Going Beyond Surface Physics: Interface Engineering of PTAA for Efficient p-i-n Perovskite Photovoltaics

Qiannan Li; Fei Wang; Yongjun Li; Baolei Tang; Dawei Duan; Taomiao Wang; Yonggui Sun; Xianfang Zhou; Yizebang Xue; Jiajie Zhu; Quanyao Zhu; Xiaoxi Huang; Haoran Lin; Annie Ng; Yumeng Shi; Mingjian Yuan; Hongyu Zhang; Yonghua Chen; Hanlin Hu

doi:10.1002/eem2.70109

Energy & Environmental Materials ›› 2026, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (2) :e70109 DOI: 10.1002/eem2.70109

Research Article

Going Beyond Surface Physics: Interface Engineering of PTAA for Efficient p-i-n Perovskite Photovoltaics

Author information +

¹. Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055 China

². State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China

³. State key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Materials, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China

⁴. Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100192 China

⁵. School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China

⁶. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan

⁷. Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China

⁸. College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China

⁹. Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816 China

xiaoxihuang@szpu.edu.cn

annie.ng@nu.edu.kz

hongyuzhang@jlu.edu.cn

iamyhchen@njtech.edu.cn

hanlinhu@szpu.edu.cn

Show less

History +

PDF (3336KB)

Abstract

Poor wettability of poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) surfaces and insufficient control over residual PbI₂ clusters remain critical bottlenecks limiting the performance of PTAA-based p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we introduce an effective interface engineering strategy through the incorporation of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIMAc). Owing to its strong affinity for the perovskite precursor solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF), BMIMAc significantly enhances PTAA wettability, promoting the formation of uniform and defect-passivated perovskite films. In addition, BMIMAc modulates the energy level alignment of PTAA, facilitating more efficient hole extraction and transport across the interface. More importantly, BMIMAc interacts with PbI₂ to decelerate perovskite crystallization kinetics, enabling a more complete conversion of PbI₂ into the perovskite phase. This synergistic regulation yields perovskite films with enlarged grain sizes, reduced trap densities, and suppressed nonradiative recombination losses. Benefiting from these advances, the optimized PTAA-based p-i-n PSCs achieve a record-high power conversion efficiency of 25.10% with significantly enhanced operational stability.

Keywords

crystallinity / ionic liquid / p-i-n perovskite solar cells / PTAA / wettability

Cite this article

Download citation ▾

Qiannan Li, Fei Wang, Yongjun Li, Baolei Tang, Dawei Duan, Taomiao Wang, Yonggui Sun, Xianfang Zhou, Yizebang Xue, Jiajie Zhu, Quanyao Zhu, Xiaoxi Huang, Haoran Lin, Annie Ng, Yumeng Shi, Mingjian Yuan, Hongyu Zhang, Yonghua Chen, Hanlin Hu. Going Beyond Surface Physics: Interface Engineering of PTAA for Efficient p-i-n Perovskite Photovoltaics. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2026, 9 (2) : e70109 DOI:10.1002/eem2.70109

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户忘记密码

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

[1]	H. Chen, C. Liu, J. Xu, A. Maxwell, W. Zhou, Y. Yang, Q. Zhou, A. S. R. Bati, H. Wan, Z. Wang, L. Zeng, J. Wang, P. Serles, Y. Liu, S. Teale, Y. Liu, M. I. Saidaminov, M. Li, N. Rolston, S. Hoogland, T. Filleter, M. G. Kanatzidis, B. Chen, Z. Ning, E. H. Sargent, Science 2024, 384, 189.

[2]	S. Zhang, F. Ye, X. Wang, R. Chen, H. Zhang, L. Zhan, X. Jiang, Y. Li, X. Ji, S. Liu, M. Yu, F. Yu, Y. Zhang, R. Wu, Z. Liu, Z. Ning, D. Neher, L. Han, Y. Lin, H. Tian, W. Chen, M. Stolterfoht, L. Zhang, W.-H. Zhu, Y. Wu, Science 2023, 380, 404.

[3]	X. Ran, J. Zhu, Y. Li, B. Ren, L. Yang, Y. Chen, Matter 2024, 7, 4145.

[4]	J. Du, J. Chen, B. Ouyang, A. Sun, C. Tian, R. Zhuang, C. Chen, S. Liu, Q. Chen, Z. Li, X. Wu, J. Cai, Y. Zhao, R. Li, T. Xue, T. Cen, K. Zhao, C.-C. Chen, Energy Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 3196.

[5]	Y. Pan, J. Wang, Z. Sun, J. Zhang, Z. Zhou, C. Shi, S. Liu, F. Ren, R. Chen, Y. Cai, H. Sun, B. Liu, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhao, Z. Cai, X. Qin, Z. Zhao, Y. Ji, N. Li, W. Huang, Z. Liu, W. Chen, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7335.

[6]	F. Li, C. Zhao, Y. Li, Z. Zhang, X. Huang, Y. Zhang, J. Fang, T. Bian, Z. Zeng, J. Yin, A. K. Y. Jen, Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadq1150.

[7]	T. Feeney, J. Petry, A. Torche, D. Hauschild, B. Hacene, C. Wansorra, A. Diercks, M. Ernst, L. Weinhardt, C. Heske, G. Gryn'ova, U. W. Paetzold, P. Fassl, Matter 2024, 7, 2066.

[8]	National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Best research-cell efficiencies chart, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed: February 2025).

[9]	S. Liu, J. Li, W. Xiao, R. Chen, Z. Sun, Y. Zhang, X. Lei, S. Hu, M. Kober-Czerny, J. Wang, F. Ren, Q. Zhou, H. Raza, Y. Gao, Y. Ji, S. Li, H. Li, L. Qiu, W. Huang, Y. Zhao, B. Xu, Z. Liu, H. J. Snaith, N. G. Park, W. Chen, Nature 2024, 632, 536.

[10]	W. Zhang, X. Guo, Z. Cui, H. Yuan, Y. Li, W. Li, X. Li, J. Fang, Adv. Mater. 2024, 632, 536.

[11]	X. Chen, Q. Wang, H. Wei, J. Yang, Y. Yao, W. Tang, W. Qiu, X. Xu, L. Song, Y. Wu, Q. Peng, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 7342.

[12]	W. Jiang, C. Peng, H. Jiang, M. Zhu, Z. Zhou, Matter 2025, 8, 102085.

[13]	M. Degani, Q. An, M. Albaladejo-Siguan, Y. J. Hofstetter, C. Cho, F. Paulus, G. Grancini, Y. Vaynzof, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabj7930.

[14]	X. Wu, D. Gao, X. Sun, S. Zhang, Q. Wang, B. Li, Z. Li, M. Qin, X. Jiang, C. Zhang, Z. Li, X. Lu, N. Li, S. Xiao, X. Zhong, S. Yang, Z. a. Li, Z. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2208431.

[15]	Q. Zhou, J. Qiu, Y. Wang, M. Yu, J. Liu, X. Zhang, ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 1596.

[16]	L. Wang, S. Yuan, F. Qian, T. Zhang, H. Zheng, X. Li, T. Lan, Q. Xu, P. Zhang, S. Li, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 8337.

[17]	H. Tian, X. Jiang, X. Liu, F. Sun, X. Guo, C. Li, Nano Energy 2024, 126, 109616.

[18]	X. Liu, Y. Cheng, C. Liu, T. Zhang, N. Zhang, S. Zhang, J. Chen, Q. Xu, J. Ouyang, H. Gong, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1718.

[19]	Y. Che, J. Deng, Y. Gao, X. Li, X. Wang, Y. Li, J. Zhang, L. Yang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 26060.

[20]	H. Zhu, B. Shao, Z. Shen, S. You, J. Yin, N. Wehbe, L. Wang, X. Song, M. Abulikemu, A. Basaheeh, A. Jamal, I. Gereige, M. Freitag, O. F. Mohammed, K. Zhu, O. M. Bakr, Nat. Photonics 2024, 19, 28.

[21]	Z. Qu, Y. Zhao, F. Ma, L. Mei, X. K. Chen, H. Zhou, X. Chu, Y. Yang, Q. Jiang, X. Zhang, J. You, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 8620.

[22]	W. Xu, Y. Gao, W. Ming, F. He, J. Li, X. H. Zhu, F. Kang, J. Li, G. Wei, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2003965.

[23]	X. Luo, Z. Shen, Y. Shen, Z. Su, X. Gao, Y. Wang, Q. Han, L. Han, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2202100.

[24]	Y. Han, H. Xie, E. L. Lim, D. Bi, Sol. RRL 2022, 6, 2101007.

[25]	F. Qin, L. Sun, H. Chen, Y. Liu, X. Lu, W. Wang, T. Liu, X. Dong, P. Jiang, Y. Jiang, L. Wang, Y. Zhou, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2103017.

[26]	C.-H. Kuan, G.-S. Luo, S. Narra, S. Maity, H. Hiramatsu, Y.-W. Tsai, J.-M. Lin, C.-H. Hou, J.-J. Shyue, W.-G. Diau, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 450, 138037.

[27]	J. Ye, W. Sheng, J. He, Y. Zhong, Y. Liu, K. Liu, L. Tan, Y. Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202411708.

[28]	F. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Sun, X. Liang, G. Yang, Q. Li, Y. Li, X. Zhou, Q. Zhu, A. Ng, H. Lin, M. Yuan, Y. Shi, T. Wu, H. Hu, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2401476.

[29]	F. Wang, K. Zhou, C. Zhou, X. Liang, T. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Li, Q. Li, X. Zhou, G. Yang, D. Duan, J. Zhu, Q. Zhu, H. Lin, Y. Shi, C. Yang, G. Xing, H. Hu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2400021.

[30]	T. Niu, L. Chao, W. Gao, C. Ran, L. Song, Y. Chen, L. Fu, W. Huang, ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 1453.

[31]	X. Zhou, M. Hu, C. Liu, L. Zhang, X. Zhong, X. Li, Y. Tian, C. Cheng, B. Xu, Nano Energy 2019, 63, 103866.

[32]	Q. Zhou, J. Qiu, R. Zhuang, M. Yu, J. Liu, Y. Hua, L. Ding, X. Zhang, Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 40676.

[33]	F. Wang, D. Duan, Y. Sun, T. Wang, G. Yang, Q. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, X. Zhou, X. Sun, J. Ma, J. Xiang, J. Zhu, Q. Zhu, K. Zhou, H. Lin, Y. Shi, G. Li, H. Hu, Nano Energy 2024, 125, 109549.

[34]	Y. Zhang, L. Xu, Y. Wu, H. Zhang, F. Zeng, J. Xing, B. Liu, Y. Qi, B. Dong, X. Bai, H. Song, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214102.

[35]	Y. Du, Q. Tian, X. Chang, J. Fang, X. Gu, X. He, X. Ren, K. Zhao, S. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 210675.

[36]	L. Chao, T. Niu, H. Gu, Y. Yang, Q. Wei, Y. Xia, W. Hui, S. Zuo, Z. Zhu, C. Pei, X. Li, J. Zhang, J. Fang, G. Xing, H. Li, X. Huang, X. Gao, C. Ran, L. Song, L. Fu, Y. Chen, W. Huang, Research 2020, 2020, 2616345.

[37]	J. Dai, J. Xiong, N. Liu, Z. He, Y. Zhang, S. Zhan, B. Fan, W. Liu, X. Huang, X. Hu, D. Wang, Y. Huang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 453, 139988.

[38]	P. Chen, Y. Xiao, L. Li, L. Zhao, M. Yu, S. Li, J. Hu, B. Liu, Y. Yang, D. Luo, C. H. Hou, X. Guo, J. J. Shyue, Z. H. Lu, Q. Gong, H. J. Snaith, R. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 2022, 35, 2206345.

[39]	J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.-J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M. K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grätzel, Nature 2013, 499, 316.

[40]	X. Xu, S. Li, C. Shan, W. Peng, Y. Chen, S. Li, H. Peng, T. Dai, E. Zhou, Y. Bai, L. Qiu, P. Sun, B. Xu, A. K. K. Kyaw, Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2505745.

[41]	K. Dong, X. Liu, H. Dong, X. Zhang, S. Zhang, Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 6636.

[42]	Y. Zhang, R. Yu, M. Li, Z. He, Y. Dong, Z. Xu, R. Wang, Z. Ma, Z. Tan, Adv. Mater. 2023, 36, 2310203.

[43]	S. Yu, Z. Xiong, H. Zhou, Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, F. Ma, Z. Qu, Y. Zhao, X. Chu, X. Zhang, J. You, Science 2023, 382, 1399.

[44]	Y. Ma, Q. Song, X. Yang, H. Zai, G. Yuan, W. Zhou, Y. Chen, F. Pei, J. Kang, H. Wang, T. Song, X. Wang, H. Zhou, Y. Li, Y. Bai, Q. Chen, Nano Energy 2023, 108, 108250.

[45]	X. Wang, G. Zheng, F. Gao, L. Li, C. Luo, C. Zhan, Y. Li, Y. Ma, X. Gao, H. Zhou, Q. Zhao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2303949.

[46]	Q. Cao, T. Wang, X. Pu, X. He, M. Xiao, H. Chen, L. Zhuang, Q. Wei, H. L. Loi, P. Guo, B. Kang, G. Feng, J. Zhuang, G. Feng, X. Li, F. Yan, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2311970.

[47]	J. Y. Seo, T. Matsui, J. Luo, J. P. Correa-Baena, F. Giordano, M. Saliba, K. Schenk, A. Ummadisingu, K. Domanski, M. Hadadian, A. Hagfeldt, S. M. Zakeeruddin, U. Steiner, M. Grätzel, A. Abate, Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1600767.

[48]	Y. Li, L. Zhang, J. Xia, T. Liu, K. Wang, Small 2023, 19, 2208243.

[49]	S. Wang, H. Luo, Z. Gu, R. Zhao, L. Guo, N. Wang, Y. Lou, Q. Xu, S. Peng, Y. Zhang, Y. Song, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 221483.

[50]	L. Jiwei, H. Xuzhi, W. Chen, L. Chao, C. Cong, X. Meng, L. Jiashuai, T. Chen, X. Guichuan, Y. Rui, K. Weijun, F. Guojia, Joule 2022, 6, 816.

[51]	Y. Gao, F. Ren, D. Sun, S. Li, G. Zheng, J. Wang, H. Raza, R. Chen, H. Wang, S. Liu, P. Yu, X. Meng, J. He, J. Zhou, X. Hu, Z. Zhang, L. Qiu, W. Chen, Z. Liu, Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 2295.

[52]	H. Zhang, W. Yu, J. Guo, C. Xu, Z. Ren, K. Liu, G. Yang, M. Qin, J. Huang, Z. Chen, Q. Liang, D. Shen, Z. Wu, Y. Zhang, H. T. Chandran, J. Hao, Y. Zhu, C. S. Lee, X. Lu, Z. Zheng, J. Huang, G. Li, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2201663.