Entropy-Driven Design of Stable High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a viable and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries, benefiting from sodium's high terrestrial abundance. However, their practical application is limited by rapid capacity fading stemming from structural instability during cycling and intrinsically sluggish Na⁺ diffusion kinetics. High-entropy materials (HEMs), through configurational entropy maximization and multi-cation synergy, provide a promising strategy to stabilize structures and enhance the energy of SIB cathodes. This review focuses on the structural and chemical principles of key SIB cathodes—layered oxides and Prussian blue analogs—and critically evaluates high-entropy engineering strategies to performance enhancement. Mechanistic insights into entropy-driven performance enhancement are analyzed alongside current challenges and future research directions. The high-entropy strategy offers significant flexibility in cathode design, potentially overcoming conventional material limitations and accelerating commercialization. Although in its nascent stages, requiring extensive fundamental investigation, this analysis aims to guide the development of next-generation entropy-stabilized cathodes and advance SIB technologies.

Keywords

high-entropy material / high-entropy strategy / layered oxide / Prussian blue analog / sodium-ion battery

References

[1] C. A. Hunter, M. M. Penev, E. P. Reznicek, J. Eichman, N. Rustagi, and S. F. Baldwin, “Techno-Economic Analysis of Long-Duration Energy Storage and Flexible Power Generation Technologies to Support High-Variable Renewable Energy Grids,” Joule 5, no. 8 (2021): 2077–2101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.06.018.

[2] H. He, J.-H. Mai, K.-S. Hu, et al., “Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction,” Rare Metals 44, no. 4 (2025): 2208–2238, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-024-02649-1.

[3] S. Lai, T. Huang, P. Liu, et al., “Progress and Prospects of Graphene-based Materials in Lithium Batteries,” Rare Metals 43, no. 5 (2024): 1886–1905, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02565-w.

[4] P. Liu, Z.-H. Zhu, W. Zhang, et al., “Shearing-Force-Driven Delamination of Waste Residue Into Oxidatively Stable Mxene Composites for High-Performance Si Anode,” Rare Metals 42, no. 7 (2023): 2226–2237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02182-z.

[5] B. Ma, Y.-L. Zhang, and X.-H. Liu, “Concept of Hydrophobic Li⁺-Solvated Structure for High Performances Lithium Metal Batteries,” Rare Metals 42, no. 5 (2023): 1427–1430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02217-5.

[6] F. Zhan, K.-S. Hu, J.-H. Mai, et al., “Recent Progress of Pt-Based Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Rare Metals 43, no. 6 (2024): 2444–2468, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02586-5.

[7] N. Liu, Y. Zhan, R. Tan, G. Zhao, and J. Song, “Unlocking Carbon Capture and Storage Potential: Policy Incentives, Economic Challenges, and Infrastructure Integration for CO2 Transport,” Chain 2, no. 3 (2025): 211–226, https://doi.org/10.23919/CHAIN.2025.000015.

[8] X. Liu, M. Ouyang, M. W. Orzech, et al., “In-situ Fabrication of Carbon-Metal Fabrics as Freestanding Electrodes for High-Performance Flexible Energy Storage Devices,” Energy Storage Materials 30 (2020): 329–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.04.001.

[9] Y. Feng, R. Tan, Y. Zhao, et al., “Insight Into Fast Ion Migration Kinetics of a New Hybrid Single Li-ion Conductor Based on Aluminate Complexes for Solid-State Li-ion Batteries,” Nanoscale 10, no. 13 (2018): 5975–5984, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00573g.

[10] G. Bao, X. Liu, B. Zou, et al., “Collaborative Framework of Transformer and LSTM for Enhanced State-of-Charge Estimation in Lithium-ion Batteries,” Energy 322 (2025): 135548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135548.

[11] X. Liu, K. Yang, B. Zou, et al., “Accurate Estimation of State of Health for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Pyraformer and TimeGAN Data Augmentation,” Journal of Power Sources 640 (2025): 236722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236722.

[12] X. Yang, W. Kong, G. Du, et al., “Synthesis of a Yolk-Shell Nanostructured Silicon-Based Anode for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries,” Batteries 9, no. 9 (2023): 446, https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9090446.

[13] B. Zou, L. Zhang, X. Xue, et al., “A Review on the Fault and Defect Diagnosis of Lithium-ion Battery for Electric Vehicles,” Energies 16, no. 14 (2023): 5507, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145507.

[14] G. Chen, R. Tan, C. Zeng, et al., “Developing Safe and High-Performance Lithium-ion Batteries: Strategies and Approaches,” Progress in Materials Science 154 (2025): 101516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101516.

[15] H. Zhang, Y. Huang, Y. Wang, et al., “In-Situ Constructed Protective Bilayer Enabling Stable Cycling of LiCoO₂ Cathode at High-Voltage,” Energy Storage Materials 62 (2023): 102951, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.102951.

[16] Z. Wang, R. Tan, H. Wang, et al., “A Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Electrolyte With Nanowetted Interfaces for High-Energy-Density Solid-State Lithium Battery,” Advanced Materials 30, no. 2 (2018): 1704436, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704436.

[17] B. Zhang, R. Tan, L. Yang, et al., “Mechanisms and Properties of ion-Transport in Inorganic Solid Electrolytes,” Energy Storage Materials 10 (2018): 139–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.08.015.

[18] X. Tian, C. Ye, L. Zhang, et al., “Enhancing Membrane Materials for Efficient Li Recycling and Recovery,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 5 (2025): 2402335, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202402335.

[19] W. Zheng, G. Liang, H. Guo, et al., “Enhancing the Reaction Kinetics and Structural Stability of High-Voltage LiCoO₂ via Polyanionic Species Anchoring,” Energy & Environmental Science 17, no. 12 (2024): 4147–4156, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee00726c.

[20] Y. Li, X. Liu, L. Wang, et al., “Thermal Runaway Mechanism of Lithium-ion Battery With LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ Cathode Materials,” Nano Energy 85 (2021): 105878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105878.

[21] Z. Li, Y. X. Yao, M. Zheng, et al., “Electrolyte Design Enables Rechargeable LiFePO4/Graphite Batteries From −80°C to 80°C,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64, no. 2 (2024): e202409409, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202409409.

[22] S. Peng, X. Yan, X. Wu, et al., “Thin Skinned Asymmetric Polybenzimidazole Membranes With Readily Tunable Morphologies for High-Performance Vanadium Flow Batteries,” RSC Advances 7, no. 4 (2017): 1852–1862, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24801b.

[23] G. Ji, D. Tang, J. Wang, et al., “Sustainable Upcycling of Mixed Spent Cathodes to a High-Voltage Polyanionic Cathode Material,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 4086, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48181-9.

[24] Z. Li, Y. Wang, J. Wang, et al., “Gradient-Porous-Structured Ni-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes With High Specific Energy and Cycle Stability for Lithium-ion Batteries,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 10216, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54637-9.

[25] Y. Huang, Y. Dong, Y. Yang, et al., “Integrated Rocksalt–Polyanion Cathodes With Excess Lithium and Stabilized Cycling,” Nature Energy 9, no. 12 (2024): 1497–1505, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01615-6.

[26] P. Zou, L. Yao, C. Wang, S. J. Lee, T. Li, and H. L. Xin, “Regulating Cation Interactions for Zero-Strain and High-Voltage P2-type Na_2/3Li_1/6Co_1/6Mn_2/3O₂ Layered Oxide Cathodes of Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62, no. 28 (2023): e202304628, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202304628.

[27] H. Zhang, Y. Gao, J. Peng, et al., “Prussian Blue Analogues With Optimized Crystal Plane Orientation and Low Crystal Defects Toward 450 Wh kg−1 Alkali-Ion Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62, no. 27 (2023): e202303953, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202303953.

[28] Z. Zou, Y. Mu, M. Han, et al., “Integrated Polyanion-Layered Oxide Cathodes Enabling 100 000 Cycle Life for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Energy & Environmental Science 18, no. 5 (2025): 2216–2230, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee05110f.

[29] Y. Xiao, Q. Q. Sun, D. Chen, et al., “Guideline of Dynamic Tunnel Structural Evolution for Durable Sodium-Ion Oxide Cathodes,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 30 (2025): 2504312, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504312.

[30] L. Deng, F.-D. Yu, Y. Xia, et al., “Stabilizing Fluorine to Achieve High-Voltage and Ultra-Stable Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries,” Nano Energy 82 (2021): 105659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105659.

[31] Y. Yao, M. Pei, C. Su, et al., “A Small-Molecule Organic Cathode With Extended Conjugation Toward Enhancing Na+ Migration Kinetics for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Small 20, no. 34 (2024): 2401481, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202401481.

[32] L. Yang, Z. Wang, Y. Feng, et al., “Flexible Composite Solid Electrolyte Facilitating Highly Stable “Soft Contacting” Li–Electrolyte Interface for Solid State Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 7, no. 22 (2017): 1701437, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701437.

[33] C. Shi, Z. Li, M. Wang, et al., “Electrolyte Tailoring and Interfacial Engineering for Safe and High-Temperature Lithium-ion Batteries,” Energy & Environmental Science 18, no. 7 (2025): 3248–3258, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee05263c.

[34] C. Shi, M. Wang, Z. Tehrani, et al., “Constructing Quasi-Localized High-Concentration Solvation Structures to Stabilize Battery Interfaces in Nonflammable Phosphate-Based Electrolyte,” Advanced Science 12, no. 6 (2025): 2411826, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202411826.

[35] J. Lai, R. Tan, H. Jiang, et al., “Development of an in Situ Polymerized Artificial Layer for Dendrite-Free and Stable Lithium Metal Batteries,” Battery Energy 3, no. 4 (2024): 20230070, https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20230070.

[36] H. Hao, R. Tan, C. Ye, and C. T. J. Low, “Carbon-Coated Current Collectors in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors: Materials, Manufacture and Applications,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 12 (2024): e604, https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.604.

[37] L. Li, J. Yang, R. Tan, et al., “Large-Scale Current Collectors for Regulating Heat Transfer and Enhancing Battery Safety,” Nature Chemical Engineering 1, no. 8 (2024): 542–551, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-024-00103-8.

[38] Y. Gan, M. Liu, R. Tan, et al., “Flame-Retardant Crosslinked Polymer Stabilizes Graphite–Silicon Composite Anode for Self-Extinguishing Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 12, no. 45 (2022): 2202779, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202779.

[39] X. Sun, M. Ouyang, and H. Hao, “Surging Lithium Price Will Not Impede the Electric Vehicle Boom,” Joule 6, no. 8 (2022): 1738–1742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.028.

[40] R. Gao, R. Tan, L. Han, et al., “Nanofiber Networks of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ as a Cathode Material for High Performance All-Solid-State Sodium-ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 11 (2017): 5273–5277, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00314e.

[41] R. Tan, A. Wang, R. Malpass-Evans, et al., “Hydrophilic Microporous Membranes for Selective Ion Separation and Flow-Battery Energy Storage,” Nature Materials 19, no. 2 (2020): 195–202, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0536-8.

[42] Y. Yuan, J. Yang, Z. Liu, et al., “A Proton-Barrier Separator Induced via Hofmeister Effect for High-Performance Electrolytic MnO₂–Zn Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 12, no. 16 (2022): 2103705, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103705.

[43] C. Yin, X. Liu, J. Wei, et al., “‘All-in-Gel’ Design for Supercapacitors Towards Solid-State Energy Devices With Thermal and Mechanical Compliance,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 15 (2019): 8826–8831, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01155b.

[44] A. Wang, C. Breakwell, F. Foglia, et al., “Selective Ion Transport Through Hydrated Micropores in Polymer Membranes,” Nature 635, no. 8038 (2024): 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08140-2.

[45] J. M. Tuffnell, J. K. Morzy, N. D. Kelly, et al., “Comparison of the Ionic Conductivity Properties of Microporous and Mesoporous Mofs Infiltrated With a Na-ion Containing IL Mixture,” Dalton Transactions 49, no. 44 (2020): 15914–15924, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02576c.

[46] R. Tan, H. He, A. Wang, et al., “Interfacial Engineering of Polymer Membranes With Intrinsic Microporosity for Dendrite-Free Zinc Metal Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 49 (2024): e202409322, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202409322.

[47] W. Zheng, G. M. Liang, Q. Liu, et al., “The Promise of High-Entropy Materials for High-Performance Rechargeable Li-ion and Na-ion Batteries,” Joule 7, no. 12 (2023): 2732–2748, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.10.016.

[48] Y. S. Zheng, Y. F. Meng, X. Hu, et al., “Synthesis-Structure-Property of High-Entropy Layered Oxide Cathode for Li/Na/K-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 1 (2025): 2413202, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202413202.

[49] T. Wenjie, T. Yongwei, L. Mengting, C. Yonghong, and W. Peng-Fei, “Layered Oxide Cathodes for Potassium-ion Batteries: Challenges, Strategies and Perspectives,” Energy Materials 5, no. 11 (2025): 500140, https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.11.

[50] S. Krouna, A. Acheche, G. Wang, et al., “Atomic-Scale Insights Into the Thermal Stability of High-Entropy Nanoalloys,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 4 (2025): 2414510, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202414510.

[51] M. Lian, W. Gong, S. Guo, Y. Jiang, and Z. Ye, “Unveiling the Potential of High-Entropy Materials Toward High-Energy Metal Batteries Based on Conversion Reactions: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Beyond,” Energy Storage Materials 75 (2025): 104054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104054.

[52] V. Verma, C. H. Belcher, D. Apelian, E. J. Lavernia, C. H. Belcher, D. Apelian, and E. J. Lavernia, “Diffusion in High Entropy Alloy Systems—A Review,” Progress in Materials Science 142 (2024): 101245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101245.

[53] Z. Zhou, Y. Ma, T. Brezesinski, B. Breitung, Y. Wu, and Y. Ma, “Improving Upon Rechargeable Battery Technologies: On the Role of High-Entropy Effects,” Energy & Environmental Science 18, no. 1 (2025): 19–52, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee03708a.

[54] J. W. Yeh, S. K. Chen, S. J. Lin, et al., “Nanostructured High-Entropy Alloys With Multiple Principal Elements: Novel Alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes,” Advanced Engineering Materials 6, no. 5 (2004): 299–303, https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200300567.

[55] K. Wang, W. Hua, X. Huang, et al., “Synergy of Cations in High Entropy Oxide Lithium Ion Battery Anode,” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 1487, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37034-6.

[56] W.-L. Hsu, C.-W. Tsai, A.-C. Yeh, and J.-W. Yeh, “Clarifying the Four Core Effects of High-Entropy Materials,” Nature Reviews Chemistry 8, no. 6 (2024): 471–485, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-024-00602-5.

[57] X. Chen, K. Chen, F. Ji, et al., “Achieving Fast Ion/Electron Transportation and Smooth Phase Transition in Polyanion Cathode by the High Entropy Strategy,” Advanced Energy Materials 15, no. 26 (2025): 2500502, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202500502.

[58] P. Dong, F. Peng, Q. Zhang, et al., “High Entropy Boosts the Low Temperature Na⁺-Storage Performance of Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 64, no. 21 (2025): e202502693, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202502693.

[59] M. Du, K. Li, N. Yu, et al., “Ultrafast Preparation of High-Entropy NASICON Cathode Enables Stabilized Multielectron Redox and Wide-Temperature (−50–60°C) Workability in Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 9 (2025): 2418219, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202418219.

[60] T. Sheng, L. Wang, H. Nie, et al., “Modulating Phase Angle Variations of O3-Type High-Entropy Layered Sodium Oxide for Practical Sodium-Ion Cylindrical Battery,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 34 (2025): 2501688, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202501688.

[61] Y. Ma, Y. Ma, S. L. Dreyer, et al., “High-Entropy Metal-Organic Frameworks for Highly Reversible Sodium Storage,” Advanced Materials 33, no. 34 (2021): 2101342, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101342.

[62] X. Chen, L. Han, Y. Zhao, Y. Cao, and Y. Fang, “Insights in Iron-based Polyanion Electrode Materials for Advanced Sodium-ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal 501 (2024): 157600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.157600.

[63] Y. Dong, Z. Zhou, Y. Ma, et al., “Layered-Structured Sodium-Ion Cathode Materials: Advancements Through High-Entropy Approaches,” ACS Energy Letters 9, no. 10 (2024): 5096–5119, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02223.

[64] L. Wang, L. Wang, H. Wang, et al., “Progress and Perspective of High-Entropy Strategy Applied in Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials for High-Energy and Long Cycle Life Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 11 (2025): 2417258, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202417258.

[65] T. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Liu, and Q. Liu, “Cation Configuration and Structural Degradation of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Sodium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano 18, no. 29 (2024): 18834–18851, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05739.

[66] X. Cai, Z. Shadike, N. Wang, et al., “Constraining Interlayer Slipping in P2-Type Layered Oxides With Oxygen Redox by Constructing Strong Covalent Bonds,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 147, no. 7 (2025): 5860–5870, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c14587.

[67] H. Wang, X. Gao, S. Zhang, et al., “High-Entropy Na-Deficient Layered Oxides for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano 17, no. 13 (2023): 12530–12543, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02290.

[68] Y. Sun, J. Ma, D. Wu, et al., “A Breathable Inorganic-Organic Interface for Fabricating a Crack-Free Nickel-Rich Cathode With Long-Term Stability,” Energy & Environmental Science 17, no. 14 (2024): 5124–5136, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee01254b.

[69] Y. Yang, Z. Wang, C. Du, et al., “Decoupling the Air Sensitivity of Na-layered Oxides,” Science 385, no. 6710 (2024): 744–752, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adm9223.

[70] H. Li, J. Wang, S. Xu, et al., “Universal Design Strategy for Air-Stable Layered Na-Ion Cathodes Toward Sustainable Energy Storage,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 27 (2024): 2403073, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202403073.

[71] W. Zhang, C. Yuan, J. Zhu, T. Jin, C. Shen, and K. Xie, “Air Instability of Ni-Rich Layered Oxides-A Roadblock to Large Scale Application,” Advanced Energy Materials 13, no. 2 (2023): 2202993, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202993.

[72] C. Jiang, B. Chen, M. Xu, and J. Jiang, “Elevating Both Capacity and Voltage Tolerance of P2-Type Layered Cathodes With Cooperative Al Cation/F Anion co-Doping for Advanced Sodium-ion Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials 70 (2024): 103518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103518.

[73] J. Zhang, Z. Yu, Y. Zhu, et al., “Configuration Design and Interface Reconstruction to Realize the Superior High-Rate Performance for Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes,” Advanced Energy Materials 15, no. 23 (2025): 2405951, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202405951.

[74] X. Cai, P. Yan, T. Xie, et al., “Pinning the Surface Layered Oxide Structure in High Temperature Calcination Using Conformal Atomic Layer Deposition Coating for Fast Charging Cathode,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 17 (2025): 2423888, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202423888.

[75] C. Cheng, Z. Zhuo, X. Xia, et al., “Stabilized Oxygen Vacancy Chemistry Toward High-Performance Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano 18, no. 51 (2024): 35052–35065, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c14724.

[76] Z. Liu, R. Liu, S. Xu, et al., “Achieving a Deeply Desodiated Stabilized Cathode Material by the High Entropy Strategy for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 63, no. 29 (2024): e202405620, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202405620.

[77] X. Wang, Q. Kang, J. Sun, et al., “High-Entropy Engineering Enables O3-Type Layered Oxide With High Structural Stability and Reaction Kinetic for Sodium Storage,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 691 (2025): 137438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137438.

[78] R. Ma, J. Wang, G. Zhu, et al., “Multicomponent High-Entropy Assisted High-Rate and Air-Stable Layered Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries,” Green Energy & Environment 10, no. 8 (2025): 1797–1806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.008.

[79] L.-T. Lv, Z.-J. Zhu, M.-Y. Shen, T. Wu, B. He, and W.-C. Li, “Cu and Fe Doping Realized a High Rate and Low Volume Strain O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 13, no. 21 (2025): 16122–16131, https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ta01954k.

[80] B. Ouyang and Y. Zeng, “The Rise of High-Entropy Battery Materials,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 973, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45309-9.

[81] B. Wang, J. Ma, K. Wang, et al., “High-Entropy Phase Stabilization Engineering Enables High-Performance Layered Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 14, no. 23 (2024): 2401090, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202401090.

[82] X. Z. Wang, Y. Zuo, Y. Qin, et al., “Fast Na+ Kinetics and Suppressed Voltage Hysteresis Enabled by a High-Entropy Strategy for Sodium Oxide Cathodes,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 24 (2024): 2312300, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312300.

[83] W. Dong, L. Wu, B. Liu, et al., “Fast-Charging High-Entropy O3-Type Layered Cathodes for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal 504 (2025): 158997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158997.

[84] Y. Dang, Z. Xu, Y. Wu, et al., “Boron-Doped High-Entropy Oxide Toward High-Rate and Long-Cycle Layered Cathodes for Wide-Temperature Sodium-ion Batteries,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 95 (2024): 577–587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.03.055.

[85] R. Li, X. Qin, X. Li, et al., “High-Entropy and Multiphase Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 14, no. 26 (2024): 2400127, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400127.

[86] J. Kuang, Z. Liu, L. Fu, et al., “Charge Tuning and Anchor Effect Achieving Stable High-Voltage Layered Metal Oxides for Sodium-Ion Battery,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 64, no. 21 (2025): e202500715, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202500715.

[87] T. Zhang, Y. Li, Z. Song, et al., “Insights Into Chemical-Mechanical Degradation and Modification Strategies of Layered Oxide Cathode Materials of Sodium Ion Batteries,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 103 (2025): 294–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.11.068.

[88] F. Ding, P. Ji, Z. Han, et al., “Tailoring Planar Strain for Robust Structural Stability in High-Entropy Layered Sodium Oxide Cathode Materials,” Nature Energy 9, no. 12 (2024): 1529–1539, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01616-5.

[89] T. Cai, M. Cai, J. Mu, et al., “High-Entropy Layered Oxide Cathode Enabling High-Rate for Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Nano-Micro Letters 16, no. 1 (2024): 10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01232-0.

[90] H. Wang, J. Gao, Y. Mei, et al., “Halting Oxygen Evolution to Achieve Long Cycle Life in Sodium Layered Cathodes,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 64, no. 6 (2025): e202418605, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202418605.

[91] L. Yao, P. Zou, C. Wang, et al., “High-Entropy and Superstructure-Stabilized Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 12, no. 41 (2022): 2201989, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202201989.

[92] S. Liu, F. Liu, S. Zhao, et al., “A High-Entropy Engineering on Sustainable Anionic Redox Mn-Based Cathode With Retardant Stress for High-Rate Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 64, no. 10 (2025): e202421089, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202421089.

[93] L. Liu, Y. Xin, Y. Wang, et al., “High-Entropy Configuration of O3-Type Layered Transition-Metal Oxide Cathode With High-Voltage Stability for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 12, no. 35 (2024): 23495–23505, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta04371e.

[94] Z. Huang, S. Wang, X. Guo, et al., “High-Entropy Layered Oxide Cathode Materials With Moderated Interlayer Spacing and Enhanced Kinetics for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 50 (2024): 2410857, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202410857.

[95] X. Gui, Z. Xiang, T. Ren, et al., “High-Entropy Doped P'2 Mn-Based Layered Oxide With Superior Stability and High Capacity for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 20 (2025): 2417008, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202417008.

[96] J. Zhan, J. Huang, Z. Li, et al., “Air-Stable High-Entropy Layered Oxide Cathode With Enhanced Cycling Stability for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Nano Letters 24, no. 32 (2024): 9793–9800, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00968.

[97] X.-Q. Xu, J.-Y. Chen, Y. Jiang, et al., “Origins of High Air Sensitivity and Treatment Strategies in O3-Type NaMn_1/3 Fe_1/3Ni_1/3O₂,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 146, no. 32 (2024): 22374–22386, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c05255.

[98] L.-Y. Kong, J.-Y. Li, H.-X. Liu, et al., “A Universal Interfacial Reconstruction Strategy Based on Converting Residual Alkali for Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes: Marvelous Air Stability, Reversible Anion Redox, and Practical Full Cell,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 146, no. 47 (2024): 32317–32332, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c04766.

[99] S. Jia, S. Kumakura, and E. McCalla, “Unravelling Air/Moisture Stability of Cathode Materials in Sodium Ion Batteries: Characterization, Rational Design, and Perspectives,” Energy & Environmental Science 17, no. 13 (2024): 4343–4389, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE00796D.

[100] L. Huang, J. Zhu, J.-X. Liu, H. Wu, and G.-J. Zhang, “High Entropy Stabilized O3-Type NaNi_0.3Fe_0.2Mn_0.2Ti_0.15Sn_0.15O₂ Cathode Material for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal 507 (2025): 160309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160309.

[101] A. Joshi, S. Chakrabarty, S. H. Akella, et al., “High-Entropy Co-Free O3-Type Layered Oxyfluoride: A Promising Air-Stable Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials 35, no. 51 (2023): 2304440, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202304440.

[102] J. Qiu, M. Qin, F. Huang, et al., “High-Entropy Configuration Regulating Interlayer Oxygen Charge Toward High-Voltage and Air-Stability Layered Cathode in High-Loading Sodium Ion Full Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 29 (2025): 2500158, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202500158.

[103] K. Tian, Y. Dang, Z. Xu, et al., “A Three-in-One Strategy of High-Entropy, Single-Crystal, and Biphasic Approaches to Design O3-Type Layered Cathodes for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials 73 (2024): 103841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103841.

[104] K. Zhang, Y. Niu, H. Xing, et al., “Revealing the Self-Regulating Phase Transition Mechanism of Low-Volume P2+“Z” in P2-Type Sodium Manganese With High-Entropy Substitution for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Small 21, no. 21 (2025): 2407524, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202407524.

[105] A. Ghosh, R. Hegde, and P. Senguttuvan, “A High Entropy O3-Na_1.0Li_0.1Ni_0.3Fe_0.1Mn_0.25Ti_0.25O₂ Cathode With Reversible Phase Transitions and Superior Electrochemical Performances for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 12, no. 24 (2024): 14583–14594, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta01137f.

[106] H. Wang, T. Liu, H. Chen, et al., “Multicationic Interactions Mitigating Lattice Strain in Sodium Layered Cathodes,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 4409, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59666-6.

[107] J. Yue, F. Xiong, Z. Shadike, et al., “A Layer-Structured High Entropy Oxide With Highly Reversible Fe3+/Fe4+ Redox as Advanced Cathode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources 627 (2025): 235735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235735.

[108] W. Qiu, Z. Chen, Z. Liu, et al., “Rational Design of High-Entropy Cathodes to Optimize Fast Charging Performance in Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 36 (2025): 2422106, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202422106.

[109] H. Chen, Z. Wang, Y. Shi, et al., “High-Entropy Modulation on Na-O Configuration Toward Ultrastable Sodium Layered Oxide,” Small 21, no. 26 (2025): 2501933, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501933.

[110] L. Feng, Y. Xia, J. Guo, et al., “La-Doped O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathode With Enhanced Cycle Stability for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal 496 (2024): 154298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154298.

[111] M. Liu, Z.-K. Guan, X.-Z. Wang, et al., “High-Voltage Phase Stabilization and Air-Stability Enhancement in O3-Type Entropy-Reinforced Sodium Layered Cathodes,” Nano Energy 142 (2025): 111216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111216.

[112] L. Zhao, S. Bi, J. Li, et al., “Prussian Blue Analogues for Advanced Non-Aqueous Sodium Ion Batteries: Redox Mechanisms, Key Challenges and Modification Strategies,” Energy Storage Materials 78 (2025): 104256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104256.

[113] X. Liu, Y. Cao, and J. Sun, “Defect Engineering in Prussian Blue Analogs for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials 12, no. 46 (2022): 2202532, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202202532.

[114] H. Zhang, J. Li, J. Liu, et al., “Understanding Capacity Fading From Structural Degradation in Prussian Blue Analogues for Wide-Temperature Sodium-ion Cylindrical Battery,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 2520, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57663-3.

[115] J. Liu, J. Liu, M. Tang, J. Fu, X. Kuang, and J. Ma, “Boosting Sodium Storage in Prussian Blue Analogs Through Iron Vacancies and Copper Doping,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 17 (2024): 2314167, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202314167.

[116] D. Yang, H. Wang, Y. Zhao, et al., “Achieving Ultra-Fast and Stable Sodium-Ion Batteries Through Deep Activation of Low-Spin Iron in Prussian Blue,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 34 (2025): 2503067, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202503067.

[117] M. Wan, R. Zeng, J. Meng, et al., “Post-Synthetic and in Situ Vacancy Repairing of Iron Hexacyanoferrate Toward Highly Stable Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Nano-Micro Letters 14, no. 1 (2022): 9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00742-z.

[118] L. Ge, Y. Song, P. Niu, et al., “Elaborating the Crystal Water of Prussian Blue for Outstanding Performance of Sodium Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano 18, no. 4 (2024): 3542–3552, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c11169.

[119] W. Wang, Y. Gang, J. Peng, et al., “Effect of Eliminating Water in Prussian Blue Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 25 (2022): 2111727, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202111727.

[120] J. Li, L. Liu, Y. Gao, et al., “Ion-Exchange Synthesis of Low-Water Prussian Blue Analogs for Enhanced Sodium Storage,” Ecomat 7, no. 2 (2025): e70000, https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.70000.

[121] E. Pastor, M. Sachs, S. Selim, J. R. Durrant, A. A. Bakulin, and A. Walsh, “Electronic Defects in Metal Oxide Photocatalysts,” Nature Reviews Materials 7, no. 7 (2022): 503–521, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00433-0.

[122] Z. Wang, M. T. Sougrati, Y. He, et al., “Sodium Storage and Capacity Retention Behavior Derived From High-Spin/Low-Spin Fe Redox Reaction in Monoclinic Prussian Blue Based on Operando Mossbauer Characterization,” Nano Energy 109 (2023): 108256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108256.

[123] Z. Su, Z. Li, X. Yang, X. Li, L. Wang, and W. Lu, “In Situ Balanced Synthesis of High-Activity Low-Spin Iron Cathode Prussian Blue for Enhanced Sodium-Ion Storage,” Nano Letters 25, no. 3 (2025): 957–965, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03985.

[124] B. Yuan, S. Qiao, L. Yuan, B. Chen, and S. Chong, “Zero-Strain Sodium Nickel Ferrocyanide as Cathode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries With Ultra-Long Lifespan,” Small 21, no. 1 (2025): 2407570, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202407570.

[125] Z. Jing, L. Kong, M. Mamoor, et al., “Rational Design of Prussian Blue Analogues for Ultralong and Wide-Temperature-Range Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 147, no. 4 (2025): 3702–3713, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c16031.

[126] X. Gao, L. Guo, S. Zhang, et al., “Unveiling the Influence of Cyanogen Vacancies in Prussian Blue for Sodium-ion Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 64, (2025): e202421916, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202421916.

[127] J. Dai, S. Tan, L. Wang, et al., “High-Voltage Potassium Hexacyanoferrate Cathode via High-Entropy and Potassium Incorporation for Stable Sodium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano 17, no. 21 (2023): 20949–20961, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02323.

[128] X. Zhao, Z. Xing, and C. Huang, “Investigation of High-Entropy Prussian Blue Analog as Cathode Material for Aqueous Sodium-ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 11, no. 42 (2023): 22835–22844, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ta04349e.

[129] Y. Huang, X. Zhang, L. Ji, et al., “Boosting the Sodium Storage Performance of Prussian Blue Analogs by Single-Crystal and High-Entropy Approach,” Energy Storage Materials 58 (2023): 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.03.011.

[130] Y. Zhang, J. Huang, L. Qiu, et al., “Hollow Stair-Stepping Spherical High-Entropy Prussian Blue Analogue for High-Rate Sodium Ion Batteries,” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 16, no. 21 (2024): 27684–27693, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c04785.

[131] P. Dai, J. Huang, X. Cao, et al., “Central Metal Coordination Environment Optimization Enhances Na Diffusion and Structural Stability in Prussian Blue Analogues,” Energy Storage Materials 74 (2025): 103890, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103890.

[132] Y. Ma, Y. Hu, Y. Pramudya, et al., “Resolving the Role of Configurational Entropy in Improving Cycling Performance of Multicomponent Hexacyanoferrate Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 34 (2022): 2202372, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202202372.

[133] J. Peng, B. Zhang, W. Hua, et al., “A Disordered Rubik's Cube-Inspired Framework for Sodium-Ion Batteries With Ultralong Cycle Lifespan,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 62, no. 6 (2023): e202215865, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202215865.

[134] Y. He, S. L. Dreyer, Y.-Y. Ting, et al., “Entropy-Mediated Stable Structural Evolution of Prussian White Cathodes for Long-Life Na-Ion Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 63, no. 7 (2024): e202315371, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202315371.

[135] Z.-C. Jian, J.-X. Guo, Y.-F. Liu, Y.-F. Zhu, J. Wang, and Y. Xiao, “Cation Migration in Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-ion Batteries: Fundamental Failure Mechanisms and Practical Modulation Strategies,” Chemical Science 15, no. 47 (2024): 19698–19728, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4sc05206d.

[136] N. Kar and S. E. Skrabalak, “Synthetic Methods for High-Entropy Nanomaterials,” Nature Reviews Materials 10, no. 9 (2025): 638–653, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-025-00829-8.

[137] Y. Ma, H. Du, S. Zheng, et al., “High-Entropy Approach vs. Traditional Doping Strategy for Layered Oxide Cathodes in Alkali-Metal-ion Batteries: A Comparative Study,” Energy Storage Materials 79 (2025): 104295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104295.

[138] Q. Liu, Q. Du, X. Zhang, et al., “Characterization of Local Chemical Ordering and Deformation Behavior in High Entropy Alloys by Transmission Electron Microscopy,” International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 31, no. 5 (2024): 877–886, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2884-x.

[139] X. Zhu, S.-W. Xu, X.-Z. Wang, M. Liu, Y. Cheng, and P.-F. Wang, “Sodium Composite Oxide Cathode Materials:Phase Regulation, Electrochemical Performance and Reaction Mechanism,” Batteries & Supercaps 6, no. 3 (2023): e202200473, https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202200473.

[140] V. Sorkin, Z. G. Yu, S. Chen, T. L. Tan, Z. Aitken, and Y.-W. Zhang, “First Principles-Based Design of Lightweight High Entropy Alloys,” Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 22549, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49258-z.

[141] X. Wang, Q. Liu, and X. Wang, “High-Entropy Materials: From Bulk to Sub-Nano,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 32 (2025): 2504275, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202504275.

[142] L. Huang, J. Zhu, J.-X. Liu, H. Wu, and G.-J. Zhang, “Emerging High-Entropy Strategy: A Booster to the Development of Cathode Materials for Power Batteries,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 13, no. 8 (2024): 1093–1118, https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2024.9220913.

[143] J. Zander, J. P. Woelfel, M. Weiss, et al., “Medium- and High-Entropy Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles via Low-Temperature Synthesis for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 4 (2024): 2310179, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202310179.

[144] M. Du, J. Du, H. Fu, et al., “Quasi-Industrial Preparation of SWCNTs-Confined High-Entropy Oxides as Self-Supported Electrodes for Continuous Electrosynthesis,” Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 64, no. 21 (2025): e202501669, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202501669.

[145] G. He, X. Zhang, J. Liu, J. Chong, G. Ye, and H. Fei, “Hydrocarbothermal Flow Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Small and Dense High-Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles as Electrocatalysts,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 8172, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63527-7.

[146] W. Yang, T. Xu, C. Yang, et al., “Selective and Bifunctional Catalytic Electrochemical Conversion of Organosulfide Molecule by High-Entropy Carbides,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 49 (2024): 2409450, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202409450.

[147] L. Duan, Y. Zhang, H. Tang, J. Liao, G. Zhou, and X. Zhou, “Recent Advances in High-Entropy Layered Oxide Cathode Materials for Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 1 (2025): 2411426, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202411426.

[148] H. Gao, J. Li, F. Zhang, et al., “Revealing the Potential and Challenges of High-Entropy Layered Cathodes for Sodium-Based Energy Storage,” Advanced Energy Materials 14, no. 20 (2024): 2304529, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202304529.

[149] S. Ma, P. Zou, and H. L. Xin, “Extending Phase-Variation Voltage Zones in P2-type Sodium Cathodes Through High-Entropy Doping for Enhanced Cycling Stability and Rate Capability,” Materials Today Energy 38 (2023): 101446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101446.

[150] S. Nie, Y. Xiang, L. Wu, et al., “Active Learning Guided Discovery of High Entropy Oxides Featuring High H₂-Production,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 146, no. 43 (2024): 29325–29334, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c06272.

[151] M. H. Golbabaei, M. Zohrevand, and N. Zhang, “Applications of Machine Learning in High-Entropy Alloys: A Review of Recent Advances in Design, Discovery, and Characterization,” Nanoscale 17, no. 36 (2025): 20548–20605, https://doi.org/10.1039/D5NR01562F.

[152] S. Liu, B. Bocklund, J. Diffenderfer, et al., “A Comparative Study of Predicting High Entropy Alloy Phase Fractions With Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks,” Npj Computational Materials 10, no. 1 (2024): 172, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-024-01335-1.

[153] J. Wang, H. Kwon, H. S. Kim, and B.-J. Lee, “A Neural Network Model for High Entropy Alloy Design,” Npj Computational Materials 9, no. 1 (2023): 60, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-023-01010-x.

[154] D. J. Sprouster, J. R. Trelewicz, L. L. Snead, et al., “Advanced Synchrotron Characterization Techniques for Fusion Materials Science,” Journal of Nuclear Materials 543 (2021): 152574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152574.

[155] A. Ghose, M. Segal, F. Meng, et al., “Uncertainty-Aware Predictions of Molecular x-ray Absorption Spectra Using Neural Network Ensembles,” Physical Review Research 5, no. 1 (2023): 013180, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.013180.

[156] X. Tian, S. Zhou, H. Hao, et al., “Machine Learning and Density Functional Theory for Catalyst and Process Design in Hydrogen Production,” Chain 1, no. 2 (2024): 150–166, https://doi.org/10.23919/chain.2024.100004.

[157] Z. Feng, I. Eiubovi, Y. Shao, Z. Fan, and R. Tan, “Review of Digital Twin Technology Applications in Hydrogen Energy,” Chain 1, no. 1 (2024): 54–74, https://doi.org/10.23919/chain.2024.000001.

[158] Z. Feng, Y. Luo, D. Li, J. Pan, R. Tan, and Y. Chen, “Integrating Digital Twins and Machine Learning for Advanced Control in Green Hydrogen Production,” Chain 2, no. 1 (2025): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.23919/chain.2025.000003.

[159] X. Liu, K. Yang, L. Zhang, et al., “A Fast Forward Prediction Framework for Energy Materials Design Based on Machine Learning Methods,” Energy Material Advances 5 (2024): 0131, https://doi.org/10.34133/energymatadv.0131.

[160] W. Zhang, L. He, J. Li, et al., “Configurational Entropy-Tailored NASICON Cathode Redox Chemistry for Capacity-Dense and Ultralong Cyclability,” Energy & Environmental Science 18, no. 14 (2025): 7278–7290, https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EE00877H.

[161] H. Wang, Z. Zhang, Y. Chu, et al., “Boosting Na⁺ Storage and Thermal Stability of Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇ via High-Entropy Engineering,” ACS Nano 19, no. 49 (2025): 41824–41835, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c15785.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2026 The Author(s). EcoEnergy published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of China Chemical Safety Association.