Reviews of High-Longevity Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries Achieved by Programmable Interface Architectures

Bixian Chen; Xiaomin Cheng; Haifeng Yang; Teng Li; Jing Dong; Yidong Miao; Yongzheng Zhang; Qingbo Xiao; Qinghua Guan; Jing Zhang; Yunjian Liu; Hongzhen Lin; Jian Wang

doi:10.1002/eem2.70176

Energy & Environmental Materials ›› 2026, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (2) :e70176 DOI: 10.1002/eem2.70176

Review

Reviews of High-Longevity Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries Achieved by Programmable Interface Architectures

Author information +

¹. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China

². i-Lab & CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China

³. Guangdong Institute of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology, Foshan, 518103 China

⁴. School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018 China

⁵. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China

⁶. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China

⁷. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048 China

⁸. Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Ulm, D89081 Germany

⁹. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, D76021 Germany

qbxiao@jaas.ac.cn

lyjian122331@ujs.edu.cn

hzlin2010@sinano.ac.cn

jian.wang@kit.edu

Show less

History +

PDF (5892KB)

Abstract

Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are considered ideal ones for next-generation energy storage devices due to their high theoretical specific capacity and intrinsic safety. However, uncontrollable zinc dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and interface corrosion prohibit the commercialization of AZMBs. The deposition behaviors of Zn²⁺/Zn⁰ on metallic Zn surface can be effectively regulated by constructing artificial interphase layers (AILs) to control desolvation and ion/atom flux. In this work, the intrinsic mechanism and interface failure of Zn²⁺ electrodeposition behaviors are initially revealed, providing a theoretical basis for interface issues. To address these problems, the design strategies from carbon materials, zincophilic alloys, and inorganic/organic compound layers provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between material structure and performance, establishing a theoretical foundation for the development of programmable interface architecture. In light of practical application requirements, the future direction is envisioned and pioneered, aiming to promote the practical application process of AZMBs.

Keywords

aqueous zinc metal batteries / artificial layer / programmable construction / Zn anode protection / Zn dendrites

Cite this article

Download citation ▾

Bixian Chen, Xiaomin Cheng, Haifeng Yang, Teng Li, Jing Dong, Yidong Miao, Yongzheng Zhang, Qingbo Xiao, Qinghua Guan, Jing Zhang, Yunjian Liu, Hongzhen Lin, Jian Wang. Reviews of High-Longevity Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries Achieved by Programmable Interface Architectures. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2026, 9 (2) : e70176 DOI:10.1002/eem2.70176

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户忘记密码

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

[1]	J. Zhang, C. You, H. Lin, J. Wang, Energy Environ. Mater. 2022, 5, 731.

[2]	J. Xu, X. Cai, S. Cai, Y. Shao, C. Hu, S. Lu, S. Ding, Energy Environ. Mater. 2023, 6, e12450.

[3]	C. Li, X. Xie, S. Liang, J. Zhou, Energy Environ. Mater. 2020, 3, 146.

[4]	Z. Wu, F. Ye, Q. Liu, R. Pang, Y. Liu, L. Jiang, Z. Tang, L. Hu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200654.

[5]	S. Kim, S. Woo, S. Byun, H. Kim, H. S. Kim, S. M. Jeong, D. Lee, Energy Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e12857.

[6]	H. S. Jeong, D. I. Kim, W. Lee, H. B. Jeong, S. Jo, J. Byeon, Y. Kwon, Y. Choi, W. B. Lee, S. Cha, J. P. Hong, J. I. Sohn, Y. Kim, J. Hong, Energy Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e12872.

[7]	J. Wang, J. Zhang, S. Duan, T. Li, L. Jia, H. Liu, L. Li, S. Cheng, H. Hu, M. Huang, H. Hu, S. Zhang, Q. Xiao, H. Lin, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 429, 132352.

[8]	J. Wang, H. Liu, J. Zhang, Q. Xiao, C. Wang, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, Q. Kang, L. Jia, D. Wang, Q. Li, W. Duan, H. Adenusi, S. Passerini, Y. Zhang, H. Lin, Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 67, 103289.

[9]	J. Wang, L. Li, H. Hu, H. Hu, Q. Guan, M. Huang, L. Jia, H. Adenusi, K. V. Tian, J. Zhang, S. Passerini, H. Lin, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 17729.

[10]	Y. Zhang, Z. Cao, S. Liu, Z. Du, Y. Cui, J. Gu, Y. Shi, B. Li, S. Yang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2103979.

[11]	J. Gu, Y. Tao, H. Chen, Z. Cao, Y. Zhang, Z. Du, Y. Cui, S. Yang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200115.

[12]	J. Dong, X. Cheng, H. Yang, H. Li, H. Liu, L. Jia, Y. Zhang, Q. Guan, J. Jia, F. Wu, J. Zhang, M. Liu, H. Lin, J. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2501079.

[13]	H. Shi, J. Zheng, T. Wan, H. Wang, Z. Wen, F. Zheng, M. Su, A. Dou, J. Energy Chem. 2025, 101, 392.

[14]	Y. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Wang, J. Zhu, Y. Zuo, X. Cheng, T. Rong, J. Zhang, Y. Hu, H. Lin, J. Wang, L. Zhan, L. Ling, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2508225.

[15]	Y. Lin, J. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Cheng, Q. Zhuang, J. Zhang, Q. Guan, Y. Wang, C. Shen, H. Lin, L. Zhan, L. Ling, Y. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2501496.

[16]	J. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Li, P. Chen, C. You, M. Liu, H. Lin, S. Passerini, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2402792.

[17]	L. Sun, B. Zheng, W. Liu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 679, 197.

[18]	J. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Wu, M. Huang, L. Jia, L. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Hu, F. Liu, Q. Guan, M. Liu, H. Adenusi, H. Lin, S. Passerini, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2302828.

[19]	J. Wang, H. Hu, J. Zhang, L. Li, L. Jia, Q. Guan, H. Hu, H. Liu, Y. Jia, Q. Zhuang, S. Cheng, M. Huang, H. Lin, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 52, 210.

[20]	C. Wang, R. Li, Y. Zhu, Y. Wang, Y. Lin, L. Zhong, H. Chen, Z. Tang, H. Li, F. Liu, C. Zhi, H. Lv, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2302495.

[21]	Q. Guan, J. Wang, Q. Zhuang, J. Zhang, L. Li, L. Jia, Y. Zhang, H. Hu, H. Hu, S. Cheng, H. Zhang, H. Li, M. Liu, S. Wang, H. Lin, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 3765.

[22]	J. Zhang, R. He, L. Jia, C. You, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, N. Tian, H. Lin, J. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2305674.

[23]	D. I. Kim, H. B. Jeong, J. Lim, H. S. Jeong, M. K. Kim, S. Pak, S. Lee, G.-H. An, S.-S. Chee, J. P. Hong, S. Cha, J. Hong, Energy Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e12826.

[24]	Y. Song, X. Wang, C. Liu, K. Guo, X. Guo, X. Zhong, Y. Zhang, K. Wang, H. Guo, L. Zhang, J. Liang, Rare Metals 2024, 43, 3692.

[25]	X. Zhang, Y. Chen, C. Lin, Y. Lin, G. Hu, Y. Liu, X. Xue, S. Chen, Z. Yang, B. Sa, Y. Zhang, Rare Metals 2024, 43, 3735.

[26]	B. Xu, Q. Li, Y. Liu, G. Wang, Z. Zhang, F. Ren, Rare Metals 2024, 43, 1599.

[27]	Y. Yuan, S. Wu, X. Song, J. Y. Lee, B. Kang, Energy Environ. Mater. 2024, 7, e12632.

[28]	Y. Cao, S. Ju, Q. Zhang, K. Gao, A. Marcelli, Z. Zhang, Adv. Powder Mater. 2025, 4, 100278.

[29]	L. Jia, H. Hu, X. Cheng, H. Dong, H. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Zhao, C. Li, J. Zhang, H. Lin, J. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2304010.

[30]	D. Wang, Q. Li, Y. Zhao, H. Hong, H. Li, Z. Huang, G. Liang, Q. Yang, C. Zhi, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2102707.

[31]	Y. Zhang, Z. Hu, Y. Bi, S. Tian, H. Sun, K. Li, W. Liu, L. Sun, W. Liu, D. Wang, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2025, 13, 5381.

[32]	Q. Zhang, Y. Su, Z. Shi, X. Yang, J. Sun, Small 2022, 18, 2203583.

[33]	X. Cheng, J. Dong, H. Yang, X. Li, X. Zhao, B. Chen, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, J. Wang, H. Lin, Mater. Rep. Energy 2025, 5, 100313.

[34]	T. Li, A. Naveed, J. Zheng, B. Chen, M. Jiang, B. Liu, Y. Zhou, X. Li, M. Su, R. Guo, J. Sumner, C. C. Li, Y. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202424095.

[35]	H. Wu, H. Yin, H. Tian, J. Yang, R. Liu, Energy Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e12839.

[36]	S. Deng, B. Xu, J. Zhao, H. Fu, Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 70, 103490.

[37]	Y. Zhang, H. Zhou, J. Gu, H. Yang, X. Cheng, J. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Lin, J. Wang, L. Zhan, L. Ling, Energy Storage Mater. 2025, 76, 104161.

[38]	H. Ma, H. Chen, M. Chen, A. Li, X. Han, D. Ma, P. Zhang, J. Chen, Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 1014.

[39]	Z. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Yin, S. Li, B. Li, N. Zhao, J. Zhu, L. Dai, L. Wang, Z. He, Z. Feng, Green Energy Environ. 2025,

[40]	K. Zhu, L. Wu, C. Guo, J. Pu, Y. Liu, X. Chen, Y. Chen, P. Xue, J. Han, Y. Yao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2305098.

[41]	S. Liu, Q. Han, C. He, Z. Xu, P. Huang, L. Cai, H. Chen, H. Zheng, Y. Zhou, M. Wang, H. Tian, W. Q. Han, H. Ying, ACS Nano 2024, 18, 25880.

[42]	W. Li, L. Li, X. Fu, Y. Hu, Y. Deng, Small 2025, 21, 2411915.

[43]	C. Yang, P. Woottapanit, S. Geng, R. Chanajaree, K. Lolupiman, W. Limphirat, X. Zhang, J. Qin, ACS Energy Lett. 2025, 10, 337.

[44]	Z. Guo, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, H. Li, M. Qi, C. Zhao, X. Zhang, Z. Wu, J. Yuan, N. Zhang, Matter 2025,

[45]	X. Guo, S. Zhang, H. Hong, S. Wang, J. Zhu, C. Zhi, iScience 2025, 28, 111751.

[46]	Z. Chen, R. Jiang, Y. Chen, H. Zhu, X. Tang, X. Huang, Y. Xie, J. Li, C. Zhang, L. Chen, W. Wei, L. Zhou, Energy Storage Mater. 2025, 74, 103913.

[47]	R. Jiang, T. Naren, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Xie, L. Chen, Y. Qi, Q. Meng, W. Wei, L. Zhou, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2411477.

[48]	D. Wang, D. Lv, H. Peng, C. Wang, H. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Qian, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202310290.

[49]	H. Ji, Y. Liang, T. Yang, H. Wu, O. Sheng, T. Shen, C. Dong, T. Du, L. Yin, J. Zhang, R. Zheng, X. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2026, 240, 56.

[50]	S. Yang, G. Wu, J. Zhang, Y. Guo, K. Xue, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhu, T. Li, X. Zhang, L. Zhou, Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, 2403513.

[51]	X. Yu, M. Chen, J. Wang, S. Li, H. Zhang, Q. Zhao, H. Luo, Y. Deng, H. Liang, J. Zhou, F. Wang, D. Chao, Y. Zou, G. Feng, Y. Qiao, S. G. Sun, Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 3820.

[52]	J. Wang, H. Hu, L. Jia, J. Zhang, Q. Zhuang, L. Li, Y. Zhang, D. Wang, Q. Guan, H. Hu, M. Liu, L. Zhan, H. Adenusi, S. Passerini, H. Lin, InfoMat 2024, 6, e12558.

[53]	X. Zhao, Y. Wang, C. Huang, Y. Gao, M. Huang, Y. Ding, X. Wang, Z. Si, D. Zhou, F. Kang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202312193.

[54]	D. Chao, S.-Z. Qiao, Joule 2020, 4, 1846.

[55]	B. Li, Y. Zeng, W. Zhang, B. Lu, Q. Yang, J. Zhou, Z. He, Sci. Bull. 2024, 69, 688.

[56]	J. Yang, R. Zhao, Y. Wang, Z. Hu, Y. Wang, A. Zhang, C. Wu, Y. Bai, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2213510.

[57]	H. Bian, G. Xue, D. Bin, S. Jia, Q. Zhou, H. Lu, X. Meng, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2417189.

[58]	Q. Jiao, X. Zhai, Z. Sun, W. Wang, S. Liu, H. Ding, W. Chu, M. Zhou, C. Wu, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2300850.

[59]	X. Chen, W. Li, S. Hu, N. G. Akhmedov, D. Reed, X. Li, X. Liu, Nano Energy 2022, 98, 107269.

[60]	H. He, H. Qin, J. Wu, X. Chen, R. Huang, F. Shen, Z. Wu, G. Chen, S. Yin, J. Liu, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 43, 317.

[61]	C. Li, S. Jin, L. A. Archer, L. F. Nazar, Joule 2022, 6, 1733.

[62]	P. Ruan, S. Liang, B. Lu, H. J. Fan, J. Zhou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202200598.

[63]	X. Xie, S. Liang, J. Gao, S. Guo, J. Guo, C. Wang, G. Xu, X. Wu, G. Chen, J. Zhou, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 503.

[64]	C. Xu, B. Li, H. Du, F. Kang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 933.

[65]	J. Zheng, Q. Zhao, T. Tang, J. Yin, C. D. Quilty, G. D. Renderos, X. Liu, Y. Deng, L. Wang, D. C. Bock, C. Jaye, D. Zhang, E. S. Takeuchi, K. J. Takeuchi, A. C. Marschilok, L. A. Archer, Science 2019, 366, 645.

[66]	T. Wang, J. Sun, Y. Hua, B. N. V. Krishna, Q. Xi, W. Ai, J. S. Yu, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 53, 273.

[67]	Q. Cao, Y. Gao, J. Pu, A. M. Elshahawy, C. Guan, SmartMat 2024, 5, e1194.

[68]	X. Han, S. Mao, Y. Wang, Y. Lu, D. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Zheng, X. Feng, L. Lu, J. Hua, M. Ouyang, Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 3699.

[69]	H. Liu, Y. Chen, P.-H. Chien, G. Amouzandeh, D. Hou, E. Truong, I. P. Oyekunle, J. Bhagu, S. W. Holder, H. Xiong, P. L. Gor'kov, J. T. Rosenberg, S. C. Grant, Y. Y. Hu, Nat. Mater. 2025, 24, 581.

[70]	H. Dai, T. Sun, J. Zhou, J. Wang, Z. Chen, G. Zhang, S. Sun, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 8577.

[71]	Z. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Qin, B. Zhang, H. Lin, W. Zheng, D. Wang, X. Ji, X. Ou, ACS Nano 2024, 18, 2250.

[72]	J. Zhao, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Meng, J. Zhang, W. Lv, C. Guo, Z. Lv, S. Huang, Y. Yang, Z. Liu, J. Hui, ACS Nano 2025, 19, 736.

[73]	S. Li, Y. Zhong, J. Huang, G. Lai, L. Li, L. Jiang, X. Xu, B. Lu, Y. Liu, J. Zhou, Energy Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 2599.

[74]	D. Han, S. Wu, S. Zhang, Y. Deng, C. Cui, L. Zhang, Y. Long, H. Li, Y. Tao, Z. Weng, Q. H. Yang, F. Kang, Small 2020, 16, 2001736.

[75]	J. Hao, X. Li, X. Zeng, D. Li, J. Mao, Z. Guo, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 3917.

[76]	Z. Cai, J. Wang, Y. Sun, eScience 2023, 3, 100093.

[77]	Y. Li, Y. Guo, Z. Li, P. Wang, Y. Xie, T. Yi, Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 67, 103300.

[78]	C. Q. Chao, Y. N. Li, Y. Zhao, Rare Metals 2024, 43, 4807.

[79]	J. Zhang, C. You, J. Wang, H. Xu, C. Zhu, S. Guo, W. Zhang, R. Yang, Y. Xu, Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 368, 340.

[80]	C. Mao, Y. Chang, X. Zhao, X. Dong, Y. Geng, N. Zhang, L. Dai, X. Wu, L. Wang, Z. He, J. Energy Chem. 2022, 75, 135.

[81]	X. Qian, Z. Wu, J. Gu, Y. Wang, X. Cheng, J. Zhang, H. Lin, J. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 571, 164268.

[82]	S. Iijima, Nature 1991, 354, 56.

[83]	L. Dong, W. Yang, W. Yang, H. Tian, Y. Huang, X. Wang, C. Xu, C. Wang, F. Kang, G. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 384, 123355.

[84]	Y. Zhou, J. Xia, J. Di, Z. Sun, L. Zhao, L. Li, Y. Wu, L. Dong, X. Wang, Q. Li, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203165.

[85]	J. Li, Q. Lin, Z. Zheng, L. Cao, W. Lv, Y. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 12323.

[86]	L. He, Q. Zhang, H. Li, S. Liu, T. Cheng, R. Zhang, Y. Wang, P. Zhang, Z. Shi, Energy Environ. Mater. 2024, 7, e12689.

[87]	S. Lai, T. Huang, P. Liu, H. B. Wang, S. C. Yang, X. H. Liu, K. Yang, Q. L. Zhang, J. H. Liu, J. T. Hu, Rare Metals 2024, 43, 1886.

[88]	L. Li, S. Yue, S. Jia, C. Wang, D. Zhang, Chem. Rec. 2024, 24, e202300341.

[89]	Z. Cao, Y. Zhang, Y. Cui, J. Gu, Z. Du, Y. Shi, K. Shen, H. Chen, B. Li, S. Yang, Energy Environ. Mater. 2020, 5, 45.

[90]	A. Xia, X. Pu, Y. Tao, H. Liu, Y. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 481, 852.

[91]	Q. Wang, J. Zhao, J. Zhang, X. Xue, M. Li, Z. Sui, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, C. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2306346.

[92]	Y. Hao, J. Zhou, G. Wei, A. liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Mei, B. Lu, M. Luo, M. Xie, ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2021, 4, 6364.

[93]	J. H. Zhou, M. Xie, F. Wu, Y. Mei, Y. T. Hao, R. L. Huang, G. L. Wei, A. N. Liu, L. Li, R. Chen, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2101649.

[94]	X. Yang, J. Lv, C. Cheng, Z. Shi, J. Peng, Z. Chen, X. Lian, W. Li, Y. Zou, Y. Zhao, M. H. Rümmeli, S. Dou, J. Sun, Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2206077.

[95]	X. Luan, L. Qi, Z. Zheng, Y. Gao, Y. Xue, Y. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202215968.

[96]	X. Liu, K. Wang, Y. Liu, F. Zhao, J. He, H. Wu, J. Wu, H.-P. Liang, C. Huang, Carbon Energy 2023, 5, e343.

[97]	Z. Xiong, H. Sun, W. Su, W. Jin, H. Liu, Y. Huang, H. Liu, Small 2025, 21, 2502191.

[98]	C. Li, X. Cheng, Y. Zhang, J. Zhu, H. Zhou, Y. Yang, J. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Yu, C. Shen, L. Zhan, L. Ling, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2024, 671, 505.

[99]	N. Zhang, S. Huang, Z. Yuan, J. Zhu, Z. Zhao, Z. Niu, Angew. Chem. 2021, 133, 2897.

[100]

J. Zhang, L. Pan, L. Jia, J. Dong, C. You, C. Han, N. Tian, X. Cheng, B. Tang, Q. Guan, Y. Zhang, B. Deng, L. Lei, M. Liu, H. Lin, J. Wang, Nano Lett. 2025, 25, 3756.

[101]

C. Liu, Y. Zhu, S. Di, J. He, P. Niu, A. Kelarakis, M. Krysmann, S. Wang, L. Li, Des. Electron. 2024, 2, e29.

[102]

Y. Roh, J. Song, J.-H. Lee, H. Kwon, J. Baek, D. Shin, Y. G. Yoo, S. Ha, W. Kim, K. Ryu, H. T. Kim, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 51, 777.

[103]

J. Heo, Y. Roh, K. Shin, C. Lee, C. Wang, H. T. Kim, Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 71, 103580.

[104]

J. Jiang, Z. Pan, J. Yuan, J. Shan, C. Chen, S. Li, H. Xu, Y. Chen, Q. Zhuang, Z. Ju, H. Dou, X. Zhang, J. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 452, 139335.

[105]

G. Chen, Z. Sang, J. Cheng, S. Tan, Z. Yi, X. Zhang, W. Si, Y. Yin, J. Liang, F. Hou, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 50, 589.

[106]

Z. Wei, G. Qu, Z. Huang, Y. Wang, D. Li, X. Yang, S. Zhang, A. Chen, Y. Wang, H. Hong, Q. Li, C. Zhi, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2414388.

[107]

Y. Meng, L. Wang, J. Zeng, B. Hu, J. Kang, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, Z. Zhao, L. Zhang, H. Lu, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 474, 145987.

[108]

R. Li, Y. Du, Y. Li, Z. He, L. Dai, L. Wang, X. Wu, j. Zhang, J. Yi, ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 457.

[109]

J. Gu, Y. Zhang, Y. Shi, Y. Jin, H. Chen, X. Sun, Y. Wang, L. Zhan, Z. Du, S. Yang, M. Li, ACS Nano 2024, 18, 25966.

[110]

Y. Zhao, S. Guo, M. Chen, B. Lu, X. Zhang, S. Liang, J. Zhou, Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7080.

[111]

M. Cui, Y. Xiao, L. Kang, W. Du, Y. Gao, X. Sun, Y. Zhou, X. Li, H. Li, F. Jiang, C. Zhi, ACS Appl Energy Mater 2019, 2, 6490.

[112]

Q. Lu, C. Liu, Y. Du, X. Wang, L. Ding, A. Omar, D. Mikhailova, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 16869.

[113]

M. Liu, K. Yang, Q. Xie, N. Hu, M. Zhang, R. Chen, W. Zhang, J. Zhang, F. Shao, H. He, R. Soni, X. Guo, J. Yang, G. He, F. Pan, L. Yao, T. S. Miller, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202416047.

[114]

S. B. Wang, Q. Ran, R. Q. Yao, H. Shi, Z. Wen, M. Zhao, X. Y. Lang, Q. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1634.

[115]

P. Ruan, X. Chen, L. Qin, Y. Tang, B. Lu, Z. Zeng, S. Liang, J. Zhou, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2300577.

[116]

Y. X. Du, Y. Feng, R. T. Li, Z. Peng, X. Y. Yao, S. Y. Duan, S. D. Liu, S. C. Jun, J. Zhu, L. Dai, Q. Yang, L. Wang, Z. He, Small 2024, 20, 2307848.

[117]

P. Wang, L. Ma, X. Cheng, X. Li, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 2021, 28, 1112.

[118]

M. Chen, Y. Gong, Y. Zhao, Y. Song, Y. Tang, Z. Zeng, S. Liang, P. Zhou, B. Lu, X. Zhang, J. Zhou, Natl. Sci. Rev. 2024, 11, nwae205.

[119]

R. Zhong, S. Wang, K. He, W. Wang, G. Mo, W. Ma, X. He, W. Liang, J. Li, H. Jin, Z. Ju, Y. Wang, S. Wang, Y. Yuan, Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2420166.

[120]

C. B. Deng, X. S. Xie, J. W. Han, Y. Tang, J. W. Gao, C. X. Liu, X. D. Shi, J. Zhou, S. Q. Liang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000599.

[121]

L. Kang, M. Cui, F. Jiang, Y. Gao, H. Luo, J. Liu, W. Liang, C. Zhi, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1801090.

[122]

P. Liang, J. Yi, X. Liu, K. Wu, Z. Wang, J. Cui, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Xia, J. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1908528.

[123]

S. So, Y. N. Ahn, J. Ko, I. T. Kim, J. Hur, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 52, 40.

[124]

K. Wu, J. Yi, X. Liu, Y. Sun, J. Cui, Y. Xie, Y. Liu, Y. Xia, J. Zhang, Nano-Micro Lett. 2021, 13, 79.

[125]

J. W. Han, B. K. Park, S. Y. Yang, J. Lee, J. Mun, J. W. Choi, K. J. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 48570.

[126]

H. Zhang, P. Wang, C. Yao, S. Chen, K. Cai, F. Shi, Rare Metals 2023, 42, 2516.

[127]

T. Chen, F. Huang, Y. Wang, Y. Yang, H. Tian, J. M. Xue, Adv. Mater. 2022, 9, 2105980.

[128]

H. Yang, F. Liu, B. Chen, X. Cheng, Q. Guan, J. Dong, T. Li, L. Jia, W. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Jia, Y. Zhang, C. Li, Y. Liu, H. Lin, J. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 519, 164989.

[129]

S. Zhou, X. Meng, C. Fu, D. Xu, J. Li, Q. He, S. Lin, S. Liang, Z. Chang, A. Pan, Small 2023, 19, 2303457.

[130]

H. Yang, J. Wang, P. Zhang, X. Cheng, Q. Guan, J. Dong, B. Chen, L. Jia J. Energy Chem. 2025, 100, 693.

[131]

X. Cheng, Y. Zuo, Y. Zhang, X. Zhao, L. Jia, J. Zhang, X. Li, Z. Wu, J. Wang, H. Lin, Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, 2401629.

[132]

Y. Yang, C. Liu, Z. Lv, H. Yang, Y. Zhang, M. Ye, L. Chen, J. Zhao, C. C. Li, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007388.

[133]

X. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, R. Diao, T. Li, H. Sun, H. Hu, W. Xing, Z. Yan, ACS Nano 2024, 18, 35325.

[134]

T. Li, X. Li, H. Yang, Y. Zhou, X. Li, M. Su, A. Dou, P. Zhang, X. Wu, A. Naveed, J. Sumner, Y. Liu, Mater. Today Energy 2024, 40, 101513.

[135]

J. Hao, B. Li, X. Li, X. Zeng, S. Zhang, F. Yang, S. Liu, D. Li, C. Wu, Z. Guo, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2003021.

[136]

T. C. Li, Y. V. Lim, X. Xie, X. L. Li, G. Li, D. Fang, Y. Li, Y. S. Ang, L. K. Ang, H. Y. Yang, Small 2021, 17, 2101728.

[137]

J. Zheng, Z. Cao, F. Ming, H. Liang, Z. Qi, W. Liu, C. Xia, C. Chen, L. Cavallo, Z. Wang, H. N. Alshareef, ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 197.

[138]

J. Zhang, C. Han, L. Pan, M. Yang, C. You, Y. Zhang, L. Jia, H. Li, K. Xu, J. Su, H. Lin, J. Wang, J. Power Sources 2025, 640, 236810.

[139]

Z. Jiang, Z. Du, R. Pan, F. Cui, G. Zhang, S. Lei, G. He, K. Yin, L. Sun, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2402150.

[140]

J. Xu, Y. Yang, A. Zhu, Y. Wang, B. Peng, L. Ma, Y. Cao, Y. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 487, 150527.

[141]

Z. Zhao, J. Zhao, Z. Hu, J. Li, J. Li, Y. Zhang, C. Wang, G. Cui, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1938.

[142]

J. Hao, X. Li, S. Zhang, F. Yang, X. Zeng, S. Zhang, G. Bo, C. Wang, Z. Guo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2001263.

[143]

P. Chen, X. Yuan, Y. Xia, Y. Zhang, L. Fu, L. Liu, N. Yu, Q. Huang, B. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Wu, T. van Ree, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2100309.

[144]

H. Bian, C. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Ren, Y. Ge, H. Wu, B. Wang, D. Chen, B. Yang, D. Bin, Y. Li, J. Gu, Y. Ma, S. Tang, X. Meng, H. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2401760.

[145]

J. Sun, Q. Jian, B. Liu, P. Lin, T. Zhao, Energy Environ. Mater. 2024, 7, e12769.

[146]

H. Yang, Z. Chang, Y. Qiao, H. Deng, X. Mu, P. He, H. Zhou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 9377.

[147]

X. Liu, F. Yang, W. Xu, Y. Zeng, J. He, X. Lu, Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2002173.

[148]

W. Xin, J. Xiao, J. Li, L. Zhang, H. Peng, Z. Yan, Z. Zhu, Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 56, 76.

[149]

C. Zhang, Z. Luo, K. Chen, C. Yan, L. Yi, C. Gong, Y. Cao, F.-S. Ke, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202500314.

[150]

Y. Zou, Y. Mu, T. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Shi, W. Guo, T. Shen, Z. Meng, J. Hu, L. Zeng, T. Liu, J. Sun, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202510080.

[151]

J. Xu, Y. Yang, Q. Dai, Z. Zheng, Y. Cao, Y. Cheng, B. Peng, L. Ma, Y. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202423118.

[152]

C. Guo, J. Zhou, Y. Chen, H. Zhuang, Q. Li, J. Li, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, X. Yao, Y. Chen, S. L. Li, Y. Q. Lan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202210871.

[153]

K. Zhang, Y. Yuan, G. Wang, F. Chen, L. Ma, C. Wu, J. Liu, B. Zhang, C. Li, H. Liu, C. Lu, X. Li, S. Xi, K. Xie, J. Lin, K. P. Loh, Energy Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 4210.

[154]

C. Guo, X. Huang, J. Huang, X. Tian, Y. Chen, W. Feng, J. Zhou, Q. Li, Y. Chen, S. L. Li, Y. Q. Lan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202403918.

[155]

X. Li, K. P. Loh, ACS Mater. Lett. 2019, 1, 327.

[156]

X. Liang, Y. Tian, Y. Yuan, Y. Kim, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2105647.

[157]

L. Yang, Q. Ma, Y. Yin, D. Luo, Y. Shen, H. Dou, N. Zhu, R. Feng, Y. Kong, A. Yu, B. Cheng, X. Wang, Z. Chen, Nano Energy 2023, 117, 108799.

[158]

Z. Huang, H. Lyu, L. C. Greenburg, Y. Cui, Z. Bao, Nat. Energy 2025, 10, 2058.

[159]

J. Ming, J. Guo, C. Xia, W. Wang, H. N. Alshareef, Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 2019, 135, 58.

[160]

Z. Peng, X. Shen, B. Li, J. Cheng, Z. He, Z. Sun, B. Li, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhuang, X. Wu, L. Dai, L. Wang, G. He, Q. Zhang, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025, 152, 101453.