Geochemical distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of an industrial area and its surroundings, Haridwar, India

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess environmental risk due to heavy metals such as cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in the groundwater around integrated industrial estate (IIE) Haridwar. Index of geo-accumulation (I _geo) values showed Cr contamination in groundwater of both the industrial areas. The quantification of contamination index showed that anthropogenic causes were source of contamination of all metals. Contamination factor showed that contamination levels in the study area ranged from low contamination to moderate contamination. Pollution linked index (PLI) values were highest in Bahadrabad old industrial area > Shivalik Nagar > commercial area > IIE Haridwar = Aneki > RNP. Ecological risk index (ERI) was highest in Bahadrabad old industrial area > Shivalik Nagar > commercial area > IIE Haridwar > RNP > Aneki rural area. Values of PLI and ERI showed moderate pollution and low ecological risk due to heavy metals in the study area. Study showed that although Rajaji National Park (RNP) is a protected area, it was not free of metal contamination.

Keywords

Groundwater / Heavy metals / Industrial area / Enrichment factor / Pollution load index / Ecological risk factor

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Funding

University Grants Commission(F.7-70/2007 (BSR) /UGC-BSR)