Chlorofullerene C₆₀Cl₆ Enables Efficient and Stable Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have received great attention due to their eco-friendly properties and high theoretical efficiencies. However, the fast crystallization feature of tin-based perovskites leads to poor film quality and limits the corresponding device performance. Herein, a chlorofullerene, C₆₀Cl₆, with six chlorine attached to the C₆₀ cage, is applied to modulate the crystallization process and passivate grain boundary defects of the perovskite film. The chemical interactions between C₆₀Cl₆ and perovskite components retard the transforming process of precursors to perovskite crystals and obtain a high-quality tin-based perovskite film. It is also revealed that the C₆₀Cl₆ located at the surfaces and grain boundaries can not only passivate the defects but also offer a role in suturing grain boundaries to suppress the detrimental effects of water and oxygen on perovskite films, especially the oxidation of Sn²⁺ to Sn⁴⁺. As a result, the C₆₀Cl₆-based device yields a remarkably improved device efficiency from 10.03% to 13.30% with enhanced stability. This work provides a new strategy to regulate the film quality and stability of TPSCs using functional fullerene materials.

Keywords

crystallization regulation / defect passivation / fullerene derivative / perovskites solar cell / tin-based perovskite

References

[1] J. Jeong, M. Kim, J. Seo, H. Lu, P. Ahlawat, A. Mishra, Y. Yang, M. A. Hope, F. T. Eickemeyer, M. Kim, Y. J. Yoon, I. W. Choi, B. P. Darwich, S. J. Choi, Y. Jo, J. H. Lee, B. Walker, S. M. Zakeeruddin, L. Emsley, U. Rothlisberger, A. Hagfeldt, D. S. Kim, M. Gratzel, J. Y. Kim, Nature 2021, 592, 381.

[2] H. Min, D. Y. Lee, J. Kim, G. Kim, K. S. Lee, J. Kim, M. J. Paik, Y. K. Kim, K. S. Kim, M. G. Kim, T. J. Shin, S. Il Seok, Nature 2021, 598, 444.

[3] R. He, S. Q. Ren, C. Chen, Z. J. Yi, Y. Luo, H. G. Lai, W. W. Wang, G. G. Zeng, X. Hao, Y. Wang, J. Q. Zhang, C. L. Wang, L. L. Wu, F. Fu, D. W. Zhao, Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 5723.

[4] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Best Research-Cell Efficiencies, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed: March 2022).

[5] M. J. Kim, J. K. Jeong, H. Z. Lu, T. K. Lee, F. T. Eickemeyer, Y. H. Liu, Grätzel , D. S. Kim, Science 2022, 375, 302.

[6] V. K. Ravi, B. Mondal, V. V. Nawale, A. Nag, ACS Omega 2020, 5, 29631.

[7] J. Lee, G. W. Kim, M. Kim, S. A. Park, T. Park, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1902662.

[8] M. H. Kumar, S. Dharani, W. L. Leong, P. P. Boix, R. R. Prabhakar, T. Baikie, C. Shi, H. Ding, R. Ramesh, M. Asta, M. Graetzel, S. G. Mhaisalkar, N. Mathews, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7122.

[9] X. Jiang, F. Wang, Q. Wei, H. Li, Y. Shang, W. Zhou, C. Wang, P. Cheng, Q. Chen, L. Chen, Z. Ning, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1245.

[10] T. Krishnamoorthy, H. Ding, C. Yan, W. L. Leong, T. Baikie, Z. Zhang, M. Sherburne, S. Li, M. Asta, N. Mathews, S. G. Mhaisalkar, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 23829.

[11] G. M. Paternò, N. Mishra, A. J. Barker, Z. Dang, G. Lanzani, L. Manna, A. Petrozza, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 29, 1805299.

[12] S. M. Jain, D. Phuyal, M. L. Davies, M. Li, B. Philippe, C. De Castro, Z. Qiu, J. Kim, T. Watson, W. C. Tsoi, O. Karis, H. Rensmo, G. Boschloo, T. Edvinsson, J. R. Durrant, Nano Energy 2018, 49, 614.

[13] W. Ke, C. C. Stoumpos, M. G. Kanatzidis, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1803230.

[14] Z. Xiao, Z. Song, Y. Yan, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1803792.

[15] B. B. Yu, Z. Chen, Y. Zhu, Y. Wang, B. Han, G. Chen, X. Zhang, Z. Du, Z. He, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2102055.

[16] J. Liu, M. Ozaki, S. Yakumaru, T. Handa, R. Nishikubo, Y. Kanemitsu, A. Saeki, Y. Murata, R. Murdey, A. Wakamiya, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 13221.

[17] T. Imran, S. Rauf, H. Raza, L. Aziz, R. Chen, S. W. Liu, J. N. Wang, M. A. Ahmad, S. S. Zhang, Y. Q. Zhang, Z. H. Liu, W. Chen, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200305.

[18] J. P. Cao, F. Yan, Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 1286.

[19] M. Li, F. M. Li, J. Gong, T. K. Zhang, F. Gao, W. H. Zhang, M. Z. Liu, Small. Struct. 2021, 3, 2100102.

[20] C. Tian, C. Sun, J. Chen, P. Song, E. Hou, P. Xu, Y. Liang, P. Yang, J. Luo, L. Xie, Z. Wei, Nano 2022, 12, 532.

[21] S. S. Lv, W. Y. Gao, Y. H. Liu, H. Dong, N. Sun, T. T. Niu, Y. D. Xia, Z. B. Wu, L. Song, C. X. Ran, L. Fu, Y. H. Chen, J. Energy Chem. 2022, 65, 371.

[22] T. H. Wu, D. Y. Cui, X. Liu, X. H. Luo, H. Z. Su, H. Segawa, Y. Q. Zhang, Y. B. Wang, L. Y. Han, Sol. RRL 2021, 5, 2100034.

[23] C. Pereyra, H. Xie, M. Lira-Cantu, J. Energy Chem. 2021, 60, 599.

[24] M. H. Li, J. J. Zhou, L. G. Tan, Y. Liu, S. Y. Wang, C. F. Jiang, H. Li, X. Zhao, X. Y. Gao, W. Tress, L. M. Ding, C. Y. Yi, Energy Environ. Mater. 2022,

[25] V. G. V. Dutt, S. Akhil, R. Singh, M. Palabathuni, N. Mishra, J. Phys. Chem. C 2022, 126, 9502.

[26] S. L. Zou, S. Q. Ren, Y. T. Jiang, Y. F. Huang, W. W. Wang, C. L. Wang, C. Chen, X. Hao, L. L. Wu, J. Q. Zhang, D. W. Zhao, Energy Environ. Mater. 2022,

[27] S. Akhil, V. G. V. Dutt, N. Mishra, Nanoscale Adv. 2021, 3, 2547.

[28] H. Li, J. Shi, J. Deng, Z. Chen, Y. Li, W. Zhao, J. Wu, H. Wu, Y. Luo, D. Li, Q. Meng, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e1907396.

[29] Z. Chen, M. Liu, Z. Li, T. Shi, Y. Yang, H. L. Yip, Y. Cao, iScience 2018, 9, 337.

[30] M. E. Kayesh, K. Matsuishi, R. Kaneko, S. Kazaoui, J.-J. Lee, T. Noda, A. Islam, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 4, 278.

[31] Y. Fang, C. Bi, D. Wang, J. Huang, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 782.

[32] D. M. Guldi, M. Prato, Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 695.

[33] Y. Liang, P. Song, H. Tian, C. Tian, W. Tian, Z. Nan, Y. Cai, P. Yang, C. Sun, J. Chen, L. Xie, Q. Zhang, Z. Wei, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 32, 2110139.

[34] C. Wu, K. Wang, Y. Yan, D. Yang, Y. Jiang, B. Chi, J. Liu, A. R. Esker, J. Rowe, A. J. Morris, M. Sanghadasa, S. Priya, Adv. Funct.Mater. 2019, 29, 1804419.

[35] C. Kan, Z. Tang, Y. Yao, P. Hang, B. Li, Y. Wang, X. Sun, M. Lei, D. Yang, X. Yu, ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 3864.

[36] K. Liu, C. Tian, Y. Liang, Y. Luo, L. Xie, Z. Wei, Nano Res. 2022, 15, 7139.

[37] H. Ban, Q. Sun, T. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Shen, M. Wang, Sol. RRL 2019, 4, 1900457.

[38] W. Bao-Shan, M.-W. An, J.-M. Chen, D.-Q. Yun, S.-Y. Xie, L.-S. Zheng, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 100646.

[39] H. Wang, F. Li, P. Wang, R. Sun, W. Ma, M. Chen, W. Miao, D. Liu, T. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000615.

[40] J. Xia, C. Liang, H. Gu, S. Mei, S. Li, N. Zhang, S. Chen, Y. Cai, G. Xing, Energy Environ. Mater. 2022,

[41] X. Jiang, Z. Zang, Y. Zhou, H. Li, Q. Wei, Z. J. Ning, Acc. Chem. Res. 2021, 2, 210.

[42] X. Jiang, H. Li, Q. Zhou, Q. Wei, M. Wei, L. Jiang, Z. Wang, Z. Peng, F. Wang, Z. Zang, K. Xu, Y. Hou, S. Teale, W. Zhou, R. Si, X. Gao, E. H. Sargent, Z. Ning, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 10970.

[43] X. Zheng, B. Chen, J. Dai, Y. Fang, Y. Bai, Y. Lin, H. Wei, X. C. Zeng, J. Huang, Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 17102.

[44] W. S. Yang, B. W. Park, E. H. Jung, N. J. Jeon, Y. C. Kim, D. U. Lee, S. S. Shin, J. Seo, E. K. Kim, J. H. Noh, S. Seok, Science 2017, 356, 1376.

[45] D. Shi, V. Adinolfi, R. Comin, M. J. Yuan, E. Alarousu, A. Buin, Y. Chen, S. Hoogland, A. Rothenberger, K. Katsiev, Y. Losovyj, X. Zhang, P. A. Dowben, O. F. Mohammed, E. H. Sargent, O. M. Bakr1, Science 2015, 347, 6221.

[46] A. Sussman, J. Appl. Phys. 1967, 38, 2738.

[47] Q. Jiang, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Chu, Q. Ye, X. Li, Z. Yin, J. You, Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 460.

[48] L. Krückemeier, U. Rau, M. Stolterfoht, T. Kirchartz, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 10, 1902573.

[49] F. Wang, J. Ma, F. Xie, L. Li, J. Chen, J. Fan, N. Zhao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 3417.

[50] X. Liu, T. Wu, J.-Y. Chen, X. Meng, X. He, T. Noda, H. Chen, X. Yang, H. Segawa, Y. B. Wang, L. Y. Han, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 2896.

[51] L. Zhao, J. Gao, Y. L. Lin, Y. W. Yeh, K. M. Lee, N. Yao, Y. L. Loo, B. P. Rand, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1605317.

[52] J. Chmeliov, K. Elkhouly, R. Gegevičius, L. Jonušis, A. Devižis, A. Gelžinis, M. Franckevičius, I. Goldberg, J. Hofkens, P. Heremans, W. Qiu, V. Gulbinas, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 9, 2101560.

[53] K. Elkhouly, R. Gehlhaar, J. Genoe, P. Heremans, W. Qiu, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2020, 8, 2000941.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2022 The Authors. Energy & Environmental Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Zhengzhou University.