Fe₃O₄/Fe/FeS Tri-Heterojunction Node Spawning N-Carbon Nanotube Scaffold Structure for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery

Abstract

The Fe-based anode of sodium-ion batteries attracts much attention due to the abundant source, low-cost, and high specific capacity. However, the low electron and ion transfer rate, poor structural stability, and shuttle effect of NaS₂ intermediate restrain its further development. Herein, the Fe₃O₄/Fe/FeS tri-heterojunction node spawned N-carbon nanotube scaffold structure (FHNCS) was designed using the modified MIL-88B(Fe) as a template followed by catalytic growth and sulfidation process. During catalytic growth process, the reduced Fe monomers catalyze the growth of N-doped carbon nanotubes to connect the Fe₃O₄/Fe/FeS tri-heterojunction node, forming a 3D scaffold structure. Wherein the N-doped carbon promotes the transfer of electrons between Fe₃O₄/Fe/FeS particles, and the tri-heterojunction facilitates the diffusion of electrons at the interface, to organize a 3D conductive network. The unique scaffold structure provides more active sites and shortens the Na⁺ diffusion path. Meanwhile, the structure exhibits excellent mechanical stability to alleviate the volume expansion during circulation. Furthermore, the Fe in Fe₃O₄/Fe heterojunction can adjust the d-band center of Fe in Fe₃O₄ to enhance the adsorption between Fe₃O₄ and Na₂S intermediate, which restrains the shuttle effect. Therefore, the FHNCS demonstrates a high specific capacity of 436 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1, 84.7% and 73.4% of the initial capacities are maintained after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g^-1 and 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g^-1. We believe that this strategy gives an inspiration for constructing Fe-based anode with excellent rate capability and cycling stability.

Keywords

anode / core-shell / heterojunction / hollow structure / sodium ion batteries

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