Geologic CO₂ sequestration: unveiling complexities, challenges and strategic insights toward net zero emissions—A critical review in the Indian context

Abstract

As the world moves toward net-zero emissions, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) especially geologic CO₂ sequestration has emerged as a critical climate mitigation strategy. This review examines the current scientific and technical landscape of geologic CO₂ storage, highlighting key challenges and strategic considerations essential for its large-scale deployment. Also, it explores viable storage formations, including depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, deep saline aquifers and unmineable coal seams. It outlines essential site selection criteria, with a focus on geological characterization, structural integrity and risk mitigation to ensure long-term containment and safety. Technical aspects such as CO₂ injection methods and monitoring systems are assessed in depth. Advances in seismic imaging, geochemical tracers and real-time monitoring technologies are discussed for their role in tracking CO₂ behaviour in the subsurface. Beyond technical feasibility, the review evaluates the socio-economic and regulatory dimensions shaping the global scalability of geologic CO₂ sequestration. It emphasizes the importance of public perception, stakeholder engagement and evolving policy frameworks in enabling broad acceptance and implementation. The study also explores synergies and trade-offs between CO₂ storage and enhanced methane recovery from coal seams with stable mineral trapping mechanism. A life cycle assessment is presented, analyzing emissions, cost-effectiveness and scalability to position geologic sequestration within a broader energy transition context. In India, while policy interest in CCUS is rising, deployment readiness remains low due to technical, regulatory, financial and institutional barriers. The review calls for integrating CCUS into India’s net-zero strategy through sectoral roadmaps and the NDC framework. By offering a multidisciplinary perspective, this review informs policymakers, researchers and industry stakeholders, contributing to the advancement of sustainable, low-carbon pathways needed to address the global climate crisis.

Keywords

CO₂ sequestration / CCUS / Emission / Challenges / Net zero / Trapping mechanism

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Funding

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India(FBR 3.1 (HCP-48))

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Society of Energy and Environmental Science