Coupling Lattice Strain and Sulfur Vacancy in Tin Monosulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Storage

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention as a cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance and affordability of sodium precursors. However, the lack of suitable electrode materials with both high capacity and excellent stability continues to hinder their practical viability. Herein, we couple lattice strain and sulfur deficiency effects in a tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite to enhance sodium storage performance. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the synergistic effects of lattice strain and sulfur vacancies in tin monosulfide promote rapid (de)intercalation near the surface/edge of the material, thereby enhancing its pseudocapacitive sodium storage properties. Consequently, the strained and defective tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 511.82 mAh g^–1 at 1 A g^–1 and an outstanding rate capability of 450.60 mAh g^–1 at 3 A g^–1. This study offers an effective strategy for improving sodium storage performance through lattice strain and defect engineering.

Keywords

coupling effects / lattice strain / sodium-ion batteries / sulfur defects / tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composites

References

[1] Z. Bai, Q. Yao, M. Wang, W. Meng, S. Dou, H. K. Liu, N. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, e202215865.

[2] J. Chen, G. Adit, L. Li, Y. Zhang, D. H. C. Chua, P. S. Lee, Energy Environ. Mater. 2023, 6, e12633.

[3] H. Chen, M. Li, C. Li, X. Li, Y. Wu, X. Chen, J. Wu, X. Li, Y. Chen, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2022, 33, 141.

[4] M. Wang, X. Chen, H. Yao, G. Lin, J. Lee, Y. Chen, Q. Chen, Energy Environ. Mater. 2022, 5, 1139.

[5] M. Wang, S. Lv, M. Li, X. Li, C. Li, Z. Li, X. Chen, J. Wu, X. Li, Y. Chen, Q. Chen, Adv. Fiber Mater. 2024, 6, 727.

[6] Y. Zhao, Q. Liu, X. Zhao, D. Mu, G. Tan, L. Li, R. Chen, F. Wu, Mater. Today 2023, 62, 271.

[7] B. Sayahpour, W. Li, S. Bai, B. Lu, B. Han, Y. T. Chen, G. Deysher, S. Parab, P. Ridley, G. Raghavendran, L. H. B. Nguyen, M. Zhang, Y. S. Meng, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 1216.

[8] J. Peng, B. Zhang, W. Hua, Y. Liang, W. Zhang, Y. Du, G. Peleckis, S. Indris, Q. Gu, Z. Cheng, J. Wang, H. Liu, S. Dou, S. Chou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202215865.

[9] Z. Guo, G. Qian, C. Wang, G. Zhang, R. Yin, W. D. Liu, R. Liu, Y. Chen, Prog. Nat. Sci. 2023,

[10] S. H. Yu, A. Jin, X. Huang, Y. Yang, R. Huang, J. D. Brock, Y. E. Sung, H. D. Abruña, RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 23847.

[11] M. Hadouchi, J. Hou, T. Koketsu, A. Lahmar, J. Ma, Nano Res. 2024, 17, 1427.

[12] C. Jingyao, Z. Yanbing, Z. Zhiguo, Z. Jiandong, T. Liyuan, G. Pengkun, Z. Yali, W. Mingkui, S. Yan, Energy Mater. 2024, 4, 400073.

[13] T. Zhu, W. Liu, X. Liao, M. Wang, H. Fan, Z. Wei, C. Cai, L. Yang, M. Li, D. Wang, P. Hu, X. Wang, Adv. Fiber Mater. 2024, 6, 561.

[14] Q. Li, F. Yu, Y. Cui, J. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. Peng, Chem. Eur. J. 2023, 29, e202300009.

[15] H. Chen, J. Wu, M. Li, J. Zhao, Z. Li, M. Wang, X. Li, C. Li, X. Chen, X. Li, Y. W. Mai, Y. Chen, eScience 2024, 5, 100281.

[16] L. Qing, R. Li, W. Su, W. Zhao, Y. M. Li, G. Chen, N. Q. Liu, J. Chen, Energy Fuel 2022, 36, 2179.

[17] H. Gao, J. Li, F. Zhang, C. Li, J. Xiao, X. Nie, G. Zhang, Y. Xiao, D. Zhang, X. Guo, Y. Wang, Y. M. Kang, G. Wang, H. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2304529.

[18] Y. Zhang, P. Wang, Y. Yin, X. Zhang, L. Fan, N. Zhang, K. Sun, Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 356, 1042.

[19] D. Cheng, M. Lin, J. Liu, L. Yang, Y. Chen, M. Zhu, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2022, 61, 4339.

[20] J. Zhu, C. Shang, Z. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, S. Gu, L. Zhou, H. Cheng, Y. Gu, Z. G. Lu, ChemElectroChem 2018, 5, 1098.

[21] S. Mei, W. An, J. Fu, W. Guo, X. Feng, X. Li, B. Gao, X. Zhang, K. Huo, P. K. Chu, Electrochim. Acta 2020, 331, 135292.

[22] S. Zhang, L. Yue, H. Zhao, Z. Wang, J. Mi, Mater. Lett. 2017, 209, 212.

[23] K. I. Adewale, M. A. Aboubakr, E. Kamel, Energy Mater. 2024, 4, 400079.

[24] R. Li, L. Tong, Y. Jiang, Y. Wang, J. Long, X. Chen, J. Wu, X. Li, Y. Chen, Interdiscip. Mater. 2024, 3, 150.

[25] Y. C. Lu, C. Ma, J. E. Alvarado, N. Dimov, Y. S. Meng, S. Okada, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 16971.

[26] Y. Zhou, Q. Wang, X. Zhu, F. Jiang, Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 135.

[27] Q. Li, F. Yu, Y. Cui, J. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. Peng, J. Alloys Compd. 2023, 937, 168392.

[28] M. Pang, Z. Song, S. Jiang, R. Zhang, Y. Xi, Z. Wu, Y. Jiao, J. Zhao, J. Alloys Compd. 2025, 1010, 177272.

[29] M. Indhumathy, A. Prakasam, S. Rathinavel, P. Sangeetha, P. Kanagambal, Chem. Pap. 2023, 78, 357.

[30] L. Wu, H. Lu, L. Xiao, X. Ai, H. Yang, Y. Cao, J. Power Sources 2015, 293, 784.

[31] Z. Wang, C. Wang, M. Qian, Z. Li, H. Qiu, Mater. Lett. 2018, 233, 344.

[32] M. Choi, W. William, J. Hwang, D. Yoon, J. Kim, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2018, 59, 160.

[33] E. Murugan, K. Kumar, Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 5667.

[34] X. Li, Y. Wang, J. Wu, L. Tong, S. Wang, X. Li, C. Li, M. Wang, M. Li, W. Fan, X. Chen, Q. Chen, G. Wang, Y. Chen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2023, 120, e2307477120.

[35] Y. Liu, Y. Wu, K. Li, J. Wang, C. Zhang, J. Ji, W. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 486, 344.

[36] C. Li, L. Tong, S. Wang, Q. Liu, Y. Wang, X. Li, M. Wang, M. Li, X. Chen, J. Wu, Q. Chen, Y. W. Mai, W. Fan, Y. Chen, X. Li, SusMat 2023, 3, 431.

[37] H. Ding, Y. Wu, Y. Xia, T. Yang, Z. Hu, Q. Chen, G. Yue, J. Mater. Sci. 2022, 57, 6308.

[38] Y. Sun, Y. Yang, X. L. Shi, G. Suo, H. Chen, X. Hou, S. Lu, Z. G. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 28359.

[39] W. L. Yu, C. J. Zhu, R. Wang, J. Chen, Q. Liu, S. Zhang, S. Zhang, J. Sun, L. Yin, Energy Environ. Mater. 2023, 6, e12337.

[40] L. Hu, C. Dai, H. Liu, Y. Li, B. Shen, Y. Chen, S. J. Bao, M. W. Xu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1800709.

[41] B. Liu, S. Sun, R. Jia, H. Zhang, X. Zhu, C. Zhang, J. Xu, T. Zhai, H. Xia, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1909546.

[42] G. Zeng, U. Ali, M. Sun, Y. Zhang, L. Fu, Y. Li, Y. Hao, B. Liu, C. Wang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2024, 653, 46.

[43] C. Li, Z. Song, M. Liu, E. Lepre, M. Antonietti, J. Zhu, J. Liu, Y. Fu, N. López-Salas, Energy Environ. Mater. 2024, 7, e12695.

[44] Q. M. Liang, S. K. Chen, Z. Ding, J. C. Wang, C. Hu, J. Shi, S. Wang, L. Han, Y. Yang, Nano Lett. 2024, 24, 7637.

[45] Z. H. Zhou, Y. M. Min, X. X. Liu, J. Q. Ding, J. H. Guo, F. R. Hu, L. Z. Liu, AIP Adv. 2016, 6, 055102.

[46] C. Y. Zhang, C. Zhang, J. L. Pan, G. W. Sun, Z. Shi, C. Li, X. Chang, G. Z. Sun, J. Y. Zhou, A. Cabot, eScience 2022, 2, 405.

[47] C. Zhang, W. Chu, X. Hong, Q. He, R. Lu, X. Liao, Y. Zhao, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 439, 135679.

[48] G. Sakata Gurmesa, T. Teshome, N. Ermias Benti, G. Ayalneh Tiruye, A. Datta, Y. Setarge Mekonnen, C. Amente Geffe, ChemistryOpen 2022, 11, e202100289.

[49] M. Yang, Z. Chen, Z. Huang, R. Wang, W. Ji, D. Zhou, T. Zeng, Y. Li, J. Wang, L. Wang, T. Yang, Y. Xiao, Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, 2404701.

[50] Z. W. Zhang, X. B. Zhong, Y. H. Zhang, M. Y. Tang, S. X. Li, H. H. Zhang, P. F. Hu, J. F. Liang, Rare Metals 2022, 41, 21.

[51] C. Wang, G. Li, H. Qin, Z. Xiao, D. Wang, B. Zhang, X. Ou, Y. Wu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200403.

[52] Z. Tang, L. Xu, C. Xie, L. Guo, L. Zhang, S. Guo, J. Peng, Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 5951.

[53] A. Khorsand Zak, W. H. Abd Majid, M. E. Abrishami, R. Yousefi, Solid State Sci. 2011, 13, 251.

[54] K. D. Rogers, P. Daniels, Biomaterials 2002, 23, 2577.

[55] D. Zhou, S. Wang, Y. Jia, X. Xiong, H. Yang, S. Liu, J. Tang, J. Zhang, D. Liu, L. Zheng, Y. Kuang, X. Sun, B. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 58, 736.

[56] J. Xia, X. Z. Li, X. Huang, N. Mao, D. D. Zhu, L. Wang, H. Xu, X. M. Meng, Nanoscale 2016, 8, 2063.

[57] M. Li, Y. Wu, T. Li, Y. L. Chen, H. Ding, Y. Lin, N. Pan, X. Wang, RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 48759.

[58] X. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Si, Q. Zhang, J. Wu, L. Gao, X. Wei, Y. Sun, Q. Liao, Z. Zhang, K. Ammarah, L. Gu, Z. Kang, Y. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 4298.

[59] F. Luo, X. Feng, L. Zeng, L. Lin, X. Li, B. Kang, L. Xiao, Q. Chen, M. Wei, Q. Qian, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 126430.

[60] J. Shi, Y. Wang, Q. Su, F. Cheng, X. Kong, J. Lin, T. Zhu, S. Liang, A. Pan, Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 353, 606.

[61] L. B. Tang, P. Y. Li, T. Peng, H. X. Wei, Z. Wang, H. Y. Wang, C. Yan, J. Mao, K. Dai, X. W. Wu, H. Z. Chen, L. M. Gao, X. H. Zhang, J. C. Zheng, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2023, 928, 117077.

[62] R. Hu, K. Zhu, K. Ye, J. Yan, Q. Wang, D. Cao, G. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 536, 147832.

[63] F. Chen, W. Shuang, Y. Wang, L. Yang, Z. Bai, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2024, 645, 158686.

[64] G. Liu, D. Sun, X. Li, J. Liu, Y. Zhang, W. Yuan, D. Guo, N. Wu, X. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. 2020, 55, 14477.

[65] X. Luo, J. Shao, P. He, K. Li, W. Zhao, J. Solid State Chem. 2022, 307, 122736.

[66] X. Qiu, C. Wang, L. Xie, L. Zhu, X. Cao, X. Ji, J. Power Sources 2024, 602, 234365.

[67] J.-Y. Zhang, C. Xia, H.-F. Wang, C. Tang, J. Energy Chem. 2022, 67, 432.

[68] X. Hu, M. Qiu, Y. Liu, J. Yuan, J. Chen, H. Zhan, Z. Wen, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2202318.

[69] J. Xu, G. Shao, X. Tang, F. Lv, H. Xiang, C. Jing, S. Liu, S. Dai, Y. Li, J. Luo, Z. Zhou, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2193.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). Energy & Environmental Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Zhengzhou University.