration of machine learning and deep learning techniques. These methods must be optimized for fine-tuning with minimal data from new sensors, enabling efficient and accurate sound classification without extensive retraining. This paper presents a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)-based microphone that addresses energy consumption and data processing challenges by integrating advanced materials with sound classification systems. The proposed device uses polyimine/graphite polypropylene (PI/GP) coated paper to capture sound and harvest energy from ambient noise. It delivers an output power of 25.67 μW at 94 dB, powering a wireless transmission circuit while achieving high acoustic sensitivity and a frequency response of up to 20 kHz. Performance evaluations show 92.7% classification accuracy in simulated live environments and a processing time of 0.342 s for 5-s audio clips using the MobileNet V1 model. Pre-trained models fine-tuned with minimal data from the TENG microphone enable efficient sound classification without extensive retraining. This innovation offers a sustainable alternative to conventional microphones, supporting self-powered, real-time monitoring systems with wireless data transmission and energy storage capabilities.

Nowadays, the development of all-biomass aerogel fibers that integrate robust mechanical properties with superior thermal insulation remains a significant challenge. In this study, all-biomass core-shell structural aerogel fiber with the cellulose acetate shell and the silk fibroin core was developed to address these issues. The resulting cellulose acetate-silk fibroin aerogel fiber demonstrated impressive mechanical properties, with the stress and strain at break of 28.18 MPa and 104%, respectively. These properties are attributed to lithium chloride-induced slow molding and heat treatment-derived crystallization enhancement. Furthermore, the cellulose acetate-silk fibroin aerogel fiber possessed excellent water resistance and easy dyeability. Notably, based on the multilevel porous structure, low thermal conductivity, and core-shell structure of aerogel fiber, the knitted fabric exhibited outstanding thermal insulation performance, such as a |ΔT| of 60.6 at hot stage temperature of 120 °C, outperforming previous studies. Consistent with the experimental findings, the numerical simulation results revealed that the exceptional performance could be attributed to the macro-/nano-sized pores in the cellulose acetate shell capturing stationary air for suppressing thermal conduction/convection, and walls in the silk fibroin core enhancing infrared reflectance for preventing thermal radiation. This innovative approach paves the way for designing sustainable aerogel fiber and multifunctional textiles, with promising applications in personal thermal management.

The rational development of high-performance oxygen electrocatalysts, exhibiting synergistically optimized activity and durability, is essential for propelling the commercial viability of zinc-air batteries (ZABs). In this study, alkali lignin is utilized as a coordinating ligand to synthesize defect-rich nitrogen-doped carbon loaded with FeNi₃ alloy (FeNi₃@NAC) via a self-assembly strategy accompanied by in situ pyrolysis. The abundant oxygen-containing functional groups present in alkali lignin not only enhance metal anchoring but also increase the nitrogen doping levels. By controlling the pyrolysis temperature, the carbon edge defect and graphitic valley N within the catalyst can be effectively tuned. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the presence of defect-rich structures and graphitic valley N in the carbon matrix induce a downshift in the energy band structure of FeNi₃, facilitating the desorption of oxygen intermediates and enhancing the kinetics of the ORR and OER. The FeNi₃@NAC pyrolyzed at 800 °C (FeNi₃@NAC-800) with the highest proportions of carbon edge defects (37%) and graphitic valley N (0.76%), as well as sufficient mesopores, demonstrates outstanding bifunctional catalytic performance, achieving a high half-wave potential of 0.86 V for the ORR and a low overpotential of 291 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² for the OER. The ZAB incorporating FeNi₃@NAC-800 as the air cathode exhibits superior efficiency and durability, achieving a peak power density of 212.4 mW cm⁻², a specific capacity of 810.1 mAh g⁻¹, and long-term stability exceeding 250 h at 5 mA cm⁻².

All-solid-state battery is a promising solution to make lithium batteries safer while boosting their energy density. Solid polymer electrolytes offer a cheaper alternative to inorganic solid electrolyte. Solid polymer electrolytes even outperform inorganic solid electrolytes in some domains; for example, they are less prone to mechanical failure or to contact loss with electrodes upon cycles. However, there are still a couple of challenges to address, including the solid electrolyte/positive electrode interface degradation. The interface between solid polymer electrolyte and the positive electrode is largely overlooked in favor of that of the negative electrode. Ab initio molecular dynamics was combined with relative bond length change analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the compatibility of a broad selection of functional groups with two grades of Ni-rich NMC cathode (NMC622, NMC811). The results emphasize the relative reactivity of NMC811 compared to NMC622. It was observed that Li is mostly responsible for triggering chemical degradation by interacting with negatively charged atoms from functional groups. Results revealed that hydroxyl or amine deprotonation is a major mechanism of interface degradation that leads to capacity fading. The role of the electric field during cycling was also investigated, showing how it affects functional group orientation and interactions with the NMC electrode.

The graphite anode has been described as the unsung hero in battery chemistry since the birth of lithium-ion batteries. Despite its significance, there are specific limitations inherent in the graphite anode, such as an unstable solid electrode interphase layer, low Li⁺ diffusion, and defective structural change, which limit the overall rate performance of lithium-ion batteries. Hence, at this juncture, we design to decorate the graphitic surface with a Li⁺ permeable lithophilic Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ layer. The uniform decoration on graphite is attained by covalent functionalization of the surface with polydopamine before Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ decoration. The zero-strain spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ layer serves to avert structural collapse and volume expansion of the MCMB (Mesocarbon microbeads) anode without compromising graphite's performance. The electrochemical studies of the modified sample exhibit a significantly faster lithium diffusion compared to pristine MCMB and deliver a reversible capacity of 339 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C. In practice, the full-cell performance of the MCMB@LTO modified was shown to have superior cyclic stability over 200 cycles. Hence, this work provides insight into the structural integrity of the graphite anode by interface engineering for Li-ion batteries.

Vacuum carbon thermal reduction has been widely studied for the recovery of ternary lithium batteries, and there are many choices for the type of carbon to be reduced in this method, such as expensive carbon nanotubes and inexpensive battery anode carbon. In this paper, the vacuum reduction of ternary lithium batteries cathode materials by carbon nanotubes was investigated, and it was confirmed that carbon nanotubes, as a high-quality carbon with high carbon content and large specific surface area can achieve very excellent reduction results. Using concentrated sulfuric acid with a concentration of 98% and H₂O₂ with a concentration of 60%, swollen anode carbon as the reduced carbon, the direct yields of Li and Mn were above 99% at a vacuum of 10 Pa, a temperature of 1623 K, a pressurized material pressure of 0 MPa, and a roasting time of 90 min, similar to the effect of expensive carbon nanotubes, and the roasting time was lower than that of the unetched anode carbon. This process improves the reduction efficiency and saves energy consumption in vacuum carbon thermal reduction of waste ternary lithium batteries cathode materials.

This study proposes an intelligent powered air-purifying respirator with a superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride/SiO₂ humidity-sensitive sensor to address heat and moisture accumulation and high breathing resistance in self-priming filter-type respirators. The humidity sensor, featuring a contact angle of 151°, exhibits a 30% resistance change between 75% and 95% RH. This change is driven by the synergistic effects of chemical adsorption of water molecules onto polar groups (F, H, O) and physical adsorption with capillary condensation. First-principles calculations reveal that the band gap decreases from 0.2782 eV to 0.1616 eV as humidity increases, enhancing electrical conductivity. The respirator dynamically adjusts fan speed, ranging from 5000 to 35 000 rpm, using a Gated Recurrent Unit neural network based on breath prediction, thereby achieving efficient gas exchange. Comparative experiments with self-aspirating filtering respirators demonstrate that the respirator effectively reduces internal mask temperature, lowers humidity to ambient levels, and maintains positive pressure inside the mask, significantly decreasing breathing resistance. Computational fluid dynamics simulations confirm the dynamic balance of airflow inside the mask, ensuring high ventilation efficiency. This design significantly enhances heat and moisture management and reduces breathing resistance, offering an advanced solution for addressing the challenges in self-priming filter-type respirators.

The rational design of sustainable light-conversion agricultural materials is critical for enhancing solar energy utilization efficiency and advancing low-carbon farming systems. In this study, we propose a biomass-derived composite strategy by integrating transparent bamboo (TB), a natural, renewable substrate, with the europium-based luminescent complex Eu(hfa)₃(TPPO)₂ to fabricate a flexible photoactive transparent bamboo (PTB) that synergistically combines light-conversion functionality and enhanced mechanical robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that PTB achieves 86.3% transparency and efficient UV-to-red light conversion, effectively transforming UV radiation harmful to plants into photosynthetically active red light. Moreover, PTB exhibits excellent thermal stability and a longitudinal tensile strength of 100.5 MPa, surpassing conventional petroleum-based agricultural films. Growth experiments on Arabidopsis thaliana reveal that PTB coverage significantly improves plant photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and biomass accumulation: 28.6% more leaves, 108.6% higher fresh weight, and 118.2% increased dry weight compared to controls. This work provides a biomass-based design paradigm for eco-compatible agricultural photonic materials, demonstrating promising potential in energy-saving smart agriculture and sustainable crop production.

Phonon engineering, as a commonly used strategy to achieve high thermoelectric performance, typically requires heavy doping to achieve the largely suppressed thermal conductivity. In this work of the Hf-doped Zr₃Ni₃Sb₄ Zintl, we discovered two unconventional mechanisms, namely avoided crossing and phonon softening, which enable a significant reduction in lattice thermal conductivity with only a small amount of Hf doping. DFT calculations reveal that the significant phonon-rattler scattering induced by the heavy element Hf doping is the physical origin of the occurrence of avoided crossing and phonon softening, which effectively suppress the group velocity at certain frequencies, shorten the phonon lifetime, and significantly increase phonon anharmonicity. Furthermore, Zr_2.75Hf_0.25Ni₃Sb_3.95Te_0.05 alloy is experimentally identified as the optimal composition. A small amount of Hf drastically lowers the lattice thermal conductivity and marginally decreases the electrical conductivity, leading to the increased average ZT value by 21%. These results highlight the application potential of Zr₃Ni₃Sb₄-based alloys during the medium to high temperature range. Meanwhile, this study provides a new and unconventional phonon mechanism for isoelectronic alloying, which can be applicable to other thermal management aspects.

Droplet energy harvesting has attracted much attention due to its potential advantages in dealing with future energy crises and the dilemmas faced by environmental pollution. However, large-scale manufacturing of advanced droplet electricity generators that can adapt to harsh environments remains a key challenge. Herein, we reported MoO₃-doped PBA-fa (P/M) coatings as triboelectric materials for droplet electricity generators using an industrially viable and scalable ultrasonic spray coating method. The optimal P/M-based droplet electricity generator exhibits a high output current of 100 μA and an excellent voltage of 37 V, which are superior to some conventional polymer-based droplet electricity generators and presents one to two orders of magnitude enhancement compared to those of common wall coating-based droplet electricity generators, respectively. Moreover, an outstanding power density of 281.5 mW m⁻² is achieved, preceding most polymer-based droplet electricity generators. The excellent properties should be ascribed to the collaborative contributions of surface potential, the dielectric properties, and hydrophobicity of the friction layer. Additionally, the P/M coating has superior flame retardancy, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties, making it an ideal material for outdoor droplet energy harvesting. Furthermore, the P/M-integrated droplet electricity generator system functioned as a dual-mode sensor, enabling real-time monitoring of bacterial concentration in domestic wastewater and pH variations in industrial effluents.

Thermal charging cells face two main challenges that limit their practical applications. 1) Still lacking the systems suitable for operation under higher temperature environments, even though high-temperature waste heat recovery systems have greater application potential and practical significance compared with room-temperature systems. 2) There are limitations in the self-sustaining performance of continuous discharge under temperature differences, which hold critical significance for the real-world implementation of thermal charging cells. This study has successfully constructed a high-temperature resistant thermal charging cells system that can operate at 160 °C by optimizing the design of electrode solutions and layered electrode materials, which is currently the highest temperature achieved as far as we know. This high-temperature resistant thermal charging cells system can achieve a considerable thermal voltage of 960 mV and an impressive Carnot-relative efficiency of 14%, outperforming the state-of-the-art thermoelectric systems. This work has investigated the self-maintained capability of the thermal charging cells system under the opposing effects of ionic concentration and temperature differences between the electrodes and experimentally verified this performance by adjusting the lithium-ion concentration and temperature difference. Furthermore, the stability of the system under long-term charge and discharge cycles was tested, making it the longest running system currently. This work significantly highlighted the broad application prospects of thermal charging cells systems in practical implementations, particularly in advanced thermal energy harvesting and conversion technologies.

High-entropy metal phosphides (HEMPs) with complex compositions have garnered significant attention in catalysis. However, the cost-effective synthesis of single-phase HEMPs with high activity and stability remains a critical challenge, limiting their practical applications. Herein, we propose an innovative, versatile, and cost-effective thermal treatment strategy based on cation-bonded phosphate resin to synthesize single-phase HEMP nanoparticles anchored on porous carbon substrates (Co_0.62Fe_0.20Ni_0.14Cu_0.23Mn_0.38P/C). This catalyst demonstrates high performance for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). It achieves a current density of 1.71 mA cm⁻² at 0.1 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) for HOR in 0.1 m KOH and supports water electrolysis at 100 mA cm⁻² with a low voltage of 1.66 V. Systematic characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Mn incorporation optimizes the electronic structure, accelerates electron transfer between metal sites, lowers hydrogen adsorption free energy, and enriches active sites, significantly enhancing catalytic performance. These results set a new benchmark for sustainable hydrogen energy. This study not only introduces a scalable synthesis route for HEMPs but also provides critical insights into designing next-generation electrocatalysts for efficient and stable hydrogen-related applications.

We report a novel pre-breakdown electrochemical synthesis method for producing polyNiMeOSalen suspensions with exceptional scalability and economic viability. Operating at ultra-high current density (1 A cm⁻²), this method achieves 83% yield and produces nanoscale particles (~30 nm) with superior electrochemical performance. The resulting P-polyNiMeOSalen demonstrates 1.7 times higher rate capability than conventional electrochemically synthesized materials, attributed to increased surface area and enhanced non-Faradaic contributions. Techno-economic analysis reveals remarkable commercial potential with production costs of circa $1500/kg (significantly lower than competing materials), rapid payback period (1.17 years), and high internal rate of return (49.5%). Despite the presence of impurities, P-polyNiMeOSalen, when employed as a protective layer in composite cathodes with NMC532, demonstrates negligible impact on the Coulombic efficiency of NMC532, achieving 99.3% by the fifth cycle. Furthermore, P-polyNiMeOSalen exhibits comparable protective properties to E-polyNiMeOSalen upon overcharge of NMC532 to 8 V. This scalable synthesis represents a paradigm shift toward the economically viable production of protective coatings for next-generation lithium-ion battery safety systems.

Developing simple methods to achieve flexible regulation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) selectivity is essential for sustainable energy technologies, yet remains challenging. An effective strategy for directing ORR selectivity through pyrolysis atmosphere is proposed using [Fe(TPDC)₂(BIB)₂]_n (FeMOF, TPDC = 3, 4-thiophenedicarboxylic acid; BIB = 1, 4-bis(3-imidazolyl)-benzene) as the precursor. Notably, Fe₂O₃ derived from air pyrolysis exhibits high two-electron (2e⁻) ORR selectivity for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, achieving a rate of 0.99 mol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, whereas Fe and Fe₃C encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Fe/Fe₃C@NCNTs) from N₂-pyrolysis demonstrates high-efficiency four-electron (4e⁻) ORR selectivity (E_1/2 = 0.92 V vs. RHE), exceeding Pt/C. Fe/Fe₃C@NCNT-based cathode enabled zinc-air batteryz (ZAB) to achieve exceptional peak power density and remarkable cycle stability. Theoretical calculations indicate that the binding strength of the *OOH intermediate governs ORR selectivity. Simple atmosphere adjustment during the pyrolysis process enables on-demand optimization of electrocatalyst ORR selectivity, demonstrating MOF potential in electrocatalysis and providing new perspectives for designing low-cost, efficient non-noble metal catalysts.

Developing hydrogel electrolytes that simultaneously overcome the critical challenges of rapid dehydration, narrow operational temperature windows, poor interfacial adhesion, and irreparable mechanical damage remains an urgent need for reliable supercapacitors, since these challenges significantly compromise their cycling stability. Herein, a versatile biomass hydrogel electrolyte (PSBGD-Li) is developed through dynamic borate ester crosslinking between peach gum polysaccharide and starch, integrating exceptional water retention (≥66 days, 92.01% retention), wide temperature adaptability (−30 °C to 50 °C), rapid subzero self-healing (99.4% recovery in 5 min at −30 °C), high ionic conductivity (34.71 mS cm⁻¹ at 25 °C; 9.22 mS cm⁻¹ at −30 °C), and excellent mechanical robustness (>1600% strain without breakage, 30.7 kPa interfacial adhesion). Supercapacitors equipped with PSBGD-Li exhibit superior all-climate electrochemical cycling stability, delivering a high specific capacitance of 216 F g⁻¹ at 25 °C with 98.6% capacitance retention after 15 000 cycles. Remarkably, they maintain outstanding temperature reliability, retaining 99.2% capacitance at −30 °C and 92.4% at 50 °C, while preserving >99% specific capacitance after sequential thermal cycling between −30 °C and 50 °C. Flexible supercapacitors also maintain stable electrochemical performance after repeated bending or cutting/healing cycles, highlighting significant potential for developing green, temperature-tolerant, reliable flexible energy storage in extreme environments.

Electronic modulation for balancing oxygen intermediates bending energy over oxygen evolution catalytic active sites is one of the most critical factors but still remains challenging. In this case, yolk-shell Co₈FeS₈-Fe_xC_y was constructed by fast Joule-heating process with dual-ligand PBA as precursor. With the help of Spherical aberration corrected STEM, synchrotron-radiation photoelectron spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations, the consecutive manipulation of d-band center for the designed series of Co₈FeS₈-based samples by introducing the Fe_xC_y with varying element ratios was disclosed. The findings confirm that electron modulation of Co₈FeS₈-Fe_xC_y can upshift the d-band center toward Fermi level to optimize antibonding-orbital occupancy of the metal-O bond, thereby prominently minimizing Gibbs free energy for intermediates in the rate-determining step. Encouragingly, the optimal Co₈FeS₈-Fe₇C₃ delivers a significant overpotential (η₁₀) decrease by 118 mV compared with Co₈FeS₈-C, ultrasmall Tafel slope of 33.4 mV dec⁻¹, along with excellent catalytic durability. Furthermore, it also shows enhanced electromagnetic wave dissipation ability with the minimum reflection loss of −50.72 at 2.03 mm and effective absorption bandwidth of 7.87 GHz at 1.7 mm. This work uncovered the intrinsic regulation mechanism of microcomponent design and opens up a promising prospect for exploring advanced multifunctional materials.

Photocatalysis is emerging as a promising alternative for H₂O₂ production to the current energy-intensive anthraquinone process. However, developing the catalysts with efficient charge transfer and robust proton extraction kinetics is critical but quite challenging. Herein, we present a new re-crystallization synthesis strategy for polymeric semiconductors with a highly crystallized poly(heptazine imide) photocatalyst designed. Pre-alkali hydrothermal treatment enhances the structural disorder of the precursor with hydrophilic active sites introduced, facilitating the formation of the fully extended conjunction structure during the subsequent molten salted growth. Benefiting from the structural advantages including high in-plane crystallinity and sufficient active sites from introduced functional groups, the synthesized photocatalyst exhibits record-level visible-light-responsive H₂O₂ production of 486.00 μM at λ > 500 nm and 1946.96 μM at λ > 420 nm, achieving an apparent quantum yield of 13.75%. Notably, a rarely reported high piezo-photocatalytic H₂O₂ production of 19.11 μM in pure water was also achieved. This work provides new insights into the design of high-performance polymeric photocatalysts for sustainable H₂O₂ production.

Halide solid electrolytes (SEs) show high ionic conductivity and good compatibility with cathode active materials, providing long-life all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). Liquid-phase synthesis technology is a feasible option for the large-scale manufacturing of halide SEs. However, no leading liquid-phase synthesis method for halide SEs has been developed because of a limited understanding of the solvent effect on the formation of halide SEs. Herein, a scalable and universal liquid-phase synthesis method for halide SEs using organic solvents is reported. The Li_3−xYCl_6−x SEs synthesized via pyridine transform trigonal structure to metastable orthorhombic structure as the Li concentration decreases, forming a highly pure orthorhombic phase with an ionic conductivity of 1.3 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 25 °C in the composition of x = 1. Spectroscopic analysis indicates that pyridine acts as a reducing ligand, stabilizing the orthorhombic Li₂YCl₅ by modulating the valence state of yttrium ions. Additionally, the developed synthesis method is extended to the synthesis of bromide SEs with high ionic conductivity. ASSLIBs using LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂-Li₂YCl₅ cathode composites demonstrate good cycling stability for 100 cycles. The liquid-phase synthesis technology reported here opens opportunities for the practical manufacturing of halide-based ASSLIBs.

Multi-band electrochromic (MBEC) smart windows, capable of dynamic and selective management of solar radiation (visible and near-infrared transmittance) and thermal radiation (mid- and long-wave infrared emissivity), are crucial for zero-energy buildings and adaptive optical systems. However, they have not yet been developed due to the inherent material design challenges and kinetics-stability trade-offs. Inspired by lotus root vessels, we develop vertically aligned nano-helix tungsten oxide (NH-WO₃) films with amorphous-crystalline heterophase. The multiscale microstructure provides numerous active sites, enhances local electric fields, and alleviates stress during repeated cycling. Consequently, NH-WO₃ achieves unprecedented quad-band electrochromic performances with multi-mode photothermal modulation across the visible to long-wave infrared spectra, featuring large optical contrast (ΔT_VIS–NIR ~79%), significant temperature and emissivity variation (ΔT = 9.3 °C, Δε = 0.47@5 μm), ultrafast switching (3.9/1.9 s@780 nm, 2.8/2.5 s@990 nm), and robust cyclability (10 000 cycles with only 9.1% optical-contrast loss). Furthermore, a prototype smart window based on the NH-WO₃ film maintains a comfortable indoor temperature of 26 °C even under continuous AM 1.5G solar irradiation for 1 hour. This bio-inspired nano-helix design provides an efficient strategy for the development of advanced next-generation photothermal management smart windows toward practical energy-efficient architectures and adaptive optics.

Smart materials, especially piezoelectric materials, have gained popularity over the last two decades. Two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric materials exhibit attributes including great flexibility, ease of workability, extensive surface area, and many active sites, indicating significant potential for future practical applications. However, 2D materials have bottlenecks such as poor stability against high-impact forces and unsatisfactory manufacturing techniques. This review examines cutting-edge research advancements on 2D piezoelectric materials and their applications in new-generation devices. First, the current review discusses the structure and working mechanism, synthesis methods, and characterization techniques of 2D piezoelectric materials. Then, a thorough review of the piezocatalysis technique is provided, analyzing the applications of 2D piezoelectric materials in various applications, including nanogenerators, nanosensors, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and solar cells. In conclusion, the main obstacles and opportunities of 2D piezoelectric materials and their applications in the future are examined. We believe that this comprehensive review will make significant contributions to the qualitative and quantitative research of the production of commercial advanced functional devices and their large-scale integrated applications.

Advancing alkaline water electrolysis for renewable energy technologies requires oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts that combine high activity, long-term durability, and mechanistic clarity. Herein, we report a hierarchically engineered α-FeOOH–FeP/Ni₃S₂ electrocatalyst supported on 3D Ni foam, synthesized via a stepwise hydrothermal sulfidation, gas-phase phosphidation, and chemical impregnation strategy. This integrated multi-phase architecture exhibits strong interfacial coupling, enabling accelerated charge transfer and favorable oxygen evolution reaction kinetics under alkaline conditions. In situ/operando Raman, UV–vis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy uncover dynamic surface reconstruction under operating conditions, with reversible Fe³⁺/Fe⁴⁺ redox cycling within the α-FeOOH overlayer, pinpointing transient Fe⁴⁺–O species as key catalytic intermediates. The optimized catalyst attains low overpotentials of 223 and 251 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm⁻² and sustains industrial-level operation (>500 mA cm⁻²) with outstanding durability in 1.0 m KOH. When deployed in a symmetric anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer, it delivers a cell voltage of only 1.47 V at 10 mA cm⁻², outperforming benchmark noble-metal-based systems. Mechanistic studies including kinetic isotope effect and pH-dependent analysis support a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism, with O–H bond cleavage as the rate-determining step. These findings elucidate key structure–function relationships and establish a modular design strategy for advanced alkaline oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts.

Due to their non-flammability, remarkable flexibility, ease of processing, and design versatility, polymer-based electrolytes containing polyethers have emerged as pivotal materials for high-energy-density and safe lithium-metal batteries. Although polyethers provide sufficient sites for Li⁺ transport through ether-oxygen coordination, they still exhibit low room temperature ionic conductivity and poor oxidation stability, which remains a critical obstacle to the commercialization of lithium-metal batteries. Given fluorine's strong electronegativity and the excellent stability of C–F bonds, fluorination strategies have proven effective in enhancing the oxidative stability of polymer-based electrolytes and extending the cycling life of lithium-metal batteries. Notably, incorporating fluorine into ether-based polymer-based electrolytes can simultaneously improve ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, and the formation of stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces. In this review, we comprehensively examine the design of fluoro-functionalized polyether electrolytes for advanced lithium-metal batteries and their impact on battery performance. Our primary objectives are to elucidate the structure–property relationships of fluoro-functionalized polyether electrolytes and to explore their mechanisms in improving interfacial stability and electrochemical performance. Furthermore, we discuss the key challenges and future development directions of fluoro-functionalized polyether electrolytes for solid-state lithium-metal battery applications, and propose practical strategies to address these issues.

Ionogels have garnered significant attention in flexible sensing due to their outstanding mechanical properties, conductivity, and stability. However, establishing a robust and stable adhesive interface with various substrates remains a significant challenge. Herein, hydrogen-bonded ionogels were synthesized through the self-polymerization of hydrophobic ionic monomers. The introduction of hydrogen bonding effectively balances the intrinsic cohesive strength of the ionogels and their interfacial wettability, thereby enhancing adhesive strength. The optimal ionogels exhibited a tensile strength of 0.62 MPa, a modulus of 0.474 MPa, and an adhesive strength of 1208.3 kPa, surpassing most reported values for ionogels. Additionally, the ionogels retained superior electrical conductivity (44.78 mS cm⁻¹) and excellent optical transparency (>80%). A strain sensor fabricated from the ionogels demonstrated excellent sensitivity and stability, enabling the construction of a smart sensing glove capable of precise gesture recognition when integrated with deep learning algorithms. Intriguingly, the ionogels also exhibited selective recognition of ammonia (NH₃), with a detection limit (LOD) of 65 ppb. Leveraging these advantages, the integration of the ionogel with a wireless data acquisition and transmission module enables rapid, convenient, and real-time NH₃ detection. This work presents an effective approach for developing highly adhesive ionogels, broadening their potential for practical applications.

In this study, a nanolignin functionalized separator has been designed to maximize the thermo-mechanical response of commercial separators while blocking polysulfide shuttling in lithium–sulfur batteries. A uniform, thin, and mechanically robust biobased nanocomposite functional coating, exhibiting reduced porosity compared to the commercial polypropylene separators, was produced. The nano-composite coating, based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate embedding kraft lignin nanoparticles through a waterborne, dual-curing process, afforded excellent resistance to thermo-oxidative and thermolytic degradation and yielded a wide temperature operating window for the separator. Furthermore, flame resistance was also markedly improved versus benchmark non-coated polypropylene, with the modified separator exhibiting slower combustion kinetics and char formation under direct flame exposure. Such a functionalized biobased system was employed as a functional/structural component in flexible lithium–sulfur batteries pouch cells, which were shown to achieve an initial discharge capacity as high as 1128.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C, maintaining 541 mAh g⁻¹ after 250 cycles. This work presents a scalable and environmentally friendly approach to separator design, offering important advances toward safer, high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries devices for applications in portable electronics and electric vehicles.

FeV₂S₄ holds promise as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its large interlayer spacing, high storage capacity, and metallic conductivity. However, the significant volume expansion and polysulfides dissolution during cycling usually lead to material pulverization and performance degradation. Herein, the thin N-doped carbon (NC) layer encapsulated FeV₂S₄/Fe nanorods (FeV₂S₄/Fe@NC) have been constructed via the multi-step strategy. Under the synergistic effect of outer NC and inner FeV₂S₄/Fe, the optimized FeV₂S₄/Fe@NC anode prepared at 850 °C demonstrates fast-charging sodium storage capabilities (525 mAh g⁻¹/2 A g⁻¹/400 cycles and 281 mAh g⁻¹/15 A g⁻¹). Remarkably, except for 25 °C, such well-chosen anode can easily run at extreme temperatures, demonstrating excellent all-climate rate capabilities (135 mAh g⁻¹/5 A g⁻¹ at 0 °C and 289 mAh g⁻¹/15 A g⁻¹ at 40 °C) and cyclic stability (371 mAh g⁻¹/0.5 A g⁻¹/200 cycles at 0 °C and 529.2 mAh g⁻¹/2 A g⁻¹/300 cycles at 40 °C). Additionally, the components of SEI film, electrochemical kinetics, theoretical calculations, and various in-situ/ex-situ characterizations confirm the rapid charge transfer, highly efficient Na⁺ diffusion, and conversion-based reaction mechanism in FeV₂S₄/Fe@NC. Furthermore, the full cells consisted of FeV₂S₄/Fe@NC anodes and reduced graphene oxide modified Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO) cathodes realize satisfied electrochemical performances (242 mAh g⁻¹ over 140 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹). This work offers a rational synthesis approach for designing high-performance dual-metal chalcogenide-based anodes for sodium-ion storage.

Electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs) stand as linchpins in the global transition toward carbon neutrality, yet their performance and safety remain fundamentally constrained by the underappreciated component: membrane separators. This review delivers a paradigm-shifting synthesis of separator science across redox flow batteries (RFBs), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and solid-state batteries (SSBs), unraveling the universal principles that govern ion selectivity, interfacial stability, and long-term cyclability. By critically analyzing the interplay among material architecture, ion transport mechanisms, and electrochemical degradation pathways, we establish a unified framework for designing next-generation separators that overcome the persistent trade-off between ionic conductivity and molecular-level discrimination. Recent advances in porous crystalline materials, polymer electrolytes, and hybrid composites are dissected through the lens of size-exclusion, Donnan-exclusion, and dynamic adaptive interactions, revealing how tailored pore geometries and functional group engineering enable the precise modulation of cation/anion flux. Emphasis is placed on the emerging role of computational modeling in decoding separator–electrolyte couplings, guiding the rational design of membranes with atomic-scale precision. The review further addresses critical challenges, including dendritic growth in alkali metal batteries, crossover losses in aqueous RFBs, and interfacial instability in solid-state systems. This integrative analysis establishes a cross-cutting roadmap for separator innovation, where the synergistic design of material architectures, ion transport physics, and computational-guided interfaces converge to unlock the full potential of electrochemical energy storage systems.

Two-dimensional nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials are transforming thermal management by improving thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency, offering efficient and sustainable cooling solutions than conventional hydrocarbon-based phase change materials. However, the environmental concerns necessitate the development of eco-friendly and green alternatives. This study presents a green alternative by developing two-dimensional nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials using biodegradable beeswax infused with reduced graphene oxide, graphene oxide, and Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanoparticles at varying concentrations (0.1–0.5 wt.%), a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to paraffin wax. Comprehensive material characterization confirmed the structural stability and chemical compatibility of the prepared composites. Experimental results demonstrated that the addition of nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity by 21.9% (up to 0.278 W (m·K)⁻¹) while maintaining latent heat storage capacity within 6–18% of the base phase change materials values. Experimental findings of thermophysical properties, including thermal conductivity and viscosity, were used to train machine learning based regression models, yielding predictive accuracy levels up to 95%. Additionally, numerical simulations based on these models replicated the experimental results, providing a reliable framework for future predictions. A discontinuity estimation model was also developed to accurately predict thermal conductivity changes during phase transitions, achieving 98% accuracy compared with experimental data. Computational simulations validated against experimental data showed a strong correlation (<5% deviation), confirming heat transfer performance enhancements. Notably, the calculated Nusselt number demonstrated that beeswax-based nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials exhibited thermal performance comparable to paraffin wax-based systems, as Nusselt number = 2.46 [paraffin wax] versus 2.47 [beeswax] for rGO, and Nusselt number = 2.36 [paraffin wax] versus 2.30 [beeswax] for Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, supporting its potential as a sustainable, biodegradable alternative. This integrated experimental-numerical approach supports the development of high-performance, eco-friendly nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials, advancing sustainable thermal management solutions for next-generation cooling applications.

Zn offers higher safety and lower material cost over Li, making it promising alternative anode material for secondary batteries and grid-scale sustainable energy storage. Nonetheless, Zn anodes suffer from rapid interfacial degradation and surface passivation, limiting their long-term reversibility. Here, potassium silicate is introduced as a functional electrolyte additive to modulate Zn interfacial chemistry and improve redox reversibility. At an optimal concentration of 0.1 m, silicate addition delays Zn passivation by 30% and significantly stabilizes the Zn | electrolyte interface. The coordination of silicate with zincate ions released during Zn discharge is unveiled by in situ Raman measurements, which governs the passivation dynamics and optimal silicate content. Further analyses reveal the modulation of the ZnO electronic structure via Si–O–Zn bridge bonding, which suppresses both crystal growth and particle aggregation of ZnO, eventually contributing to a highly porous and defective ZnO layer structure that can protect the activity of Zn anodes from quick passivation. These interfacial interactions are validated through theoretical calculations at the electrochemical solid–liquid interface. This study provided fundamental insight into additive-induced interfacial regulation and offered a practical strategy for advancing the efficiency and stability of Zn-based energy storage systems.

Inactive lithium (dead Li) is the key factor leading to the performance degradation of solid-state Li metal batteries. Such a deactivated material comprises a useless solid–electrolyte interphase and electrically or ionically isolated Li⁰ debris. Dead Li exists at both the “extrinsic” Li/electrolyte and intrinsic electrolyte/electrolyte interfaces and is associated with the ion transport behavior at such interfaces. Herein, we evaluate the different interfacial structures and compositions in a prototype poly(ethylene oxide)–Li₄SnS₄ hybrid electrolyte and clarify its influence on Li deactivation suppression. Cryotransmission electron microscopy reveals that the intrinsic interface between poly(ethylene oxide) and Li₄SnS₄ is mainly composed of Li₂S and Li₂CO₃. Notably, the extrinsic interface at Li and poly(ethylene oxide)–Li₄SnS₄ contains extra Li₂S and reduced Li₂O compared with poly(ethylene oxide) electrolyte. The increase of low energy barrier Li₂S (0.13 eV) components significantly accelerates the interfacial ion migration and reduces the content of dead Li (10.6%). The optimized interface enables the Li || Li cell to operate stably for over 3000 h. This work by interface regulation reduces the formation of electron- and ion-isolated dead Li in solid-state Li metal batteries, which is of reference significance for the design of dead Li suppression or activation strategies in solid-state Li metal battery systems.

Soil salinization and freshwater scarcity are critical constraints on sustainable agriculture. Inspired by the salt-resistance mechanisms of Tamarix chinensis, this study combined textile technology to ingeniously integrate a hydrophobic PP/MXene photothermal sheath with a hydrophilic cotton core into functionalized yarns, successfully developing a Janus core-sheath evaporator (PM-CSY-F). MXene is uniformly dispersed within the polypropylene matrix, significantly enhancing internal multiple light scattering and interlayer reflections, thereby improving the photothermal conversion efficiency. By precisely regulating the number of cotton cores, the water transport rate can be accurately controlled, achieving synergistic optimization of efficient solar absorption and capillary-driven rapid water transport. The sheath and nighttime radiative cooling enable self-cleaning and suppress salt accumulation. The PP matrix isolates MXene from highly alkaline water, improving stability. Under 1 kW m⁻² irradiation, the evaporator achieved a 2.34 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ evaporation rate for saline-alkali water (150 m Na⁺). In simulated seawater, performance improved to 2.46 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. Outdoor tests yielded 12.99 kg m⁻² of water over 8 h. The textile-based design supports scalable manufacturing. This approach provided a viable solution for both soil remediation and freshwater generation, advancing sustainable agriculture in vulnerable regions.

Hybridizing transition metal dichalcogenides with metal oxides offers a viable route to overcome their intrinsically limited gas sensitivity by facilitating charge transfer during gas adsorption. Metal–organic frameworks have been employed as templates to derive porous metal oxides with tunable surface activity, a key factor governing gas reaction kinetics. When integrated with transition metal dichalcogenides, metal-organic framework-derived metal oxides serve as efficient electronic sensitizers to enhance gas-sensing performance. Herein, we present the van der Waals heterostructure composed of WS₂ nanoflakes and metal-organic framework-derived ZnO nanocubes as a chemiresistive gas sensing layer. The morphology and surface chemistry of porous ZnO nanocubes were tailored via a two-step calcination strategy to optimize surface activity. As a result, the porous ZnO/WS₂ heterostructure exhibited a 4.05-fold higher response (R_a/R_g = 12.64) toward 5 ppm NO₂ compared with pristine WS₂ nanoflakes (R_a/R_g = 3.12) with high selectivity. The improved NO₂ sensing properties are attributed to the porous structure and abundant chemisorbed oxygen species of porous ZnO NCs, which facilitate fast NO₂ adsorption–desorption kinetics and interfacial charge transfer across the heterointerface of porous ZnO/WS₂. By leveraging the tunable surface activity of metal-organic framework-derived porous metal oxides, this work provides a viable strategy for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity in transition metal dichalcogenide-based chemiresistive gas sensors through rational heterostructure design.

The global energy landscape has undergone a dramatic transformation since 2021, with solar photovoltaic (PV) technology emerging as the cornerstone of decarbonization efforts. This study provides a comprehensive and forward-looking analysis of solar deployment trends, cost dynamics, and the integration of energy storage as a resilience enabler in smart energy systems. This work offers a comprehensive synthesis of multi-dimensional drivers—technological innovation, policy frameworks, and market dynamics—and quantifies their combined impact on cost competitiveness and grid stability, advancing beyond the scope of previous studies that often treat these factors in isolation. We highlight the unprecedented convergence of ultra-low levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), hybrid solar-plus-storage adoption, and digital grid solutions, supported by recent data from IRENA, Lazard, and BloombergNEF. Furthermore, we introduce a conceptual framework linking storage deployment to grid flexibility and resilience, offering actionable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders. By integrating technical, economic, and policy perspectives, this paper advances the discourse on achieving net-zero targets and positions solar energy as the backbone of a resilient, equitable, and digitally optimized energy future.

The practical deployment of hard carbon (HC) anodes in sodium-ion batteries is fundamentally constrained by inadequate initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and limited plateau capacity. These challenges are addressed through precision preoxidation modulation and temperature-programmed carbonization of biomass-derived precursors to achieve high-reversibility sodium storage. The closed/ultramicroporous structure of HC enhances sodium-ion storage kinetics, and the optimized HC anode exhibits a remarkable reversible capacity of 395 mAh g⁻¹ at 30 mA g⁻¹, and a higher plateau capacity of 266 mAh g⁻¹ (compared with typically 150–200 mAh g⁻¹ in most reported systems). The anode material demonstrates outstanding rate capability (105.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 1000 mA g⁻¹), representing a doubling enhancement compared to materials without closed/ultramicropores structure. Further investigations prove a hybrid sodium storage mechanism, involving surface adsorption, interlayer intercalation, and pore-filling of sodium ions. This work established a versatile methodology for manipulating carbon nanostructures through rational modulation of oxygen-functional groups and carbonization temperature, providing new insights for advancing the development of HC with enhanced plateau capacity and exploring flexible anode materials.

Achieving high-performance polymer-based piezoelectric–triboelectric nanogenerators (PTNGs) remains challenging due to the limited electroactive phase content and inefficient dipole alignment in polymer matrices. Although many doped nanoparticles can enhance PTNG performance, the fundamental mechanisms behind these improvements are often unclear. In this work, guided by molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) simulations, we present a doping strategy using eutectic gallium–indium (GaIn) alloy to construct β-PVDF-GaIn composites with markedly improved piezoelectric and triboelectric properties. The simulations reveal that Ga and In atoms preferentially coordinate with fluorine atoms in PVDF, stabilizing all-trans chain conformations and promoting dipole ordering under an external electric field. Simultaneously, GaIn and its surface oxide layers (Ga₂O₃/In₂O₃) function as electron-trapping centers in the PVDF during triboelectric contact, capturing transferred electrons and enhancing interfacial charge accumulation, which facilitates improved charge retention and enhances the electric output of the device. The resulting β-PVDF-GaIn composites exhibit significantly enhanced β-phase content of 91% and improved piezoelectric and triboelectric outputs. Under optimal conditions, β-PVDF-GaIn/PA6 PTNG achieves a peak-to-peak voltage output of 1831 V, a current density of 214.3 mA m⁻², a charge density of 254.4 μC m⁻², and a maximum power density of 83.8 W m⁻². Based on this PTNG, we develop a fully self-powered instantaneous wireless sensing platform, enabling real-time monitoring of human motions. This study offers insights into the development of high-performance piezo/triboelectric films and their integration into self-powered sensing applications.

Harnessing the synergy of solar and mechanical energy presents a potential strategy for high-efficiency photoelectrochemical cathodic protection. Herein, a Chitosan/NiFe₂O₄/TiO₂ (CS/NiFe₂O₄/TiO₂) ternary heterojunction with dual S-scheme charge-transfer channels is rationally designed, which strategically preserves high-energy electrons and holes while quenching low-activity carriers through interfacial band alignment. To enhance energy capture from mechanical sources, we developed Ecoflex composite dielectric properties to build a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The integrated self-powered cathodic protection system dynamically couples triboelectricity and photoelectrochemistry, where TENG-generated electric fields accelerate carrier separation in the heterojunction, resulting in a cathodic polarization shift of −0.517 V vs SCE for 304 stainless steel (304ss) protection. This represents a 148% enhancement in cathodic polarization shift (ΔE = |−0.517 to (−0.209)| = 0.308 V) compared to solar-only operation (−0.209 V vs SCE), demonstrating the superior protective efficacy enabled by the integrated energy harvesting strategy. This work establishes a sustainable paradigm for self-powered anticorrosion technologies in the marine environment.

Superionic conductors with an exceptionally high ionic conductivity are placed central in the development of next-generation energy conversion and storage technologies, yet their designing approach and materials remain a persistent challenge. Here, we report an alternative cation-ordered Ce–Al (1:1) fluorite oxide (ACO) that stabilizes a periodic oxygen vacancy (O_v) network to build the required architecture. The resulting lattice-engineered configuration creates a uniform and flattened potential energy landscape with significantly reduced activation energy, capable of a superionic conductivity of 0.216 S cm⁻¹ and a fuel cell power density of 1086 mW cm⁻² at 500 °C. Unlike conventional random ion hopping in doped oxides, the vacancy-ordered framework supports coherent, phonon-assisted and wave-like ions motion enabling dielectric-enhanced superionic conduction. These findings introduce a new family of superionic conductors, where lattice-level ordering of both cations and O_vs offers a scalable design strategy for high-performance efficient electrochemical systems.

The remediation of antibiotic-polluted water demands advanced photocatalytic systems with high efficiency and stability. This study constructs a novel double solid solution S-scheme heterojunction by coupling Bi₄O₅IBr with Bi₅O₇I_0.7Br_0.3 (BOIB) for the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV). The pivotal element of this design is the internal electric field (IEF) induced by the significant work function difference between the two solid solution components, as unequivocally confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This IEF actively orchestrates the S-scheme charge transfer pathway, which was directly verified by a suite of photoelectrochemical analyses: significantly quenched photoluminescence and shortened carrier lifetime attest to the efficient interface recombination of useless charges, while concurrently, a dramatically enhanced photocurrent response and decreased electrochemical impedance signal the successful spatial separation of powerful electrons and holes. This optimized carrier dynamics culminates in exceptional photocatalytic performance, achieving 88.4% degradation of levofloxacin under visible light. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism was deciphered to involve a synergistic action of multiple reactive species, where S-scheme derived charges generate ·O₂⁻/·OH while an energy transfer pathway yields singlet oxygen (¹O₂), as definitively identified by EPR spectroscopy. Coupled with outstanding stability (82.0% activity retention after 5 cycles), this work provides a mechanistic blueprint and a highly promising candidate for designing advanced photocatalytic systems for practical water purification.

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ (CO₂RR) into value-added products offers a promising strategy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, particularly when powered by renewable electricity. However, CO₂RR faces challenges, including high activation energy barriers, competing side reactions, and limited CO₂ mass transport. Addressing these limitations requires not only the development of advanced electrocatalysts to enhance CO₂RR activity but also the design of electrodes to optimize gas-catalyst-electrolyte interfaces and facilitate efficient mass transport, thereby advancing CO₂RR toward industrial-scale applications. Herein, we developed flow-through hollow fiber gas diffusion electrodes (HFGDEs) featuring in situ galvanic growth of flower-like silver structures. The abundant ultrathin 2D nanosheets enhance active sites and CO₂RR activity, and the resulting electrode achieves a high Faradaic efficiency of CO of 91% at −1.2 (V vs RHE). Furthermore, the HFGDE configuration ensured sufficient CO₂ delivery to the active sites, enabling a partial current density of CO of 280.8 mA cm⁻². In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed that the in situ-grown silver flower structure promotes the adsorption of *COOH intermediate, thereby accelerating CO₂RR kinetics. Moreover, the robust CO₂ supply afforded by the HFGDE configuration is crucial to suppress competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and maintain high CO₂RR activity under industrially relevant current densities.

Solid-state lithium metal batteries promise high-energy density and enhanced safety but are hindered by interfacial instability and poor electrode–electrolyte contact. Now, Qiang Zhang and colleagues have developed a fluorinated polyether-based polymer electrolyte that enables in situ formation of amorphous LiF-rich interphases on both high-voltage cathodes and lithium-free and lithium anodes, enabling a potentially high specific energy density of 604 Wh kg⁻¹ in a demo pouch cell with exceptional thermal safety.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) exhibit great potential as supercapacitor electrode materials, but their practical application is hindered by inherent challenges such as structural instability, insufficient conductivity, and difficulties in regulating oxygen vacancies. To overcome these limitations, we present a dual-defect engineering strategy: tailoring the elemental composition of FeZnCuCoNi-based HEOs to generate abundant oxygen vacancies, and constructing a hierarchical, 3D multi-shell porous network structure via an in situ template method. Density functional theory calculations reveal that high-entropy lattice distortion significantly enhances oxygen vacancy concentration while reducing charge transfer barriers. Additionally, the multi-layered eggshell morphology creates interconnected ion diffusion pathways, shortens ion transport distances, and reinforces mechanical integrity. The optimized HEO electrode demonstrates remarkable electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 641 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, with a 92% electric double-layer contribution at 50 mV s⁻¹. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 36.7 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 800 W kg⁻¹, while maintaining 92% of its initial capacity after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. Mechanistic studies indicate that oxygen vacancies optimize hydroxyl adsorption kinetics, facilitating surface charge transfer, while the hierarchical porous structure effectively mitigates volumetric expansion stress via a 3D ion transport network. This work offers a strategic framework for designing next-generation high-entropy energy storage materials by providing a synergy between atomic-scale electronic tuning and mesoscale structure design.

As a very attractive approach to energy conversion and storage, electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic strategies have gained increasing attention in the past decades. Numerous modification methods have been used to boost the performances of electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic reactions, including morphology optimization, element doping, and heterostructure construction. In addition to these traditional technologies, the introduction of thermal field emerges as a unique and robust technology for enabling highly efficient electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic processes. This review focuses on the recent developments in the application of thermal field to enhance the electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic energy conversion and storage. First, the mechanisms of thermal field–assisted enhancement in charge transfer, reaction kinetics, and mass transport are presented. Then, the heating methods (i.e., traditional heating, photothermal heating, and magnetic heating) used to increase the temperature of electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic materials are summarized. Highlights are put on the photothermal conversion materials for thermal field–enhanced catalytic reactions. The applications of thermal field–enhanced catalytic processes are discussed, including water splitting, value-added chemical production, and pollutant degradation. Finally, a proper discussion of the remaining challenges and further outlook for coupling thermal field with catalytic energy conversion and storage processes is provided.

Huiying B., Ning L., Liang H., Panpan H., Changde M., Ran N., Jiang G., Tao T. (2022). Self-Floating Efficient Solar Steam Generators Constructed Using Super-Hydrophilic N,O Dual-Doped Carbon Foams from Waste Polyester. Energy & Environmental Materials 5, https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12235.

On page 1211 of this article, we have proven the good long-term stability of N,O dual-doped carbon foam (NCF) under 1 Sun irradiation. Every two hours, photographs of NCF were taken from different angles. However, there are many photographs of NCF at different times in storage, and all of these photographs seem very similar because NCF is the same one. We are very sorry that, during the layout process of photographs in Figure 9b, we misused photographs of 10 h, 16 h, 18 h, and 20 h. We have double-checked these original photographs of 10 h, 16 h, 18 h, and 20 h and corrected this photograph. The updated Figure 9b is provided below.

The above correction does not change the experimental results of the solar evaporator. Especially, the conclusion on the good long-term stability of N,O dual-doped carbon foam (NCF) under 1 Sun irradiation is not influenced by this correction. Whether before or after the correction, N,O dual-doped carbon foam (NCF) still shows good long-term stability under 1 Sun irradiation.

We apologize for this error.

Transition metal selenides have emerged as potential catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction, yet their practical implementation faces two fundamental challenges: irreversible nanoparticle aggregation under operational conditions and unfavorable adsorption energetics for critical oxygen intermediates. Herein, a strategy that integrates dual-molten-salt etching with hydrothermal selenization has been developed to tightly anchor FeNiSe nanoparticles onto a porous Mo-based MXene substrate (Mo-MXene/NiFeSe). The hierarchical porous architecture of Mo-MXene/NiFeSe facilitates rapid mass and charge transport. The NiFeSe nanoparticles are chemically anchored within the conductive Mo-MXene matrix via in-situ formed Mo–O–Fe/Ni bonds, effectively preventing agglomeration during the catalytic process. Additionally, the work function gradient between Mo-MXene and NiFeSe induces charge redistribution, creating a built-in electric field that optimizes intermediate adsorption kinetics and enhances charge transport efficiency. Therefore, Mo-MXene/NiFeSe achieves an ultralow overpotential of 231 mV to reach current density of 10 mA cm⁻² and sustain 91% of its initial current density over 55 h in alkaline electrolyte. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the adsorption free energy of *OOH for Mo-MXene/NiFeSe is significantly reduced, effectively lowering the kinetic barrier of the rate-determining step. This work provides both fundamental insights into built-in electric field-enhanced catalysis and a practical strategy for developing high-performance and durable oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts.

Persistent pharmaceutical pollutants present a critical challenge for water remediation, often forcing a trade-off between permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance. This study resolves this trilemma through the molecular-level integration of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) into ultrafiltration membranes, establishing a filler-free platform for advanced separations. The optimized polyethersulfone matrix, tailored with 5 wt.% tetrabutylammonium bromide:octanoic acid, achieved a sixfold increase in pure-water flux (7.3 L m⁻² h⁻¹) while maintaining 95% tetracycline and 86% diclofenac rejection. The membrane performance was also validated with authentic municipal wastewater from Abu Dhabi, where the membrane removed >86% of bulk organics and pharmaceuticals, surpassing EU Directive 2024/3019 requirements. Exceptional stability was also demonstrated with an 89% flux recovery ratio. Moreover, integrated density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that HDES nanodomains electronically “soften” the polymer matrix (reducing chemical hardness to 1.604 eV) to lower water transport barriers while simultaneously doubling pollutant binding energies via cooperative hydrogen bonding and cation-π interactions. This scalable, low-energy approach (≈0.12–0.16 kWh m⁻³) offers a robust, regulation-ready solution for next-generation environmental materials.

Resistive semiconductor gas sensor provides a low-cost method for the detection of volatile organic compounds in the environment. However, the slow adsorption kinetics of volatile organic compound molecules during the gas–solid recognition interface, along with the high resistance to charge transfer in the carrier conversion interface, represent two significant challenges in semiconductor sensing reactions. Here, a ternary Co₃O₄/Pt/Bi₂MoO₆ hierarchical heterojunction array is designed, which consists of Co₃O₄ nanowire as the internal skeleton, Pt nanoparticles as the intermediate charge transfer layer, and Bi₂MoO₆ nanorods as the outer molecular sieving layer. It exhibits an impressive sensing activity towards volatile organic compound triethylamine. Its response value to 100 ppm triethylamine can reach 34.07 (300 °C), which is approximately 1.34, 2.45, and 8.34 times greater than that observed for binary Co₃O₄/Bi₂MoO₆ heterojunction, Co₃O₄/Pt heterojunction, and pristine Co₃O₄, respectively. Furthermore, the ternary heterojunction demonstrates a low detection limit of 418 ppb alongside rapid response/recovery, excellent selectivity, acceptable humidity tolerance, and long-term stability over 4 months. It is revealed that the design of the ternary hierarchical heterojunction not only optimizes the d-band center and thus gas adsorption activity on gas–solid recognition interfaces, but also achieves efficient multi-phase interface charge transfer during carrier conversion. Moreover, the in-situ growth of the array effectively addresses a range of issues associated with traditional thick-film devices. This study not only achieves synergistic optimization of volatile organic compound adsorption reaction and interface charge transfer through the in-situ construction of ternary hierarchical heterojunction arrays, but also provides novel insights into designing semiconductor sensing materials at the electronic level based on d-band center regulation.