Biohydrogen production from wastewater: an overview of production techniques, challenges, and economic considerations

Abstract

The growing acceptance of hydrogen as a suitable substitute for fossil fuel makes it a resource that can be completely utilized in decarbonizing the environment. It is recognized as the cleanest and best fuel that can expedite the mitigation of the presence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the environment because of its high energy density, good calorific value, and significant environmental benefits. It is distinct from other fuels in that it may be created through biological, thermochemical, and electrochemical processes and in that wastes can be used as a feedstock for its production. This paper focuses on reviewing biohydrogen production from wastewater. It discusses techniques that could be harnessed to produce biohydrogen from wastewater, factors that can be improved to enhance the performance of this gaseous fuel, an overview of bioreactors, and the technical challenges associated with the use of biohydrogen produced from wastewater. It also provides an economic overview of biohydrogen production from wastewater and the prospects of using this waste-to-fuel technique to address both energy and environmental concerns in developing areas such as Africa. This work established that using wastewater for biohydrogen production is economically friendly and also gives considerable hydrogen yield. The cost-to-benefit analysis varies depending on the type of wastewater used, the biological process involved, and the amount of hydrogen produced. The average investment cost varies around a range of 0.4–18.5 USD/m³ of biohydrogen. The revenue obtained by using wastewater for biohydrogen production can be as high as 4.2 million USD on an annual basis for a reactor volume of 500 m³, which produces about 448,000 kg of H₂ yearly. Deploying low-cost and effective bioreactors, optimizing available hydrogen production techniques, and addressing the storage issues scourging biohydrogen are suggested ways of improving its potential.

Keywords

Biohydrogen / Wastewater / Energy production / Fuel

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