Advances in adsorption for oily wastewater treatment: eco-friendly adsorbents and analytical insights

Abstract

Key factors affecting adsorption include adsorbent type, dosage, pH, temperature, contact time, and oil concentration.

Novel adsorbents for oily wastewater treatment have been created from activated carbon, biochar, and agricultural waste.

Reusability and sustainability are crucial factors to consider when selecting an adsorbent.

Keywords

Adsorption / Environmental protection / Oil recovery / Oil spill / Oily wastewater treatment / Remediation

References

[1] Abdelwahab O, Amin NK, El-Ashtoukhy E-SZ. Electrochemical removal of phenol from oil refinery wastewater. J Hazard Mater, 2009, 163 2–3 711- 716

[2] Abdullahi BO, Ahmed E, Al Abdulgader H, Alghunaimi F, Saleh TA. Facile fabrication of hydrophobic alkylamine intercalated graphene oxide as absorbent for highly effective oil-water separation. J Mol Liq, 2021, 325: 115057

[3] Abel UA, Habor GR, Oseribho OI. Adsorption studies of oil spill clean-up using coconut coir activated carbon (ccac). Am J Chem Eng, 2020, 8 2 36- 47

[4] Abidi N, Errais E, Duplay J, Berez A, Jrad A, Schäfer G, Ghazi M, Semhi K, Trabelsi-Ayadi M. Treatment of dye-containing effluent by natural clay. J Clean Prod, 2015, 86: 432- 440

[5] Abou-Taleb EM, Hellal MS, Kamal KH. Electro-oxidation of phenol in petroleum wastewater using a novel pilot-scale electrochemical cell with graphite and stainless-steel electrodes. Water Environ J, 2021, 35 1 259- 268

[6] Adewoye TL, Ogunleye OO, Abdulkareem AS, Salawudeen TO, Tijani JO. Optimization of the adsorption of total organic carbon from produced water using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Heliyon, 2021, 7 1 e05866

[7] Agboh OC, Qin Y (1997) Chitin and chitosan fibers. Polym. Adv Technol 8(6):355–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199706)8:6%3C355::AID-PAT651%3E3.0.CO;2-T

[8] Ahmad T, Ahmad K, Alam M. Sustainable management of water treatment sludge through 3‘r’ concept. J Clean Prod, 2016, 124: 1- 13

[9] Ahmad Khan N, Ibrahim S, Subramaniam P. Elimination of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural wastes as adsorbents. Malaysian J Sci, 2004, 23 1 43- 51

[10] Ahmaruzzaman M. Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2011, 166 1–2 36- 59

[11] Ahmed F, Santos CM, Vergara RMV, Tria MCR, Advincula R, Rodrigues DF. Antimicrobial applications of electroactive pvk-swnt nanocomposites. Environ Sci Technol, 2012, 46 3 1804- 1810

[12] Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chen M. Progress in the preparation and application of modified biochar for improved contaminant removal from water and wastewater. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 214: 836- 851

[13] Ajmal M, Hussain Khan A, Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Role of sawdust in the removal of copper(ii) from industrial wastes. Water Res, 1998, 32 10 3085- 3091

[14] Akob DM, Mumford AC, Orem W, Engle MA, Klinges JG, Kent DB, Cozzarelli IM. Wastewater disposal from unconventional oil and gas development degrades stream quality at a West virginia injection facility. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50 11 5517- 5525

[15] Aksu Z, Tatlı Aİ, Tunç Ö. A comparative adsorption/biosorption study of acid blue 161: effect of temperature on equilibrium and kinetic parameters. Chem Eng J, 2008, 142 1 23- 39

[16] Al-Futaisi A, Jamrah A, Yaghi B, Taha R. Assessment of alternative management techniques of tank bottom petroleum sludge in oman. J Hazard Mater, 2007, 141 3 557- 564

[17] Al-Shamrani AA, James A, Xiao H. Separation of oil from water by dissolved air flotation. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects, 2002, 209 1 15- 26

[18] Alaa El-Din G, Amer AA, Malsh G, Hussein M. Study on the use of banana peels for oil spill removal. Alexandria Eng J, 2018, 57 3 2061- 2068

[19] Alavi SA, Hashemi (2014) SR. A review on diesel fuel desulfurization by adsorption process. Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural, and Biological Sciences, Antalya, Turkey, 2–3

[20] Albatrni H, Qiblawey H, Almomani F, Adham S, Khraisheh M. Polymeric adsorbents for oil removal from water. Chemosphere, 2019, 233: 809- 817

[21] Ali A, Saeed K. Phenol removal from aqueous medium using chemically modified banana peels as low-cost adsorbent. Desalination Water Treat, 2016, 57 24 11242- 11254

[22] Ali I, Asim M, Khan TA. Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. J Environ Manage, 2012, 113: 170- 183

[23] Ali ME, Hoque ME, Safdar Hossain SK, Biswas MC. Nanoadsorbents for wastewater treatment: next generation biotechnological solution. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran), 2020, 17 9 4095- 4132

[24] Almeida CP, Debacher NA, Downs AJ, Cottet L, Mello CD. Removal of methylene blue from colored effluents by adsorption on montmorillonite clay. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2009, 332 1 46- 53

[25] Altare CR, Bowman RS, Katz LE, Kinney KA, Sullivan EJ. Regeneration and long-term stability of surfactant-modified zeolite for removal of volatile organic compounds from produced water. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 2007, 105 3 305- 316

[26] Amund OO, Nwokoye NG. Hydrocarbon degradation potentials of yeast isolates from a polluted lagoon, 1993 Biology Environmental Science

[27] An H, Zhong W, Chen Y, Li H, Gao X. Features and evolution of international crude oil trade relationships: a trading-based network analysis. Energy, 2014, 74: 254- 259

[28] Anil I, Gunday ST, Bozkurt A, Alagha O. Design of crosslinked hydrogels comprising poly(vinylphosphonic acid) and bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate as an efficient adsorbent for wastewater dye removal. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10 1 131

[29] Annunciado TR, Sydenstricker THD, Amico SC. Experimental investigation of various vegetable fibers as sorbent materials for oil spills. Mar Pollut Bull, 2005, 50 11 1340- 1346

[30] Anoop Krishnan K, Ajmal K, Faisal AK, Liji TM. Kinetic and isotherm modeling of methylene blue adsorption onto kaolinite clay at the solid-liquid interface. Sep Sci Technol, 2015, 50 8 1147- 1157

[31] Asadpour R, Sapari NB, Isa MH, Kakooei S, Orji KU. Acetylation of corn silk and its application for oil sorption. Fibers Polym, 2015, 16 9 1830- 1835

[32] Asadpour R, Sapari NB, Isa MH, Kakooei S. Acetylation of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber as an adsorbent for removal of crude oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2016, 23 12 11740- 11750

[33] Asma N, Bhat AH, Isa MH, Danish M, Naeem A, Muhammad N, Khan T. Efficient removal of methylene blue dye using mangosteen peel waste: kinetics, isotherms and artificial neural network (ann) modeling. Desalination Water Treat, 2017, 86: 191- 202

[34] Asselin M, Drogui P, Brar SK, Benmoussa H, Blais J-F. Organics removal in oily bilgewater by electrocoagulation process. J Hazard Mater, 2008, 151 2–3 446- 455

[35] Attiogbe F, Glover-Amengor M, Nyadziehe KT. Correlating biochemical and chemical oxygen demand of effluents: a case study of selected industries in Kumasi, Ghana. West Afr J Appl Ecol, 2007, 11 1 155- 164

[36] Awad AM, Jalab R, Benamor A, Nasser MS, Ba-Abbad MM, El-Naas M, Mohammad AW. Adsorption of organic pollutants by nanomaterial-based adsorbents: an overview. J Mol Liq, 2020, 301: 112335

[37] Azhdarpoor A, Mortazavi B, Moussavi G. Oily wastewaters treatment using pseudomonas sp. Isolated from the compost fertilizer. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2014, 12: 77

[38] Bajracharya S, Ter Heijne A, Dominguez Benetton X, Vanbroekhoven K, Buisman CJN, Strik DPBTB, Pant D. Carbon dioxide reduction by mixed and pure cultures in microbial electrosynthesis using an assembly of graphite felt and stainless steel as a cathode. Bioresour Technol, 2015, 195: 14- 24

[39] Barakat MA. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem, 2011, 4 4 361- 377

[40] Ben Jmaa S, Kallel A (2019) Assessment of performance of posidona oceanica (l.) as biosorbent for crude oil-spill cleanup in seawater. Biomed Res Int 2019(6029654). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6029654

[41] Bereket G, Arog AZ, Özel MZ. Removal of pb(ii), cd(ii), Cu(ii), and zn(ii) from aqueous solutions by adsorption on bentonite. J Colloid Interface Sci, 1997, 187 2 338- 343

[42] Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (2006) Modified clays and clay minerals. Developments in clay science. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01007-X. Elsevier

[43] Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Utilization of agro-industrial and municipal waste materials as potential adsorbents for water treatment—a review. Chem Eng J, 2010, 157 2–3 277- 296

[44] Božić D, Stanković V, Gorgievski M, Bogdanović G, Kovačević R. Adsorption of heavy metal ions by sawdust of deciduous trees. J Hazard Mater, 2009, 171 1–3 684- 692

[45] Bradbury MH, Baeyens B. Modelling the sorption of Zn and Ni on ca-montmorillonite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1999, 63 3–4 325- 336

[46] Brekke C, Solberg AHS. Oil spill detection by satellite remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ, 2005, 95 1 1- 13

[47] Bulut Y, Aydın H. A kinetics and thermodynamics study of methylene blue adsorption on wheat shells. Desalination, 2006, 194 1–3 259- 267

[48] Burakov AE, Galunin EV, Burakova IV, Kucherova AE, Agarwal S, Tkachev AG, Gupta VK. Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional and nanostructured materials for wastewater treatment purposes: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2018, 148: 702- 712

[49] Cai Q, Zhu Z, Chen B, Zhang B. Oil-in-water emulsion breaking marine bacteria for demulsifying oily wastewater. Water Res, 2019, 149: 292- 301

[50] Cai Q, Zhu Z, Chen B, Lee K, Nedwed TJ, Greer C, Zhang B. A cross-comparison of biosurfactants as marine oil spill dispersants: governing factors, synergetic effects and fates. J Hazard Mater, 2021, 416: 126122

[51] Cambiella A, Benito JM, Pazos C, Coca J. Centrifugal separation efficiency in the treatment of waste emulsified oils. Chem Eng Res Des, 2006, 84 1 69- 76

[52] Campo R, Giustra MG, De Marchis M, Freni G, Di Bella G. Characterization and treatment proposals of shipboard slop wastewater contaminated by hydrocarbons. Water, 2017, 9 8 581

[53] Carmody O, Frost R, Xi Y, Kokot S. Adsorption of hydrocarbons on organo-clays—implications for oil spill remediation. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2007, 305 1 17- 24

[54] Chakraborty R, Verma R, Asthana A, Vidya SS, Singh AK. Adsorption of hazardous chromium (vi) ions from aqueous solutions using modified sawdust: kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic modelling. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 2021, 101 7 911- 928

[55] Changmai M, Pasawan M, Purkait MK. Treatment of oily wastewater from drilling site using electrocoagulation followed by microfiltration. Sep Purif Technol, 2019, 210: 463- 472

[56] Chanthamalee J, Wongchitphimon T, Luepromchai E. Treatment of oily bilge water from small fishing vessels by puf-immobilized gordonia sp. Jc11 Water Air Soil Pollut, 2013, 224 7 1601

[57] Chavalparit O, Ongwandee M. Optimizing electrocoagulation process for the treatment of biodiesel wastewater using response surface methodology. J Environ Sci, 2009, 21 11 1491- 1496

[58] Che G, Lakshmi BB, Fisher ER, Martin CR. Carbon Nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production. Nature, 1998, 393 6683 346- 349

[59] Chen C-H, Huang C-C. Hydrogen adsorption in defective carbon nanotubes. Sep Purif Technol, 2009, 65 3 305- 310

[60] Chen W-H, Huang J-R (2020) Chapter 3 - adsorption of organic including pharmaceutical and inorganic contaminants in water toward graphene-based materials. In: Hernández-Maldonado, AJ, Blaney, L (eds.) Contaminants of emerging concern in water and wastewater. Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813561-7.00003-1

[61] Chen C, Wang X. Adsorption of Ni(ii) from aqueous solution using oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2006, 45 26 9144- 9149

[62] Chen C, Hu J, Xu D, Tan X, Meng Y, Wang X. Surface complexation modeling of sr(ii) and eu(iii) adsorption onto oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2008, 323 1 33- 41

[63] Chen CL, Wang XK, Nagatsu M. Europium adsorption on multiwall carbon nanotube/iron oxide magnetic composite in the presence of polyacrylic acid. Environ Sci Technol, 2009, 43 7 2362- 2367

[64] Chen J, Zhang W, Wan Z, Li S, Huang T, Fei Y. Oil spills from global tankers: Status review and future governance. J Clean Prod, 2019, 227: 20- 32

[65] Cheng Z, Feng K, Su Y, Ye J, Chen D, Zhang S, Zhang X, Dionysiou DD. Novel biosorbents synthesized from fungal and bacterial biomass and their applications in the adsorption of volatile organic compounds. Bioresour Technol, 2020, 300: 122705

[66] Cherubini F. The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Conv Manag, 2010, 51 7 1412- 1421

[67] Chojnacka K. Biosorption and bioaccumulation – the prospects for practical applications. Environ Int, 2010, 36 3 299- 307

[68] Chuvilin EM, Yershov ED, Naletova NS, Miklyaeva ES. The use of permafrost for the storage of oil and oil products and the burial of toxic industrial wastes in the arctic. Polar Rec, 2000, 36 198 211- 214

[69] Coelho GF, Gonçalves Jr AC, Tarley CRT, Casarin J, Nacke H, Francziskowski MA. Removal of metal ions cd (ii), pb (ii), and cr (iii) from water by the cashew nut shell anacardium occidentale l. Ecol Eng, 2014, 73: 514- 525

[70] Cojocaru C, Macoveanu M, Cretescu I. Peat-based sorbents for the removal of oil spills from water surface: application of artificial neural network modeling. Colloids Surf a, 2011, 384 1 675- 684

[71] Council NR (2005) Oil spill dispersants: efficacy and effects, Washington, DC. National Academies. https://doi.org/10.17226/11283

[72] Crini G. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog Polym Sci, 2005, 30 1 38- 70

[73] Crini G, Badot P-M. Application of Chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog Polym Sci, 2008, 33 4 399- 447

[74] Cruz Viggi C, Presta E, Bellagamba M, Kaciulis S, Balijepalli SK, Zanaroli G, Petrangeli Papini M, Rossetti S, Aulenta F. The oil-spill snorkel: an innovative bioelectrochemical approach to accelerate hydrocarbons biodegradation in marine sediments. Front Microbiol, 2015, 6: 881

[75] Cruz-Lopes LP, Macena M, Esteves B, Guiné RPF. Ideal Ph for the adsorption of metal ions cr6+, ni2+, pb2 + in aqueous solution with different adsorbent materials. Open Agric, 2021, 6 1 115- 123

[76] Cui J, Zhang X, Liu H, Liu S, Yeung KL. Preparation and application of zeolite/ceramic microfiltration membranes for treatment of oil contaminated water. J Membr Sci, 2008, 325 1 420- 426

[77] Dada AO, Olalekan AP, Olatunya A, Dada OO. Langmuir, freundlich, temkin and dubinin–radushkevich isotherms studies of equilibrium sorption of zn 2 + unto phosphoric acid modified rice husk. IOSR J Appl Chem, 2012, 3: 38- 45

[78] Dakiky M, Khamis M, Manassra A, Mer’eb M. Selective adsorption of chromium(vi) in industrial wastewater using low-cost abundantly available adsorbents. Adv Environ Res, 2002, 6 4 533- 540

[79] Dalton AB, Collins S, Muñoz E, Razal JM, Ebron VH, Ferraris JP, Coleman JN, Kim BG, Baughman RH. Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres. Nature, 2003, 423 6941 703

[80] Das N, Chandran P (2011) Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants: an overview. Biotechnol Res Int 2011(941810). https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/941810

[81] Daud Z, Awang H, Latif AA, Nasir N, Ridzuan MB, Ahmad Z. Suspended solid, color, cod and oil and grease removal from biodiesel wastewater by coagulation and flocculation processes. Procedia - Social Behav Sci, 2015, 195: 2407- 2411

[82] Davis TA, Volesky B, Mucci A. A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Res, 2003, 37 18 4311- 4330

[83] De Gisi S, Lofrano G, Grassi M, Notarnicola M. Characteristics and adsorption capacities of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: a review. Sustainable Mater Technol, 2016, 9: 10- 40

[84] Demırcı Ş, Erdoğan B, Özcımder R. Wastewater treatment at the petroleum refinery, Kirikkale, Turkey using some coagulants and Turkish clays as coagulant aids. Water Res, 1998, 32 11 3495- 3499

[85] Deng J-H, Zhang X-R, Zeng G-M, Gong J-L, Niu Q-Y, Liang J. Simultaneous removal of cd(ii) and ionic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite as an adsorbent. Chem Eng J, 2013, 226: 189- 200

[86] Desta MB (2013) Batch sorption experiments: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies for the adsorption of textile metal ions onto teff straw (eragrostis tef) agricultural waste. J Thermodyn 2013(375830). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/375830

[87] Dewi R, Sari R, Syafruddin The effect of the natural bentonite to reduce cod in palm oil mill effluent by using a hybrid adsorption-flotation method. IOP Conf Series: Mater Sci Eng, 2017, 210 1 012016

[88] Dinçer AR, Karakaya N, Gunes E, Güneş Y. Removal of Cod from oil recovery industry wastewater by the advanced oxidation processes (aop) based on h2o2. Global NEST J, 2008, 10 1 31- 38

[89] Dunn D (2016) Us energy information administration monthly energy review. August

[90] Eccles H. Treatment of metal-contaminated wastes: why select a biological process?. Trends Biotechnol, 1999, 17 12 462- 465

[91] Echeverría JC, Zarranz I, Estella J, Garrido JJ. Simultaneous effect of Ph, temperature, ionic strength, and initial concentration on the retention of lead on illite. Appl Clay Sci, 2005, 30 2 103- 115

[92] El-Naas MH, Al-Zuhair S, Alhaija MA. Reduction of Cod in refinery wastewater through adsorption on date-pit activated carbon. J Hazard Mater, 2010, 173 1 750- 757

[93] El-Nafaty UA, Muhammad IM, Abdulsalam S. Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using banana peel. Civil Environ Res, 2013, 3: 125- 136

[94] Emadian SM, Hosseini M, Rahimnejad M, Shahavi MH, Khoshandam B. Treatment of a low-strength bilge water of caspian sea ships by huasb technique. Ecol Eng, 2015, 82: 272- 275

[95] Eman Abdelwahab E. Modified activated carbon and bentonite used to adsorb petroleum hydrocarbons emulsified in aqueous solution. Am J Environ Prot, 2013, 2 6 161- 169

[96] Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Lübken M. Biochar for wastewater treatment—conversion technologies and applications. Appl Sci, 2020, 10 10 3492

[97] Etkin DS (1999) Oil spill dispersants: from technology to policy. Cutter Information

[98] Ewis D, Benamor A, Ba-Abbad MM, Nasser M, El-Naas M, Qiblawey H. Removal of oil content from oil-water emulsions using iron oxide/bentonite nano adsorbents. J Water Process Eng, 2020, 38: 101583

[99] Ewis D, Mahmud N, Benamor A, Ba-Abbad MM, Nasser M, El-Naas M. Enhanced removal of diesel oil using new magnetic bentonite-based adsorbents combined with different carbon sources. Water Air Soil Pollut, 2022, 233 6 195

[100] Ezechi EH, Isa MH, Kutty SRM, Yaqub A. Boron removal from produced water using electrocoagulation. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2014, 92 6 509- 514

[101] Forrester JV, Dick AD, Mcmenamin PG, Roberts F, Pearlman E (2016) Chapter 6 - general and ocular pharmacology. In: Forrester, JV, Dick, AD, Mcmenamin, PG, Roberts, F, Pearlman, E (eds.) The eye (fourth edition). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-5554-6.00006-X

[102] Förstner U, Wittmann G. Heavy metals in the aquatic environment, 1981 Berlin Springer

[103] Fragouli D, Athanassiou A. Oil spill recovery: Graphene heaters absorb faster. Nat Nanotechnol, 2017, 12 5 406- 407

[104] Francis PJ, Wills BJ (1999) Introduction to principal components analysis. arXiv preprint astro-ph/9905079. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9905079

[105] Franco CA, Martínez M, Benjumea P, Patiño E, Cortés FB. Water remediation based on oil adsorption using nanosilicates functionalized with a petroleum vacuum residue. Adsorpt Sci Technol, 2014, 32 2–3 197- 207

[106] Franco CA, Nassar NN, Cortés FB. Removal of oil from oil-in-saltwater emulsions by adsorption onto nano-alumina functionalized with petroleum vacuum residue. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2014, 433: 58- 67

[107] Fraser GS, Racine V. An evaluation of oil spill responses for offshore oil production projects in newfoundland and labrador, Canada: implications for seabird conservation. Mar Pollut Bull, 2016, 107 1 36- 45

[108] Fu L, Li J, Wang G, Luan Y, Dai W. Adsorption behavior of organic pollutants on microplastics. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2021, 217: 112207

[109] Galblaub OA, Shaykhiev IG, Stepanova SV, Timirbaeva GR. Oil spill cleanup of water surface by plant-based sorbents: Russian practices. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2016, 101: 88- 92

[110] Gamoudi S, Srasra E. Adsorption of organic dyes by hdpy+-modified clay: Effect of molecular structure on the adsorption. J Mol Struct, 2019, 1193: 522- 531

[111] Gao R, Xiang L, Hu H, Fu Q, Zhu J, Liu Y, Huang G. High-efficiency removal capacities and quantitative sorption mechanisms of pb by oxidized rape straw biochars. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 699: 134262

[112] Gasim HA, Kutty SRM, Isa MH, Alemu LT. Optimization of anaerobic treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using artificial neural networks. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol, 2013, 6 11 2077- 2082

[113] Gaur A, Shim M. Substrate-enhanced o2 adsorption and complexity in the raman g-band spectra of individual metallic carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev B, 2008, 78 12 125422

[114] Gerente C, Lee VKC, Cloirec PL, Mckay G. Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption—mechanisms and models review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 2007, 37 1 41- 127

[115] Ghosh S, Chakraborty S. Influence of inoculum variation on formation and stability of aerobic granules in oily wastewater treatment. J Environ Manage, 2019, 248: 109239

[116] Gidudu B, Chirwa EMN. Biosurfactants as demulsification enhancers in bio-electrokinetic remediation of petroleum contaminated soil. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2020, 143: 332- 339

[117] Goering J, Burghaus U. Adsorption kinetics of alcohols on single-wall carbon nanotubes: an ultrahigh vacuum surface chemistry study. J Phys Chem C, 2008, 112 27 10114- 10124

[118] Goldman R, Biton E, Brokovich E, Kark S, Levin N. Oil spill contamination probability in the southeastern levantine basin. Mar Pollut Bull, 2015, 91 1 347- 356

[119] Guan H, Cheng Z, Wang X. Highly compressible wood sponges with a spring-like lamellar structure as effective and reusable oil absorbents. ACS Nano, 2018, 12 10 10365- 10373

[120] Guan D, Liu Y, Zheng G, Zheng J. Effect of micro-electrolytic fillers on the oil removal efficiency in wastewater. IOP Conf Series: Mater Sci Eng, 2019, 490 3 032019

[121] Gupta VK, Ali I. Removal of ddd and dde from wastewater using bagasse fly ash, a sugar industry waste. Water Res, 2001, 35 1 33- 40

[122] Gupta TB, Lataye DH. Removal of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes using acacia nilotica Sawdust activated carbon. Indian J Chem Technol, 2019, 20 1 52- 68

[123] Gupta VK, Sharma S. Removal of zinc from aqueous solutions using bagasse fly ash – a low cost adsorbent. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2003, 42 25 6619- 6624

[124] Gupta N, Prasad M, Singhal N, Kumar V. Modeling the adsorption kinetics of divalent metal ions onto pyrophyllite using the integral method. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2009, 48 4 2125- 2128

[125] Habibollahi H, Salehzadeh A. Isolation, optimization, and molecular characterization of a lipase producing bacterium from oil contaminated soils. Pollution, 2018, 4 1 119- 128

[126] Hadi H, Al-Zobai KMM, Alatabe MJA. Oil removal from produced water using imperata cylindrica as low-cost adsorbent. Curr Appied Sci Technol, 2020, 20 3 494- 511

[127] Halysh V, Trus I, Gomelya M, Trembus I, Pasalskiy B, Chykun N, Trokhymenko G, Remeshevska I. Utilization of modified biosorbents based on walnut shells in the processes of wastewater treatment from heavy metal ion. J Ecol Eng, 2020, 21 4 128- 133

[128] Han Y, Wu C, Su Z, Fu X, Xu Y. Micro-electrolysis biological fluidized bed process for coking wastewater treatment. J Water Process Eng, 2020, 38: 101624

[129] Hanafy M, Nabih HI (2007) Treatment of oily wastewater using dissolved air flotation technique. Energy sources, part A: recovery, utilization, and Environmental effects. 29(2):143–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190948711

[130] Hasan DUB, Abdul Aziz AR, Daud WMW. Oxidative mineralisation of petroleum refinery effluent using fenton-like process. Chem Eng Res Des, 2012, 90 2 298- 307

[131] Hassan AA, Hadi RT, Rashid AH, Naje AS. Chemical modification of castor oil as adsorbent material for oil content removal from oilfield produced water. Poll Res, 2020, 39 4 892- 900

[132] Hassan MF, Sabri MA, Fazal H, Hafeez A, Shezad N, Hussain M. Recent trends in activated carbon fibers production from various precursors and applications—a comparative review. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2020, 145: 104715

[133] Hina K (2013) Application of biochar technologies to wastewater treatment: A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in soil science, massey university, palmerston north, new zealand. Massey University

[134] Hoang AT, Le VV, Al-Tawaha ARMS, Nguyen DN, Al-Tawaha ARMS, Noor MM, Pham VV. An absorption capacity investigation of new absorbent based on polyurethane foams and rice straw for oil spill cleanup. Pet Sci Technol, 2018, 36 5 361- 370

[135] Hristovski K, Baumgardner A, Westerhoff P. Selecting metal oxide nanomaterials for arsenic removal in fixed bed columns: from nanopowders to aggregated nanoparticle media. J Hazard Mater, 2007, 147 1–2 265- 274

[136] Hu J, Lo IMC, Chen G. Comparative study of various magnetic nanoparticles for cr(vi) removal. Sep Purif Technol, 2007, 56 3 249- 256

[137] Hu G, Li J, Zeng G. Recent development in the treatment of oily sludge from petroleum industry: a review. J Hazard Mater, 2013, 261: 470- 490

[138] Hurt RH, Monthioux M, Kane A. Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials: Status, trends, and perspectives on the special issue. Carbon, 2006, 44 6 1028- 1033

[139] Husseien M, Amer AA, El-Maghraby A, Taha NA. Availability of barley straw application on oil spill clean up. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran), 2009, 6 1 123- 130

[140] Hyung H, Kim J-H. Natural organic matter (nom) adsorption to multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Effect of nom characteristics and water quality parameters. Environ Sci Technol, 2008, 42 12 4416- 4421

[141] Ibrahim S, Fatimah I, Ang H-M, Wang S. Adsorption of anionic dyes in aqueous solution using chemically modified barley straw. Water Sci Technol, 2010, 62 5 1177- 1182

[142] Ibrahim S, Wang S, Ang HM. Removal of emulsified oil from oily wastewater using agricultural waste barley straw. Biochem Eng J, 2010, 49 1 78- 83

[143] Ibrahim TH, Gulistan AS, Khamis MI, Ahmed H, Aidan A. Produced water treatment using naturally abundant pomegranate peel. Desalination Water Treat, 2016, 57 15 6693- 6701

[144] Ibrahim M, Siddique A, Verma L, Singh J, Koduru JR. Adsorptive removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by biogenic iron permeated activated carbon derived from sweet lime waste. Acta Chim Slov, 2019, 66 1 123- 136

[145] Ijagbemi CO, Baek M-H, Kim D-S. Montmorillonite surface properties and sorption characteristics for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater, 2009, 166 1 538- 546

[146] Ilisz I, Dombi A, Mogyorósi K, Dékány I. Photocatalytic water treatment with different tio2 nanoparticles and hydrophilic/hydrophobic layer silicate adsorbents. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects, 2003, 230 1 89- 97

[147] Jafarinejad S (2017) Oil-spill response. In: Jafarinejad, S (ed.) Petroleum waste treatment and pollution control. Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809243-9.00004-3

[148] Jamaly S, Giwa A, Hasan SW. Recent improvements in oily wastewater treatment: Progress, challenges, and future opportunities. J Environ Sci, 2015, 37: 15- 30

[149] Janyasuthiwong S, Phiri SM, Kijjanapanich P, Rene ER, Esposito G, Lens PNL. Copper, lead and zinc removal from metal-contaminated wastewater by adsorption onto agricultural wastes. Environ Technol, 2015, 36 24 3071- 3083

[150] Jasmine J, Mukherji S. Characterization of oily sludge from a refinery and biodegradability assessment using various hydrocarbon degrading strains and reconstituted consortia. J Environ Manage, 2015, 149: 118- 125

[151] Jiang M-Q, Jin X-Y, Lu X-Q, Chen Z-L. Adsorption of pb(ii), cd(ii), Ni(ii) and cu(ii) onto natural kaolinite clay. Desalination, 2010, 252 1–3 33- 39

[152] Jimenez-Espadafor F, Portela JR, Vadillo V, Sánchez-Oneto J, Becerra Villanueva JA, Torres García M, De La Martínez EJ. Supercritical water oxidation of oily wastes at pilot plant: Simulation for energy recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2011, 50 2 775- 784

[153] Jin H, Yu W, Gao XF, Chen YC, Yao ZX. Stability of engineering foundations of oil pipelines in permafrost regions: a review. Oil Gas Stor Transp, 2006, 25: 13- 18

[154] Jones DM, Douglas AG, Parkes RJ, Taylor J, Giger W, Schaffner C. The recognition of biodegraded petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons in recent marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull, 1983, 14 3 103- 108

[155] Kalfa OM, Yalçınkaya Ö, Türker AR. Synthesis of nano b2o3/tio2 composite material as a new solid phase extractor and its application to preconcentration and separation of cadmium. J Hazard Mater, 2009, 166 1 455- 461

[156] Kang SM, You I, Cho WK, Shon HK, Lee TG, Choi IS, Karp JM, Lee H. One-step modification of superhydrophobic surfaces by a mussel-inspired polymer coating. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2010, 49 49 9401- 9404

[157] Karaca G, Baskaya HS, Tasdemir Y. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) from inorganic clay mineral: Bentonite. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2016, 23 1 242- 252

[158] Karakasi OK, Moutsatsou A. Surface modification of high calcium fly ash for its application in oil spill clean up. Fuel, 2010, 89 12 3966- 3970

[159] Karić N, Maia AS, Teodorović A, Atanasova N, Langergraber G, Crini G, Ribeiro ARL, Đolić M. Bio-waste valorisation: agricultural wastes as biosorbents for removal of (in)organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J Adv, 2022, 9: 100239

[160] Karnib M, Kabbani A, Holail H, Olama Z. Heavy metals removal using activated carbon, silica and silica activated carbon composite. Energy Procedia, 2014, 50: 113- 120

[161] Kayvani Fard A, Rhadfi T, Mckay G, Al-Marri M, Abdala A, Hilal N, Hussien MA. Enhancing oil removal from water using ferric oxide nanoparticles doped carbon nanotubes adsorbents. Chem Eng J, 2016, 293: 90- 101

[162] Kemp KC, Seema H, Saleh M, Le NH, Mahesh K, Chandra V, Kim KS. Environmental applications using graphene composites: Water remediation and gas adsorption. Nanoscale, 2013, 5 8 3149- 3171

[163] Khalili NR, Pan M, Sandı́ G. Determination of fractal dimensions of solid carbons from gas and liquid phase adsorption isotherms. Carbon, 2000, 38 4 573- 588

[164] Khosravi M, Azizian S. Synthesis of a novel highly oleophilic and highly hydrophobic sponge for rapid oil spill cleanup. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7 45 25326- 25333

[165] Khurshid H, Mustafa MRU, Rashid U, Isa MH, Ho YC, Shah MM. Adsorptive removal of cod from produced water using tea waste biochar. Environ Technol Innov, 2021, 23: 101563

[166] Kim D-S, Lee D-K. Low-temperature catalytic aqueous phase oxidation of microcystin-lr with iron-doped tio2 pillared clay catalysts. Environ Technol, 2021, 42 22 3546- 3553

[167] King GM, Kostka JE, Hazen TC, Sobecky PA. Microbial responses to the deepwater horizon oil spill: from coastal wetlands to the deep sea. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 2015, 7: 377- 401

[168] Kollo M, Laanearu J, Tabri K. Hydraulic modelling of oil spill through submerged orifices in damaged ship hulls. Ocean Eng, 2017, 130: 385- 397

[169] Kongsuwan A, Patnukao P, Pavasant P. Binary component sorption of Cu(ii) and pb(ii) with activated carbon from eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn bark. J Ind Eng Chem, 2009, 15 4 465- 470

[170] Körbahti BK, Artut K. Electrochemical oil/water demulsification and purification of bilge water using pt/ir electrodes. Desalination, 2010, 258 1–3 219- 228

[171] Kraepiel AML, Keller K, Morel FMM. A model for metal adsorption on montmorillonite. J Colloid Interface Sci, 1999, 210 1 43- 54

[172] Kuila T, Bose S, Mishra AK, Khanra P, Kim NH, Lee JH. Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications. Prog Mater Sci, 2012, 57 7 1061- 1105

[173] Kujawinski EB, Kido Soule MC, Valentine DL, Boysen AK, Longnecker K, Redmond MC. Fate of dispersants associated with the deepwater horizon oil spill. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45 4 1298- 1306

[174] Lakherwal D. Adsorption of heavy metals: a review. Int J Environ Res Dev, 2014, 4 1 41- 48

[175] Lal B, Khanna S. Degradation of crude oil by acinetobacter calcoaceticus and alcaligenes odorans. J Appl Bacteriol, 1996, 81 4 355- 362

[176] Larous S, Meniai A-H. The use of sawdust as by product adsorbent of organic pollutant from wastewater: adsorption of phenol. Energy Procedia, 2012, 18: 905- 914

[177] Lazarević S, Janković-Častvan I, Jovanović D, Milonjić S, Janaćković D, Petrović R. Adsorption of pb2+, cd2 + and sr2 + ions onto natural and acid-activated sepiolites. Appl Clay Sci, 2007, 37 1–2 47- 57

[178] Le TV, Imai T, Higuchi T, Yamamoto K, Sekine M, Doi R, Vo HT, Wei J. Performance of tiny microbubbles enhanced with normal cyclone bubbles in separation of fine oil-in-water emulsions. Chem Eng Sci, 2013, 94: 1- 6

[179] Le-Clech P, Chen V, Fane TG. Fouling in membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment. J Membr Sci, 2006, 284 1 17- 53

[180] Lee XJ, Lee LY, Gan S, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Ng HK. Biochar potential evaluation of palm oil wastes through slow pyrolysis: thermochemical characterization and pyrolytic kinetic studies. Bioresour Technol, 2017, 236: 155- 163

[181] Leung WC, Wong M-F, Chua H, Lo W, Yu PHF, Leung CK. Removal and recovery of heavy metals by bacteria isolated from activated sludge treating industrial effluents and municipal wastewater. Water Sci Technol, 2000, 41 12 233- 240

[182] Li Y-H, Wang S, Wei J, Zhang X, Xu C, Luan Z, Wu D, Wei B. Lead adsorption on carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett, 2002, 357 3–4 263- 266

[183] Li Y-H, Ding J, Luan Z, Di Z, Zhu Y, Xu C, Wu D, Wei B. Competitive adsorption of pb2+, cu2 + and cd2 + ions from aqueous solutions by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon, 2003, 41 14 2787- 2792

[184] Li YH, Zhao YM, Hu WB, Ahmad I, Zhu YQ, Peng XJ, Luan ZK. Carbon nanotubes - the promising adsorbent in wastewater treatment. J Phys: Conf Ser, 2007, 61 1 698

[185] Li J, Yan L, Zhao Y, Zha F, Wang Q, Lei Z. One-step fabrication of robust fabrics with both-faced superhydrophobicity for the separation and capture of oil from water. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2015, 17 9 6451- 6457

[186] Li Y, Zhang H, Fan M, Zhuang J, Chen L. A robust salt-tolerant superoleophobic aerogel inspired by seaweed for efficient oil–water separation in marine environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2016, 18 36 25394- 25400

[187] Li Y, Zhang H, Fan M, Zheng P, Zhuang J, Chen L. A robust salt-tolerant superoleophobic alginate/graphene oxide aerogel for efficient oil/water separation in marine environments. Sci Rep, 2017, 7 1 46379

[188] Li X, Zhang L, Yang Z, Wang P, Yan Y, Ran J. Adsorption materials for volatile organic compounds (vocs) and the key factors for vocs adsorption process: a review. Sep Purif Technol, 2020, 235: 116213

[189] Li W, Ma Y, Feng X, Alheshibri M, Bu X, Ma G, Ni M, Li Q, Liu A, Niu X. Optimization of an oil recovery process from oily sludge using a combined technique of froth flotation and centrifugal treatment. J Clean Prod, 2023, 400: 136752

[190] Lin S-H, Hsiao R-C, Juang R-S. Removal of soluble organics from water by a hybrid process of clay adsorption and membrane filtration. J Hazard Mater, 2006, 135 1 134- 140

[191] Loukidou MX, Karapantsios TD, Zouboulis AI, Matis KA. Diffusion kinetic study of cadmium(ii) biosorption by aeromonas caviae. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2004, 79 7 711- 719

[192] Lourenço ADS (2018) Development of novel flocculants to treat oily waters using health-friendly processes. Universidade de Coimbra

[193] Lu Y, Biswas MC, Guo Z, Jeon J-W, Wujcik EK. Recent developments in bio-monitoring via advanced polymer nanocomposite-based wearable strain sensors. Biosens Bioelectron, 2019, 123: 167- 177

[194] Luo Z, Wang X, Yang D, Zhang S, Zhao T, Qin L, Yu Z-Z. Photothermal hierarchical carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide microspherical aerogels with radially orientated microchannels for efficient cleanup of crude oil spills. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2020, 570: 61- 71

[195] Ma H, Wang B. Electrochemical pilot-scale plant for oil field produced wastewater by m/c/fe electrodes for injection. J Hazard Mater, 2006, 132 2–3 237- 243

[196] Ma C, Liu J, Zhou T, Wang C, Zeng X, Liu Z, Cheng C. Study on characteristics of marine petroleum-degrading strains and their bioremediation utilization of carbon source spectrum. J Bionanosci, 2015, 9 2 127- 134

[197] Machado FM, Bergmann CP, Fernandes THM, Lima EC, Royer B, Calvete T, Fagan SB. Adsorption of reactive red m-2be dye from water solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. J Hazard Mater, 2011, 192 3 1122- 1131

[198] Masenelli-Varlot K, Mcrae E, Dupont-Pavlovsky N. Comparative adsorption of simple molecules on carbon nanotubes: dependence of the adsorption properties on the nanotube morphology. Appl Surf Sci, 2002, 196 1–4 209- 215

[199] Mckay G, Porter JF, Prasad GR. The removal of dye colours from aqueous solutions by adsorption on low-cost materials. Water Air Soil Pollut, 1999, 114 3 423- 438

[200] Medeiros ADLMD, Silva Junior CJGD, Amorim JDPD, Durval IJB, Costa AFDS, Sarubbo LA. Oily wastewater treatment: methods, challenges, and trends. Processes, 2022, 10 4 743

[201] Meng F, Chae S-R, Drews A, Kraume M, Shin H-S, Yang F. Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (mbrs): membrane fouling and membrane material. Water Res, 2009, 43 6 1489- 1512

[202] Mi-Na Z, Xuepin L, Bi S. Adsorption of surfactants on chromium leather waste. J Soc Leather Technol Chem, 2006, 90 1 1- 6

[203] Michalak I, Baśladyńska S, Mokrzycki J, Rutkowski P. Biochar from a freshwater macroalga as a potential biosorbent for wastewater treatment. Water, 2019, 11 7 1390

[204] Miretzky P, Cirelli AF (eds) (2009) Hg(ii) removal from water by chitosan and chitosan derivatives: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 167(1–3): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.060

[205] Mirshahghassemi S, Lead JR. Oil recovery from water under environmentally relevant conditions using magnetic nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol, 2015, 49 19 11729- 11736

[206] Mishra SP. Adsorption-desorption of heavy metal ions. Curr Sci, 2014, 107 4 601- 612

[207] Mishra SP, Sarkar U, Taraphder S, Datta S, Swain D, Saikhom R, Panda S, Laishram M. Multivariate statistical data analysis-principal component analysis (pca). Int J Livest Res, 2017, 7 5 60- 78

[208] Mohan SV, Sravan JS, Butti SK, Krishna KV, Modestra JA, Velvizhi G, Kumar AN, Varjani S, Pandey A (2019) Microbial electrochemical technology: Emerging and sustainable platform. In: Mohan, SV, Varjani, S, Pandey, A (eds.) Microbial electrochemical technology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64052-9.00001-7

[209] Moosavi S, Gan S, Zakaria S. Functionalized cellulose beads with activated carbon fe3o4/cofe2o4 for cationic dye removal. Cellul Chem Technol, 2019, 53 7–8 815- 825

[210] Morgan-Sagastume F, Jacobsson S, Olsson LE, Carlsson M, Gyllenhammar M, Sárvári Horváth I. Anaerobic treatment of oil-contaminated wastewater with methane production using anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactors. Water Res, 2019, 163: 114851

[211] Mottaghi H, Mohammadi Z, Abbasi M, Tahouni N, Panjeshahi MH. Experimental investigation of crude oil removal from water using polymer adsorbent. J Water Process Eng, 2021, 40: 101959

[212] Mouni L, Belkhiri L, Bollinger J-C, Bouzaza A, Assadi A, Tirri A, Dahmoune F, Madani K, Remini H. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by adsorption on kaolin: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Appl Clay Sci, 2018, 153: 38- 45

[213] Mrayyan B, Battikhi MN. Biodegradation of total organic carbons (toc) in Jordanian petroleum sludge. J Hazard Mater, 2005, 120 1–3 127- 134

[214] Mumin MA, Khan MMR, Akhter KF, Uddin MJ. Potentiality of open burnt clay as an adsorbent for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solution. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran), 2007, 4 4 525- 532

[215] Mysore D, Viraraghavan T, Jin YC. Oil/water separation technology - a review. J Residuals Sci Technol, 2006, 3: 5- 14

[216] Nahui FNB, Nascimento MR, Cavalcanti EB, Vilar EO. Electroflotation of emulsified oil in industrial wastes evaluated with a full factorial design. Braz J Chem Eng, 2008, 25 3 435- 442

[217] Najafi H, Farajfaed S, Zolgharnian S, Mosavi Mirak SH, Asasian-Kolur N, Sharifian S. A comprehensive study on modified-pillared clays as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment processes. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2021, 147: 8- 36

[218] Nandi BK, Moparthi A, Uppaluri R, Purkait MK. Treatment of oily wastewater using low cost ceramic membrane: comparative assessment of pore blocking and artificial neural network models. Chem Eng Res Des, 2010, 88 7 881- 892

[219] Nasuhoglu D, Rodayan A, Berk D, Yargeau V. Removal of the antibiotic levofloxacin (levo) in water by ozonation and tio2 photocatalysis. Chem Eng J, 2012, 189–190: 41- 48

[220] Ndifreke WE, Pasaoglulari Aydinlik N. Koh modified thevetia peruviana shell activated carbon for sorption of dimethoate from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci Health B, 2019, 54 1 1- 13

[221] Netpradit S, Thiravetyan P, Towprayoon S. Adsorption of three azo reactive dyes by metal hydroxide sludge: Effect of temperature, Ph, and electrolytes. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2004, 270 2 255- 261

[222] Netpradit S, Thiravetyan P, Towprayoon S. Evaluation of metal hydroxide sludge for reactive dye adsorption in a fixed-bed column system. Water Res, 2004, 38 1 71- 78

[223] Ngofa O, Liakos E, Papadopoulos A, Kyzas G. Activated carbon from bamboo and banana wood fibers as adsorbent materials for the removal of oil samples. Biointerface Res Appl Chem, 2022, 12 2 2701- 2714

[224] Nieuwenhuis E, Post J, Duinmeijer A, Langeveld J, Clemens F. Statistical modelling of fat, oil and grease (fog) deposits in wastewater pump sumps. Water Res, 2018, 135: 155- 167

[225] Oboh I, Aluyor E, Audu T (2009) Biosorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using a biomaterial. Leonardo J Sci. (14): 58–65

[226] Ochando-Pulido JM, Victor-Ortega MD, Hodaifa G, Martinez-Ferez A. Physicochemical analysis and adequation of olive oil mill wastewater after advanced oxidation process for reclamation by pressure-driven membrane technology. Sci Total Environ, 2015, 503–504: 113- 121

[227] Oshomogho FO (2015) Comparative studies on the degradability of anthracene and pyrene by synthetic and bio-surfactants. Masters. University of Benin

[228] Pan J, Gao B, Song W, Xu X, Yue Q. Modified biogas residues as an eco-friendly and easily-recoverable biosorbent for nitrate and phosphate removals from surface water. J Hazard Mater, 2020, 382: 121073

[229] Pendashteh AR, Chaibakhsh N, Ahmadun F-R. Biological treatment of high salinity produced water by microbial consortia in a batch stirred tank reactor: modelling and kinetics study. Chem Eng Commun, 2018, 205 3 387- 401

[230] Perera FP, Tang D, Wang S, Vishnevetsky J, Zhang B, Diaz D, Camann D, Rauh V. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) exposure and child behavior at age 6–7 years. Environ Health Perspect, 2012, 120 6 921- 926

[231] Perry JJ. Atlas RM. Microbial metabolism of cyclic alkanes. Petroleum microbiology, 1984 New York, NY, USA Macmillan

[232] Piubeli F, Grossman MJ, Fantinatti-Garboggini F, Durrant LR. Enhanced reduction of Cod and aromatics in petroleum-produced water using indigenous microorganisms and nutrient addition. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 2012, 68: 78- 84

[233] Pokharel A, Bishnu A, Aitazaz F (2020) Biochar-assisted wastewater treatment and waste valorization. In: Ahmed, AA, Mohammed, HHA (eds.) Applications of biochar for environmental safety. Rijeka: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92288

[234] Poots VJP, Mckay G, Healy JJ. The removal of acid dye from effluent using natural adsorbents—i peat. Water Res, 1976, 10 12 1061- 1066

[235] Poots VJP, Mckay G, Healy JJ. Removal of basic dye from effluent using wood as an adsorbe. J Water Pollut Control Fed, 1978, 50: 926- 935

[236] Poulton SW, Krom MD, Rijn JV, Raiswell R. The use of hydrous iron (iii) oxides for the removal of hydrogen sulphide in aqueous systems. Water Res, 2002, 36 4 825- 834

[237] Purvis A. Ten largest oil spills in history. Planet Watch Time Int, 1999, 153 8 12

[238] Putri KNA, Keereerak A, Chinpa W. Novel cellulose-based biosorbent from lemongrass leaf combined with cellulose acetate for adsorption of crystal violet. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 156: 762- 772

[239] Qasem NA, Mohammed RH, Lawal DU. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review. npj Clean Water, 2021, 4 1 36

[240] Qiao K, Tian W, Bai J, Dong J, Zhao J, Gong X, Liu S. Preparation of biochar from enteromorpha prolifera and its use for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) from aqueous solution. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2018, 149: 80- 87

[241] Qu F, Zhu L, Yang K. Adsorption behaviors of volatile organic compounds (vocs) on porous clay heterostructures (pch). J Hazard Mater, 2009, 170 1 7- 12

[242] Radhika R, Jayalatha T, Rekha Krishnan G, Jacob S, George RR. Adsorption performance of packed bed column for the removal of perchlorate using modified activated carbon. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2018, 117: 350- 362

[243] Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Zhang M, Ahmad M, Mohan D, Chang SX, Ok YS. Pyrolysis condition affected sulfamethazine sorption by tea waste biochars. Bioresour Technol, 2014, 166: 303- 308

[244] Rakić V, Rac V, Krmar M, Otman O, Auroux A. The adsorption of pharmaceutically active compounds from aqueous solutions onto activated carbons. J Hazard Mater, 2015, 282: 141- 149

[245] Ramrakhiani L, Ghosh S, Majumdar S. Surface modification of naturally available biomass for enhancement of heavy metal removal efficiency, upscaling prospects, and management aspects of spent biosorbents: a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2016, 180 1 41- 78

[246] Rasheed A, Farooq F, Rafique U, Nasreen S, Aqeel Ashraf M. Analysis of sorption efficiency of activated carbon for removal of anthracene and pyrene for wastewater treatment. Desalination Water Treat, 2016, 57 1 145- 150

[247] Rashid AH, Ali A, Raid H, Ahmed TH. Treatment of oil content in oilfield produced water using chemically modified waste sawdust as biosorbent. Eco Env Cons, 2020, 26 4 1563- 1571

[248] Rashid R, Shafiq I, Akhter P, Iqbal MJ, Hussain M. A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2021, 28 8 9050- 9066

[249] Ravi Kumar MNV. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive Funct Polym, 2000, 46 1 1- 27

[250] Rotaru A, Cojocaru C, Cretescu I, Pinteala M, Timpu D, Sacarescu L, Harabagiu V. Performances of clay aerogel polymer composites for oil spill sorption: experimental design and modeling. Sep Purif Technol, 2014, 133: 260- 275

[251] Rubio J, Souza ML, Smith RW. Overview of flotation as a wastewater treatment technique. Min Eng, 2002, 15 3 139- 155

[252] Rytwo G, Rettig A, Gonen Y. Organo-Sepiolite particles for efficient pretreatment of organic wastewater: application to winery effluents. Appl Clay Sci, 2011, 51 3 390- 394

[253] Saadoun IMK (2015) Impact of oil spills on marine life. In: Marcelo, LL, Sonia, S (eds.) Emerging pollutants in the environment. Rijeka: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/60455

[254] Saba B, Christy AD, Jabeen M. Kinetic and enzymatic decolorization of industrial dyes utilizing plant-based biosorbents: a review. Environ Eng Sci, 2016, 33 9 601- 614

[255] Saber A, Hasheminejad H, Taebi A, Ghaffari G. Optimization of fenton-based treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater with scrap iron using response surface methodology. Appl Water Sci, 2014, 4 3 283- 290

[256] Sadare OO, Masitha M, Yoro KO, Daramola MO. Removal of sulfur (eg. Dbt) from petroleum distillates using activated carbon in a continuous packed-bed adsorption column, 2018 San Francisco, USA World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science

[257] Sadegh H, Ali GM, Gupta VK, Makhlouf ASH, Shahryari-Ghoshekandi R, Nadagouda MN, Sillanpää M, Megiel E. The role of nanomaterials as effective adsorbents and their applications in wastewater treatment. J Nanostructure Chem, 2017, 7 1 1- 14

[258] Saien J, Nejati H. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater under mild conditions. J Hazard Mater, 2007, 148 1 491- 495

[259] Saleh NB, Pfefferle LD, Elimelech M. Aggregation kinetics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in aquatic systems: measurements and environmental implications. Environ Sci Technol, 2008, 42 21 7963- 7969

[260] Saleh AJ, Hussain TH, Naje AS, Ajeel MA. Activated carbon prepared from moringa husks for treatment of oil field produced water. Poll Res, 2020, 39 2 240- 247

[261] Salleh MM, Mahmoud DK, Karim WWA, Idris A. Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: a comprehensive review. Desalination, 2011, 280 1 1- 13

[262] Santhosh C, Velmurugan V, Jacob G, Jeong SK, Grace AN, Bhatnagar A. Role of nanomaterials in water treatment applications: a review. Chem Eng J, 2016, 306: 1116- 1137

[263] Santos FV, Azevedo EB, Sant’anna GL Jr, Dezotti M. Photocatalysis as a tertiary treatment for petroleum refinery wastewaters. Braz J Chem Eng, 2006, 23 4 451- 460

[264] Sarabadan M, Bashiri H, Mousavi SM. Removal of crystal violet dye by an efficient and low cost adsorbent: modeling, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Korean J Chem Eng, 2019, 36 10 1575- 1586

[265] Sarfaraz MV, Ahmadpour E, Salahi A, Rekabdar F, Mirza B. Experimental investigation and modeling hybrid nano-porous membrane process for industrial oily wastewater treatment. Chem Eng Res Des, 2012, 90 10 1642- 1651

[266] Saththasivam J, Loganathan K, Sarp S. An overview of oil–water separation using gas flotation systems. Chemosphere, 2016, 144: 671- 680

[267] Schweich D, Sardin M. Adsorption, partition, ion exchange and chemical reaction in batch reactors or in columns — a review. J Hydrol, 1981, 50: 1- 33

[268] Seip A, Safari S, Pickup DM, Chadwick AV, Ramos S, Velasco CA, Cerrato JM, Alessi DS. Lithium recovery from hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water using a selective ion exchange sorbent. Chem Eng J, 2021, 426: 130713

[269] Seveso D, Louis YD, Montano S, Galli P, Saliu F (2021) The Mauritius oil spill: what’s next? Pollutants. 1(1):18–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010003

[270] Shariati SRP, Bonakdarpour B, Zare N, Ashtiani FZ. The effect of hydraulic retention time on the performance and fouling characteristics of membrane sequencing batch reactors used for the treatment of synthetic petroleum refinery wastewater. Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102 17 7692- 7699

[271] Shi W, Xu X, Sun G (1999) Chemically modified sunflower stalks as adsorbents for color removal from textile wastewater. J Appl Polym Sci 71(11):1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990314)71:11%3C1841::AID-APP15%3E3.0.CO;2-1

[272] Sidiras D, Batzias F, Konstantinou I, Tsapatsis M. Simulation of autohydrolysis effect on adsorptivity of wheat straw in the case of oil spill cleaning. Chem Eng Res Des, 2014, 92 9 1781- 1791

[273] Silva B, Martins M, Rosca M, Rocha V, Lago A, Neves IC, Tavares T. Waste-based biosorbents as cost-effective alternatives to commercial adsorbents for the retention of fluoxetine from water. Sep Purif Technol, 2020, 235: 116139

[274] Singh NB, Nagpal G, Agrawal S, Rachna Water purification by using adsorbents: a review. Environ Technol Innov, 2018, 11: 187- 240

[275] Siyal AA, Shamsuddin MR, Rabat NE, Zulfiqar M, Man Z, Low A. Fly ash based geopolymer for the adsorption of anionic surfactant from aqueous solution. J Clean Prod, 2019, 229: 232- 243

[276] Slatni I, Elberrichi FZ, Duplay J, Fardjaoui NEH, Guendouzi A, Guendouzi O, Gasmi B, Akbal F, Rekkab I. Mesoporous silica synthesized from natural local kaolin as an effective adsorbent for removing of acid red 337 and its application in the treatment of real industrial textile effluent. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2020, 27 31 38422- 38433

[277] Smith SC, Rodrigues DF. Carbon-based nanomaterials for removal of chemical and biological contaminants from water: a review of mechanisms and applications. Carbon, 2015, 91: 122- 143

[278] Soliman EM, Ahmed SA, Fadl AA. Adsorptive removal of oil spill from sea water surface using magnetic wood sawdust as a novel nano-composite synthesized via microwave approach. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2020, 18 1 79- 90

[279] Song T, Tian W, Qiao K, Zhao J, Chu M, Du Z, Wang L, Xie W. Adsorption behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen derivatives in wastewater on n-doped reduced graphene oxide. Sep Purif Technol, 2021, 254: 117565

[280] Srikanth S, Kumar M, Singh D, Singh MP, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV. Long-term operation of electro-biocatalytic reactor for carbon dioxide transformation into organic molecules. Bioresour Technol, 2018, 265: 66- 74

[281] Srinivasan A, Viraraghavan T. Removal of oil by walnut shell media. Bioresour Technol, 2008, 99 17 8217- 8220

[282] Srirangsan A, Ongwandee M, Orathai C. Treatment of biodiesel wastewater by electrocoagulation process. EnvironmentAsia, 2009, 2: 15- 19

[283] Sud D, Mahajan G, Kaur MP. Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions – a review. Bioresour Technol, 2008, 99 14 6017- 6027

[284] Sueyoshi M, Al-Maamari RS, Jibril B, Tasaki M, Okamura K, Kuwagaki H, Yahiro H, Sagata K, Han Y. Preparation and characterization of adsorbents for treatment of water associated with oil production. J Anal Appl Pyrol, 2012, 97: 80- 87

[285] Sulyman M, Namiesnik J, Gierak A. Low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural by-products/wastes for enhancing contaminant uptakes from wastewater: a review. Pol J Environ Stud, 2017, 26 2 479- 510

[286] Syed S, Alhazzaa MI, Asif M. Treatment of oily water using hydrophobic nano-silica. Chem Eng J, 2011, 167 1 99- 103

[287] Tahir SS, Rauf N. Removal of a cationic dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto bentonite clay. Chemosphere, 2006, 63 11 1842- 1848

[288] Tayeb AM, Farouq R, Mohamed OA, Tony MA. Oil spill clean-up using combined sorbents: a comparative investigation and design aspects. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 2020, 100 3 311- 323

[289] Thakur C, Srivastava VC, Mall ID, Hiwarkar AD. Mechanistic study and multi-response optimization of the electrochemical treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Clean – Soil Air Water, 2018, 46 3 1700624

[290] Tiadi N, Mohanty A, Mohanty CR. Removal of chromium and lead from aqueous solution using industrial wastes: batch and column studies. Desalination Water Treat, 2018, 101: 223- 231

[291] Tian X, Song Y, Shen Z, Zhou Y, Wang K, Jin X, Han Z, Liu T. A comprehensive review on toxic petrochemical wastewater pretreatment and advanced treatment. J Clean Prod, 2020, 245: 118692

[292] Tidahy HL, Siffert S, Lamonier JF, Cousin R, Zhilinskaya EA, Aboukaïs A, Su BL, Canet X, De Weireld G, Frère M, Giraudon JM, Leclercq G. Influence of the exchanged cation in pd/bea and pd/fau zeolites for catalytic oxidation of vocs. Appl Catal B, 2007, 70 1 377- 383

[293] Tony MA, Purcell PJ, Zhao Y. Oil refinery wastewater treatment using physicochemical, Fenton and photo-fenton oxidation processes. J Environ Sci Health Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2012, 47 3 435- 440

[294] Toor M, Jin B. Adsorption characteristics, isotherm, kinetics, and diffusion of modified natural bentonite for removing diazo dye. Chem Eng J, 2012, 187: 79- 88

[295] Tripathi A, Ranjan MR. Heavy metal removal from wastewater using low cost adsorbents. J Bioremediat Biodegradation, 2015, 06 06 315

[296] Ukpong AA, Rhoda HG, Oboh IO. Adsorption studies of oil spill clean-up using coconut coir activated carbon (ccac). Am J Chem Eng, 2020, 8 2 36

[297] Uma V, Gandhimathi R. Organic removal and synthesis of biopolymer from synthetic oily bilge water using the novel mixed bacterial consortium. Bioresour Technol, 2019, 273: 169- 176

[298] Upadhyayula VKK, Deng S, Mitchell MC, Smith GB. Application of carbon nanotube technology for removal of contaminants in drinking water: a review. Sci Total Environ, 2009, 408 1 1- 13

[299] Varjani SJ, Upasani VN. A new look on factors affecting microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 2017, 120: 71- 83

[300] Varjani SJ, Joshi RR, Senthil Kumar P, Srivastava VK, Kumar V, Banerjee C, Praveen Kumar R (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum oil industry activities: Effect on human health and their biodegradation. In: Varjani, SJ, Gnansounou, E, Gurunathan, B, Pant, D, Zakaria, ZA (eds.) Waste bioremediation. Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7413-4_9

[301] Varma AJ, Deshpande SV, Kennedy JF. Metal complexation by Chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr Polym, 2004, 55 1 77- 93

[302] Visa M, Isac L, Duta A. Fly ash adsorbents for multi-cation wastewater treatment. Appl Surf Sci, 2012, 258 17 6345- 6352

[303] Vithanage M, Mayakaduwa SS, Herath I, Ok YS, Mohan D. Kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanistic studies of carbofuran removal using biochars from tea waste and rice husks. Chemosphere, 2016, 150: 781- 789

[304] Volzone C (2004) Removal of metals by natural and modified clays. In: Wypych F, Satyanarayana KG (eds) Clay surfaces: fundamentals and applications. Elsevier

[305] Wake H. Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 2005, 62 1 131- 140

[306] Wang J, Wang S. Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: a review. J Clean Prod, 2019, 227: 1002- 1022

[307] Wang S, Zhu ZH. Effects of acidic treatment of activated carbons on dye adsorption. Dyes Pigm, 2007, 75 2 306- 314

[308] Wang S, Boyjoo Y, Choueib A, Zhu ZH. Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud. Water Res, 2005, 39 1 129- 138

[309] Wang H, Yuan X, Wu Y, Huang H, Zeng G, Liu Y, Wang X, Lin N, Qi Y. Adsorption characteristics and behaviors of graphene oxide for zn(ii) removal from aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci, 2013, 279: 432- 440

[310] Wang K, Wang DY, Wang MZ, Dan XX, Che LM, Xu HH, Zhou H, Liu H, Singh L, Wu XE. Functional photothermal sponges for efficient solar steam generation and accelerated cleaning of viscous crude-oil spill. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2020, 204: 110203

[311] Wołowiec M, Muir B, Zięba K, Bajda T, Kowalik M, Franus W. Experimental study on the removal of vocs and pahs by zeolites and surfactant-modified zeolites. Energy Fuels, 2017, 31 8 8803- 8812

[312] Wong S, Ghafar NA, Ngadi N, Razmi FA, Inuwa IM, Mat R, Amin NS. Effective removal of anionic textile dyes using adsorbent synthesized from coffee waste. Sci Rep, 2020, 10 1 2928

[313] Wu Z, Zhu L. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite in a one-step process. J Environ Sci, 2012, 24 2 248- 253

[314] Wu Y, Zhang L, Gao C, Ma J, Ma X, Han R. Adsorption of copper ions and methylene blue in a single and binary system on wheat straw. J Chem Eng Data, 2009, 54 12 3229- 3234

[315] Wu D, Hu S, Lu B, Hu Y, Wang M, Yu W, Wang G-G, Zhang J. Waste to treasure: superwetting foam enhanced by bamboo powder for sustainable on-demand oil-water separation. J Hazard Mater, 2023, 441: 129829

[316] Xin X, Wei Q, Yang J, Yan L, Feng R, Chen G, Du B, Li H. Highly efficient removal of heavy metal ions by amine-functionalized mesoporous fe3o4 nanoparticles. Chem Eng J, 2012, 184: 132- 140

[317] Xing Y, Gui X, Pan L, Pinchasik B-E, Cao Y, Liu J, Kappl M, Butt H-J. Recent experimental advances for understanding bubble-particle attachment in flotation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2017, 246: 105- 132

[318] Xu Q, Long W, Jiang H, Zan C, Huang J, Chen X, Shi L. Pore-scale modelling of the coupled thermal and reactive flow at the combustion front during crude oil in-situ combustion. Chem Eng J, 2018, 350: 776- 790

[319] Xue Z, Cao Y, Liu N, Feng L, Jiang L. Special wettable materials for oil/water separation. J Mater Chem A, 2014, 2 8 2445- 2460

[320] Yakout SM, Daifullah AM, El-Reefy SA. Adsorption of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene from aqueous solution using low-cost activated carbon derived from agricultural wastes. Adsorpt Sci Technol, 2013, 31 4 293- 302

[321] Yang T, Ma Z-F, Yang Q-Y. Formation and performance of kaolin/mno2 bi-layer composite dynamic membrane for oily wastewater treatment: Effect of solution conditions. Desalination, 2011, 270 1 50- 56

[322] Yang Z, Zu Y, Zhu J, Jin M, Cui T, Long X. Application of biosurfactant surfactin as a ph-switchable biodemulsifier for efficient oil recovery from waste crude oil. Chemosphere, 2020, 240: 124946

[323] Yi Z-J, Yao J, Kuang Y-F, Chen H-L, Wang F, Yuan Z-M. Removal of pb(ii) by adsorption onto Chinese walnut shell activated carbon. Water Sci Technol, 2015, 72 6 983- 989

[324] Yildirim A. Removal of the anionic dye reactive orange 16 by chitosan/tripolyphosphate/mushroom. Chem Eng Technol, 2021, 44 8 1371- 1381

[325] Yin X, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhu M. Modified walnut shell filter material for the enhanced removal of oil from oilfield wastewater. Environ Eng Res, 2021, 26 1 190369- 190360

[326] Yoshida H, Okamoto A, Yamasaki H, Kataoka T (1993) Breakthrough curve for adsorption of acid dye on crosslinked chitosan fiber. In: Suzuki, M (ed.) Studies in surface science and catalysis. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(08)63587-9

[327] Younis SA, El-Gendy NS, El-Azab WI, Moustafa YM. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biosorption from petroleum refinery wastewater using spent waste biomass. Desalination Water Treat, 2015, 56 11 3013- 3023

[328] Yousef RI, El-Eswed B, Al-Muhtaseb AH. Adsorption characteristics of natural zeolites as solid adsorbents for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: kinetics, mechanism, and thermodynamics studies. Chem Eng J, 2011, 171 3 1143- 1149

[329] Yuan T, Meng J, Hao T, Wang Z, Zhang Y. A scalable method toward superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic pvdf membranes for effective oil/water emulsion separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7 27 14896- 14904

[330] Yuan P, Li X, Wang W, Liu H, Yan Y, Yang H, Yue Y, Bao X. Tailored design of differently modified mesoporous materials to deeply understand the adsorption mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Langmuir, 2018, 34 51 15708- 15718

[331] Zanoletti A, Federici S, Borgese L, Bergese P, Ferroni M, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Embodied energy as key parameter for sustainable materials selection: the case of reusing coal fly ash for removing anionic surfactants. J Clean Prod, 2017, 141: 230- 236

[332] Zeng Y, Yang C, Zhang J, Pu W. Feasibility investigation of oily wastewater treatment by combination of zinc and pam in coagulation/flocculation. J Hazard Mater, 2007, 147 3 991- 996

[333] Zhang J, Zhang Y, Quan X, Li Y, Chen S, Zhao H, Wang D. An anaerobic reactor packed with a pair of fe-graphite plate electrodes for bioaugmentation of azo dye wastewater treatment. Biochem Eng J, 2012, 63: 31- 37

[334] Zhang L, Niu W, Sun J, Zhou Q. Efficient removal of cr(vi) from water by the uniform fiber ball loaded with polypyrrole: static adsorption, dynamic adsorption and mechanism studies. Chemosphere, 2020, 248: 126102

[335] Zhao X, Wang Y, Ye Z, Borthwick AGL, Ni J. Oil field wastewater treatment in biological aerated filter by immobilized microorganisms. Process Biochem, 2006, 41 7 1475- 1483

[336] Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang X. Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45 24 10454- 10462

[337] Zhao G, Ren X, Gao X, Tan X, Li J, Chen C, Huang Y, Wang X. Removal of pb(ii) ions from aqueous solutions on few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets. Dalton Trans, 2011, 40 41 10945- 10952

[338] Zhao S, Huang G, Cheng G, Wang Y, Fu H. Hardness, cod and turbidity removals from produced water by electrocoagulation pretreatment prior to reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination, 2014, 344: 454- 462

[339] Zhao C, Zhou J, Yan Y, Yang L, Xing G, Li H, Wu P, Wang M, Zheng H. Application of coagulation/flocculation in oily wastewater treatment: a review. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 765: 142795

[340] Zheng W, Li X-M, Yang Q, Zeng G-M, Shen X-X, Zhang Y, Liu J-J. Adsorption of cd(ii) and cu(ii) from aqueous solution by carbonate hydroxylapatite derived from eggshell waste. J Hazard Mater, 2007, 147 1–2 534- 539

[341] Zhou N, Chen H, Feng Q, Yao D, Chen H, Wang H, Zhou Z, Li H, Tian Y, Lu X. Effect of phosphoric acid on the surface properties and pb(ii) adsorption mechanisms of hydrochars prepared from fresh banana peels. J Clean Prod, 2017, 165: 221- 230

[342] Zhu HJ, Jia YF, Wu X, Wang H. Removal of arsenite from drinking water by activated carbon supported nano zero-valent iron. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 2009, 30 6 1644- 1648

[343] Zhu H, Chen D, An W, Li N, Xu Q, Li H, He J, Lu J. A robust and cost-effective superhydrophobic graphene foam for efficient oil and organic solvent recovery. Small, 2015, 11 39 5222- 5229

[344] Zhu Z, Zhang B, Cai Q, Ling J, Lee K, Chen B (2020) Fish waste based lipopeptide production and the potential application as a bio-dispersant for oil spill control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00734

[345] Zimmerman WB, Hewakandamby BN, Tesař V, Bandulasena HCH, Omotowa OA. On the design and simulation of an airlift loop bioreactor with microbubble generation by fluidic oscillation. Food Bioprod Process, 2009, 87 3 215- 227

Funding

Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia

Natural Resources Canada through the Oil Spill Response Challenge