Mesoporous WO3-Dot-Decorated Flexible Electrodes for the Determination of Industrial Pollutants

Aneesh Koyappayil , Hyunho Seok , Gwan Hyun Choi , Sachin Chavan , Sangho Yeon , Sihoon Son , Anna Go , Jinhyoung Lee , Keon-Woo Kim , Dongho Lee , Hyun-Bin Choi , Hyeong-U Kim , Jin Kon Kim , Taesung Kim , Min-Ho Lee

Energy & Environmental Materials ›› 2025, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (2) : e12842

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Energy & Environmental Materials ›› 2025, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (2) : e12842 DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12842
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Mesoporous WO3-Dot-Decorated Flexible Electrodes for the Determination of Industrial Pollutants

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Abstract

This study demonstrates the fabrication of mesoporous tungsten trioxide (WO3)-decorated flexible polyimide (PI) electrodes for the highly sensitive detection of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ), two environmental pollutants. Organic–inorganic composite dots are formed on flexible PI electrodes using evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) and electrospray methods. The EISA process is induced by a temperature gradient during electrospray, and the heated substrate partially decomposes the organic parts etched by O2 plasma, creating mesoporous structures. Differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry demonstrate a linear correlation between analyte concentration and the electrochemical response. Computational studies support the spontaneous adsorption of CC and HQ molecules on model WO3 surfaces. The proposed sensor shows high sensitivity, a wide linear range, and a low detection limit for both individual and simultaneous determination of CC and HQ. Real sample analysis on river water confirms practical applicability. The WO3-decorated PI electrode presents an efficient and reliable approach for detecting these pollutants, contributing to environmental safety measures.

Keywords

catechol / flexible sensor / hydroquinone / mesoporous WO 3 / simultaneous determination

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Aneesh Koyappayil, Hyunho Seok, Gwan Hyun Choi, Sachin Chavan, Sangho Yeon, Sihoon Son, Anna Go, Jinhyoung Lee, Keon-Woo Kim, Dongho Lee, Hyun-Bin Choi, Hyeong-U Kim, Jin Kon Kim, Taesung Kim, Min-Ho Lee. Mesoporous WO3-Dot-Decorated Flexible Electrodes for the Determination of Industrial Pollutants. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2025, 8(2): e12842 DOI:10.1002/eem2.12842

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