A critical review on sustainable biorefinery approaches and strategies for wastewater treatment and production of value-added products

Abstract

An annual reduction in processing expenses results in the direct discharge of millions of litters of diverse wastewater into the environment, which causes eutrophication and depletes pure water sources. Traditional physicochemical treatment are widely employed for wastewater treatment (WWT). However, the optimal functioning of these systems necessitates significant operating and maintenance expenditures and the use of unique technologies for sludge treatment and disposal. One of the most crucial processes in a biorefinery is the effective pretreatment of industrial wastewater, which ensures the bioprocess overall quality and commercial feasibility. Industrial WWT is essential for improving biorefinery and valorization processes for producing biofuels, bioenergy, chemicals, and other valuable products. Consequently, industrial effluent must be managed to facilitate further bioprocessing. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are an emerging field utilized for the removal of organic matter from industrial wastewater, desalination of seawater, and production of bioelectricity. In the distant future, the utilization of BESs will be focused on environmental remediation, WWT, bioanalysis, and the reduction of toxic gas emissions. In recent years, there has been a surge in research endeavors pertaining to BESs, specifically microbial fuel cells (MFCs), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), microbial desalination cells (MDCs), and microbial electrolysis desalination cells (MEDCs), in an effort to produce energy that is both environmentally friendly and sustainable. This review focuses on the applicability of various advanced treatment approaches for industrial wastewater or sludge and the separation of recovered products from wastewater and its residues. It also highlights the basic operational characteristics of the MFCs, MECs, MDCs, and MEDCs using wastewater. The cutting-edge data presented in this review could improve further interdisciplinary and translational research.

Keywords

Bioelectrochemical systems / Biorefinery / Sustainability / Physicochemical approaches / Wastewater / Waste valorization

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Funding

National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFE0107100)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772529)