Synergistic Design of MXene Architectures for Mechanically Robust and High-Performance Flexible Batteries and Supercapacitors

Abstract

The rapid advancement in wearable, portable, and foldable electronic devices has underscored inherent deficiencies in conventional energy storage technologies, particularly with respect to mechanical compliance and device miniaturization. Overcoming these limitations demands energy storage solutions that integrate high electrochemical performance with mechanical resilience and scalability. In this context, MXenes, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, have emerged as promising candidates due to their outstanding electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and intrinsic flexibility. Unlike previous reviews that focus primarily on MXene synthesis or individual device performance, this work provides a synergistic and cross-disciplinary perspective on the structural design of MXene architectures for flexible energy storage systems. It critically correlates hierarchical structural engineering (such as composite integration, dimensional hybridization, and interface modulation) with the mechanical and electrochemical behaviors of MXenes in various device configurations, including flexible batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). Particular attention is given to mechanical-electrochemical coupling mechanisms that govern flexibility retention, strain accommodation, and charge transport dynamics. Furthermore, this review offers a comparative discussion across multiple chemistries, encompassing Li-, Na-, Zn-, and K-ion batteries and SCs, thereby providing an integrative understanding of MXene functionality beyond single-system studies. Finally, this review outlines emerging design principles, fabrication strategies, and research directions aimed at achieving scalable, durable, and high-performance MXene-based flexible energy storage technologies. This synergistic perspective bridges the gap between mechanical engineering and electrochemical optimization, offering new insights for the next generation of flexible and wearable power systems.

Keywords

batteries / flexible materials / MXene / supercapacitors / synthesis

References

[1] A. Baburaj, S. Jayadevan, A. K. Aliyana, S. K. N. Kumar, and G. K. Stylios, “AI-Driven TENGs for Self-Powered Smart Sensors and Intelligent Devices,” Advanced Science12, no. 20 (2025): 2417414, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202417414.

[2] J. Wen, B. Xu, Y. Y. Gao, M. Li, and H. Fu, “Wearable Technologies Enable High-Performance Textile Supercapacitors With Flexible, Breathable and Wearable Characteristics for Future Energy Storage,” Energy Storage Materials37 (2021): 94-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.002.

[3] S. Bashir, L. Gurbanova, I. A. Shaaban, et al., “Recent Advances in MXene-Polymer Composites for High Performance Supercapacitor Applications,” Journal of Energy Storage132 (2025): 117588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.117588.

[4] S. Ullah, M. A. Nazir, M. A. Saeed, et al., “Next Generation MXene Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensor: A Critical Review,” Journal of Molecular Structure1321 (2025): 139830, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139830.

[5] M. A. Nazir, K. Maqsood, S. Ullah, et al., “Advancements in MXene Transformation: Nanoarchitectonics for Biomedical and Energy Applications,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds1030 (2025): 180852, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.180852.

[6] A. H. Arshad, S. Riaz, M. D. Hussain, et al., “MXene and MXene-Based Hybrid Materials for Pharmaceutical-Induced Pollutants Removal via Adsorption and Photocatalysis: A Critical Viewpoint,” Environmental Technology Reviews14, no. 1 (2025): 142-190, https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2025.2466757.

[7] Y. Tian, R. Ding, S. S. Yoon, S. Zhang, J. Yu, and B. Ding, “Recent Advances in Next-Generation Textiles,” Advanced Materials37, no. 8 (2025): 2417022, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202417022.

[8] M. A. Nazir, S. Afzal, S. Ullah, et al., “MXene-Derived Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photoelectrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds1039 (2025): 183387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.183387.

[9] I. Razzaq, S. Ullah, M. Akram, et al., “Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for High-Performance Chemical Sensing and Detection: A Critical Review,” Advanced Materials Technologies10, no. 18 (2025): e00578, https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202500578.

[10] S. Riaz, S. Ullah, S. Bashir, et al., “Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroixdes@ MXene (LDHs@ MXene) Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Catalytic Applications,” Applied Clay Science275 (2025): 107866, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2025.107866.

[11] Y. Deng, A. Hussain, W. Raza, X. Cai, D. Liu, and J. Shen, “Review on Current Development of Polybenzimidazole Membrane for Lithium Battery,” Journal of Energy Chemistry91 (2024): 579-608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.12.044.

[12] Y. Deng, A. Hussain, W. Raza, et al., “Morphological Modulation of the PBI Membrane and Performance Optimization for Li-Metal Battery,” Chemical Engineering Journal474 (2023): 145800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145800.

[13] T. Mageto, S. D. Bhoyate, F. M. de Souza, K. M. Darkwa, A. Kumar, and R. K. Gupta, “Developing Practical Solid-State Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries: Concepts, Challenges, and Improvement Strategies,” Journal of Energy Storage55 (2022): 105688, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105688.

[14] N. Kitchamsetti, D. Narsimulu, S. Payyavula, C. S. Chakra, and A. L. F. de Barros, “V-MOF Derived Porous Nanorods Comprising Polydopamine-Derived C Coated VN Quantum Dots Composited With Graphitic C as Electrodes for Long-Lasting and High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries and Hybrid Supercapacitors,” Journal of Energy Storage109 (2025): 115144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.115144.

[15] J. S. Lee, K. W. Baek, N. Kitchamsetti, H. W. Kim, and J. S. Cho, “Prussian Blue Analogue-Derived Porous Nanocages With Hollow (Co, Fe) O Nanoparticles as Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology223 (2025): 76-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.10.026.

[16] D. Ponnalagar, D.-R. Hang, C.-T. Liang, and M. M. C. Chou, “Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Low-Dimensional Mo₂C MXene-Based Electrode for Flexible Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices,” Progress in Materials Science145 (2024): 101308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101308.

[17] L. Kong, C. Tang, H.-J. Peng, J.-Q. Huang, and Q. Zhang, “Advanced Energy Materials for Flexible Batteries in Energy Storage: A Review,” SmartMat1, no. 1 (2020): smm2.1007, https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1007.

[18] N. Kitchamsetti, A. L. F. de Barros, and S. Mhin, “Transition Metal Nitrides: Multifunctional Catalysts and Energy Materials With Tailorable Architectures,” Small Science5(11)(2025): 2500331, https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202500331.

[19] N. Kitchamsetti, J. S. Cho, and C. S. Chakra, “Prussian Blue Analogue Derived Porous Hollow Nanocages Comprising Polydopamine-Derived N-Doped C Coated CoSe₂/FeSe₂ Nanoparticles Composited With N-Doped Graphitic C as an Anode for High-Rate Na-Ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal495 (2024): 153353, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894724048423.

[20] C. Li, P. Li, S. Yang, and C. Zhi, “Recently Advances in Flexible Zinc Ion Batteries,” Journal of Semiconductors42, no. 10 (2021): 101603, https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101603.

[21] S. U. Rahman, X. Dan, S. Farooq, et al., “Tailoring Polyaniline With Dual Dopant Engineering as a High Efficiency Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science700 (2025): 138600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138600.

[22] Z. Li, Y. Gao, H. Huang, W. Wang, J. Zhang, and Q. Yu, “Development of Electrode Materials for Flexible Potassium-Ion Batteries,” Composites Part B: Engineering258 (2023): 110712, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110712.

[23] J. S. Lee, N. Kitchamsetti, and J. S. Cho, “Hierarchical Porous Nanofibers Comprising N-Doped Graphitic C and ZIF-8 Derived Hollow N-Doped C Nanocages for Long-Life K-Ion Battery Anodes,” Chemical Engineering Journal487 (2024): 150465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150465.

[24] J. Shao, C. Huang, Q. Zhu, et al., “Flexible CNT-Interpenetrating Hierarchically Porous Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile (CIHP-SPAN) Electrodes for High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) Batteries,” Nanomaterials14, no. 13 (2024): 1155, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14131155.

[25] N. Kitchamsetti, H. Han, and S. Mhin, “MXenes and MXene-Based Composites: Preparation, Characteristics, Theoretical Investigations, and Application in Developing Sulfur Cathodes, Lithium Anodes, and Functional Separators for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Batteries11, no. 6 (2025): 206, https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11060206.

[26] B. Liu, Y. Ye, M. Yang, et al., “All-in-One Biomass-Based Flexible Supercapacitors With High Rate Performance and High Energy Density,” Advanced Functional Materials34, no. 10 (2024): 2310534, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202310534.

[27] N. Kitchamsetti, C. K. Mannem, D. Narsimulu, C. S. Chakra, and A. L. F. de Barros, “CoFe-PBA Templated PDA Derived C Coated (Co, Fe) O Nanoparticles Encapsulated With in the Porous Hollow Nanocages as Anodes for Long-Lasting and High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries and Hybrid Supercapacitors,” Chemical Engineering Journal505 (2025): 159354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.159354.

[28] N. Kitchamsetti and J. S. Cho, “A Roadmap of MOFs Derived Porous Carbon, Oxides, Chalcogenides, and Phosphides of Metals: Synthesis, Properties, Parameter Modulation and Their Utilization as an Electrode for Li/Na/K-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage84 (2024): 110947, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.110947.

[29] H. Shi, L. Zhang, X. Huang, et al., “Efficient Catalysis for Zinc–Air Batteries by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes-Crosslinked Carbon Dodecahedra Embedded With Co–Fe Nanoparticles,” Small21, no. 7 (2025): 2409129, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202409129.

[30] A. Muthurasu, I. Pathak, D. Acharya, Y. R. Rosyara, and H. Y. Kim, “Cutting-Edge Nitrogen, Boron, and Fluorine Triply Doped Chain-Like Porous Carbon Nanofibers: A Versatile Solution for High-Performance Zinc–Air Batteries and Self-Powered Water Splitting,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A12, no. 3 (2024): 1826-1839, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ta06387a.

[31] N. Kitchamsetti, A. L. F. de Barros, and S. Mhin, “Prussian Blue Analogs as Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Batteries & Supercaps (2025): 202500482, https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500482.

[32] J. Liu, M. Wang, Z. Zhang, et al., “Unlock the Full Potential of Carbon Cloth-Based Scaffolds Towards Magnesium Metal Storage via Regulation on Magnesiophilicity and Surface Geometric Structure,” Journal of Energy Chemistry90 (2024): 423-434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.11.034.

[33] N. Kitchamsetti, S. Payyavula, and J. S. Cho, “A Review on Hollow Nanostructures, Its Derived Composites: Preparation, Structural Control, Alterations, and Their Utilization as an Electrode for Supercapacitors, Rechargeable Batteries and Electrocatalysis,” Journal of Energy Storage98 (2024): 113143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113143.

[34] N. Kitchamsetti and D. Kim, “Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Core-Shell Heterostructured ZnO/SnO₂@NiCo₂O₄ Nanorod Sheet Arrays on Carbon Cloth for High Performance Quasi-Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitors,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology21 (2022): 590-603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.09.041.

[35] Z. Wu, E. Wang, G. Zhang, Y. Shen, and G. Shao, “Recent Progress of Vertical Graphene: Preparation, Structure Engineering, and Emerging Energy Applications,” Small20, no. 15 (2024): 2307923, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202307923.

[36] X. Zhang, L. Hou, A. Ciesielski, and P. Samorì, “2D Materials Beyond Graphene for High-Performance Energy Storage Applications,” Advanced Energy Materials6, no. 23 (2016): 1600671, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600671.

[37] M. A. U. Din, S. S. A. Shah, M. S. Javed, et al., “Synthesis of MXene-Based Single-Atom Catalysts for Energy Conversion Applications,” Chemical Engineering Journal474 (2023): 145700, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145700.

[38] D. N. Ampong, E. Agyekum, F. O. Agyemang, et al., “MXene: Fundamentals to Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage,” Discover Nano18, no. 1 (2023): 3, https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-023-03786-9.

[39] L. Chai, J. Song, A. Kumar, et al., “Bimetallic-MOF Derived Carbon With Single Pt Anchored C4 Atomic Group Constructing Super Fuel Cell With Ultrahigh Power Density and Self-Change Ability,” Advanced Materials36, no. 1 (2024): 2308989, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308989.

[40] W. Zhang, S. Li, X. Fan, X. Zhang, S. Fan, and G. Bei, “Two-Dimensional Carbonitride MXenes: From Synthesis to Properties and Applications,” Carbon Energy6, no. 12 (2024): e609, https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.609.

[41] S. Ajmal, A. Kumar, M. Selvaraj, et al., “MXenes and Their Interfaces for the Taming of Carbon Dioxide & Nitrate: A Critical Review,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews483 (2023): 215094, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215094.

[42] V. Sharma, D. K. Das, R. K. Gupta, G. Yasin, and A. Kumar, “Synthesis Strategies and Structural and Electronic Properties of MXenes-Based Nanomaterials for ORR: A Mini Review,” Inorganic Chemistry Communications141 (2022): 109496, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109496.

[43] R. A. Senthil, S. Jung, A. Min, et al., “Revealing the Impact of Pulsed Laser-Produced Single-Pd Nanoparticles on a Bimetallic NiCo₂O₄ Electrocatalyst for Energy-Saving Hydrogen Production via Hybrid Water Electrolysis,” ACS Catalysis14, no. 5 (2024): 3320-3335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c05051.

[44] S. Nouseen and M. Pumera, “MXene 3D/4D Printing: Ink Formulation and Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications,” Advanced Functional Materials35, no. 17 (2025): 2421987, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202421987.

[45] N. Kitchamsetti, A. L. F. de Barros, H. Han, and S. Mhin, “Unveiling MBenes: A New Class of 2D Materials Shaping the Future of Energy,” Advanced Sustainable Systems9, no. 9 (2025): e00581, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202500581.

[46] N. Kitchamsetti and A. L. F. de Barros, “Recent Advances in MXenes Based Composites as Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Contaminants From Wastewater,” ChemCatChem15, no. 18 (2023): e202300690, https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202300690.

[47] N. Kitchamsetti and J. S. Cho, “A Roadmap of Recent Advances in MXene@ MOF Hybrids, Its Derived Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Utilization as an Electrode for Supercapacitors, Rechargeable Batteries and Electrocatalysis,” Journal of Energy Storage80 (2024): 110293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.110293.

[48] Y. Fang, Z. Bai, W. Xu, et al., “Mechanical Design Principles of Conductive Gels Applied for Flexible Electronics,” Advanced Functional Materials35, no. 10 (2025): 2416398, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416398.

[49] K. A. Nirmal, T. D. Dongale, A. C. Khot, C. Yao, N. Kim, and T. G. Kim, “Ultra-Transparent and Multifunctional IZVO Mesh Electrodes for Next-Generation Flexible Optoelectronics,” Nano-Micro Letters17, no. 1 (2025): 12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01525-y.

[50] Z. Shi, X. Sha, X. Song, et al., “Design and Fabrication of Carbon-Based Printable Inks for All-Solid-State Supercapacitors With High Capacitance and High Flexibility,” ACS Applied Energy Materials8, no. 7 (2025): 4564-4573, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.5c00149.

[51] G. Niu, M. Zhang, B. Wu, et al., “Nanocomposites of Pre-Oxidized Ti₃C₂T_x MXene and SnO₂ Nanosheets for Highly Sensitive and Stable Formaldehyde Gas Sensor,” Ceramics International49, no. 2 (2023): 2583-2590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.238.

[52] A. Sharma, S. B. Eadi, H. Noothalapati, M. Otyepka, H.-D. Lee, and K. Jayaramulu, “Porous Materials as Effective Chemiresistive Gas Sensors,” Chemical Society Reviews53, no. 5 (2024): 2530-2577, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cs00761d.

[53] T. Khandaker, T. Islam, A. Nandi, et al., “Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications: A Comprehensive Review,” Sustainable Energy Fuels9, no. 3 (2025): 693-723, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4se01393j.

[54] K. D. Verma and K. K. Kar, “Cost-Effective Synthesis Route for Ultra-High Purity of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX Phase With Enhanced Performance of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene and MXene/NiO Composite for Supercapacitor Application,” Chemical Engineering Journal504 (2025): 158938, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158938.

[55] M. Li, W. Zhang, Y. Geng, et al., “Enhanced Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion by Photodegradable MXene/TiO₂ Membrane Utilizing Saline Dye Wastewater,” Advanced Functional Materials35, no. 4 (2025): 2414342, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202414342.

[56] X. Fan, X. Kong, P. Zhang, and J. Wang, “Research Progress on Hard Carbon Materials in Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials69 (2024): 103386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103386.

[57] P. V. Mane, R. M. Rego, P. L. Yap, D. Losic, and M. D. Kurkuri, “Unveiling Cutting-Edge Advances in High Surface Area Porous Materials for the Efficient Removal of Toxic Metal Ions From Water,” Progress in Materials Science146 (2024): 101314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101314.

[58] Y. Liu, N. Wu, S. Zheng, et al., “From MXene Trash to Ultraflexible Composites for Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces14, no. 44 (2022): 50120-50128, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13849.

[59] M. Ghidiu, M. R. Lukatskaya, M.-Q. Zhao, Y. Gogotsi, and M. W. Barsoum, “Conductive Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide ‘Clay’ With High Volumetric Capacitance,” Nature516, no. 7529 (2014): 78-81, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13970.

[60] L. C. T. Cao, L. Hakim, Y. Nagao, S. Boonruang, S.-F. Tseng, and S.-H. Hsu, “Self-Powered Humidity Sensor Based on Porous Ti₃C₂T_x MXene: High Sensitivity and Fast Response for Real-World Applications,” Chemical Engineering Journal523 (2025): 168345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.168345.

[61] J. Dangbegnon, N. Garino, M. Angelozzi, et al., “High-Performance Novel Asymmetric MXene@ CNT//N-Doped CNT Flexible Hybrid Device With Large Working Voltage for Energy Storage,” Journal of Energy Storage63 (2023): 106975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.106975.

[62] Z. Wang, S. Qin, S. Seyedin, et al., “High-Performance Biscrolled MXene/Carbon Nanotube Yarn Supercapacitors,” Small14, no. 37 (2018): 1802225, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802225.

[63] T. S. Kassa, A. M. Yessuf, M. M. Mohideen, A. M. Mihiretu, and Y. Liu, “Coaxial Electrospun Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Polyacrylonitrile Hollow Nanofiber for Enhancing Electromagnetic Interference Shielding,” ACS Applied Engineering Materials3, no. 8 (2025): 2599-2613, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.5c00418.

[64] J. Nan, X. Guo, J. Xiao, et al., “Nanoengineering of 2D MXene-Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications,” Small17, no. 9 (2021): 1902085, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902085.

[65] N. Kitchamsetti and D. Kim, “A Facile Method for Synthesizing MOF Derived ZnCo₂O₄ Particles on MXene Nanosheets as a Novel Anode Material for High Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors,” Electrochimica Acta441 (2023): 141824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141824.

[66] J. Yun, J. Park, M. Ryoo, N. Kitchamsetti, T. S. Goh, and D. Kim, “Piezo-Triboelectric Hybridized Nanogenerator Embedding MXene Based Bifunctional Conductive Filler in Polymer Matrix for Boosting Electrical Power,” Nano Energy105 (2023): 108018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.108018.

[67] X. Zhan, C. Si, J. Zhou, and Z. Sun, “MXene and MXene-Based Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Environment-Related Applications,” Nanoscale Horizons5, no. 2 (2020): 235-258, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00571d.

[68] Y. Zhou, L. Yin, S. Xiang, et al., “Unleashing the Potential of MXene-Based Flexible Materials for High-Performance Energy Storage Devices,” Advanced Science11, no. 3 (2024): 2304874, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202304874.

[69] Y. Dong, H. Shi, and Z. S. Wu, “Recent Advances and Promise of MXene-Based Nanostructures for High-Performance Metal Ion Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials30, no. 47 (2020): 2000706, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000706.

[70] N. Hemanth and B. Kandasubramanian, “Recent Advances in 2D MXenes for Enhanced Cation Intercalation in Energy Harvesting Applications: A Review,” Chemical Engineering Journal392 (2020): 123678, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123678.

[71] J. Li, C. Guo, and C. M. Li, “Recent Advances of Two-Dimensional (2D) MXenes and Phosphorene for High-Performance Rechargeable Batteries,” ChemSusChem13, no. 6 (2020): 1047-1070, https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202000061.

[72] M. Naguib, O. Mashtalir, J. Carle, et al., “Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides,” ACS Nano6, no. 2 (2012): 1322-1331, https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204153h.

[73] J. Halim, M. R. Lukatskaya, K. M. Cook, et al., “Transparent Conductive Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide Epitaxial Thin Films,” Chemistry of Materials26, no. 7 (2014): 2374-2381, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm500641a.

[74] P. Urbankowski, B. Anasori, T. Makaryan, et al., “Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Titanium Nitride Ti₄N₃ (MXene),” Nanoscale8, no. 22 (2016): 11385-11391, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr02253g.

[75] W. Sun, S. A. Shah, Y. Chen, et al., “Electrochemical Etching of Ti₂AlC to Ti₂CT_x (MXene) in Low-Concentration Hydrochloric Acid Solution,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A5, no. 41 (2017): 21663-21668, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05574a.

[76] T. Li, L. Yao, Q. Liu, et al., “Fluorine-Free Synthesis of High-Purity Ti₃C₂T_x (T=OH, O) via Alkali Treatment,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition57, no. 21 (2018): 6115-6119, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800887.

[77] M. Li, J. Lu, K. Luo, et al., “Element Replacement Approach by Reaction With Lewis Acidic Molten Salts to Synthesize Nanolaminated MAX Phases and MXenes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society141, no. 11 (2019): 4730-4737, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b00574.

[78] H. Shi, P. Zhang, Z. Liu, et al., “Ambient-Stable Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Enabled by Iodine Etching,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition60, no. 16 (2021): 8689-8693, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202015627.

[79] D. Wang, C. Zhou, A. S. Filatov, et al., “Direct Synthesis and Chemical Vapor Deposition of 2D Carbide and Nitride MXenes,” Science379, no. 6638 (2023): 1242-1247, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add9204.

[80] M. Ostermann, M. Piljević, E. Akbari, et al., “Pulsed Electrochemical Exfoliation for an HF-Free Sustainable MXene Synthesis,” Small21, no. 22 (2025): 2500807, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500807.

[81] M. Naguib, V. N. Mochalin, M. W. Barsoum, and Y. Gogotsi, “25th Anniversary Article: MXenes: A New Family of Two-Dimensional Materials,” Advanced Materials26, no. 7 (2014): 992-1005, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304138.

[82] J. Zhou, X. Zha, F. Y. Chen, et al., “A Two-Dimensional Zirconium Carbide by Selective Etching of Al₃C₃ From Nanolaminated Zr₃Al₃C₅,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition55, no. 16 (2016): 5008-5013, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510432.

[83] X. Huang and P. Wu, “A Facile, High-Yield, and Freeze-and-Thaw-Assisted Approach to Fabricate MXene With Plentiful Wrinkles and Its Application in On-Chip Micro-Supercapacitors,” Advanced Functional Materials30, no. 12 (2020): 1910048, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910048.

[84] Q. Zhang, R. Fan, W. Cheng, et al., “Synthesis of Large-Area MXenes With High Yields Through Power-Focused Delamination Utilizing Vortex Kinetic Energy,” Advanced Science9, no. 28 (2022): 2202748, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202202748.

[85] I.-W. P. Chen, A. A. Kashale, and Y.-H. Pan, “Hydrofluoric Acid-Free Synthesis of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Nanostructures for Energy Applications,” ACS Applied Nano Materials6, no. 3 (2023): 1985-1995, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c04948.

[86] M. Naguib, R. R. Unocic, B. L. Armstrong, and J. Nanda, “Large-Scale Delamination of Multi-Layers Transition Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides ‘MXenes’,” Dalton Transactions44, no. 20 (2015): 9353-9358, https://doi.org/10.1039/c5dt01247c.

[87] G. Li, L. Tan, Y. Zhang, B. Wu, and L. Li, “Highly Efficiently Delaminated Single-Layered MXene Nanosheets With Large Lateral Size,” Langmuir33, no. 36 (2017): 9000-9006, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01339.

[88] F. Han, S. Luo, L. Xie, et al., “Boosting the Yield of MXene 2D Sheets via a Facile Hydrothermal-Assisted Intercalation,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces11, no. 8 (2019): 8443-8452, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b22339.

[89] Y. Li, H. Shao, Z. Lin, et al., “A General Lewis Acidic Etching Route for Preparing MXenes With Enhanced Electrochemical Performance in Non-Aqueous Electrolyte,” Nature Materials19, no. 8 (2020): 894-899, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0657-0.

[90] C. Xu, L. Wang, Z. Liu, et al., “Large-Area High-Quality 2D Ultrathin Mo₂C Superconducting Crystals,” Nature Materials14, no. 11 (2015): 1135-1141, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4374.

[91] L. Jiang, D. Zhou, J. Yang, et al., “2D Single-and Few-Layered MXenes: Synthesis, Applications and Perspectives,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A10, no. 26 (2022): 13651-13672, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta01572b.

[92] A. Inman, V. Šedajová, K. Matthews, et al., “Shear Delamination of Multilayer MXenes,” Journal of Materials Research37, no. 22 (2022): 4006-4016, https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00690-3.

[93] V. Thirumal, R. Yuvakkumar, P. S. Kumar, et al., “Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of MXene@ Antimony Nanoneedle Composites for Toxic Pollutants Removal,” Environmental Research210 (2022): 112904, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112904.

[94] J. Halim, S. Kota, M. R. Lukatskaya, et al., “Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Molybdenum Carbide (MXene),” Advanced Functional Materials26, no. 18 (2016): 3118-3127, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505328.

[95] M. Tahir, A. Sherryna, R. Mansoor, A. A. Khan, S. Tasleem, and B. Tahir, “Titanium Carbide MXene Nanostructures as Catalysts and Cocatalysts for Photocatalytic Fuel Production: A Review,” ACS Applied Nano Materials5, no. 1 (2022): 18-54, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c03112.

[96] M. Naguib, J. Halim, J. Lu, et al., “New Two-Dimensional Niobium and Vanadium Carbides as Promising Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Journal of the American Chemical Society135, no. 43 (2013): 15966-15969, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405735d.

[97] J. Come, M. Naguib, P. Rozier, et al., “A Non-Aqueous Asymmetric Cell With a Ti₂C-Based Two-Dimensional Negative Electrode,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society159, no. 8 (2012): A1368-A1373, https://doi.org/10.1149/2.003208jes.

[98] X. Sang, Y. Xie, M. W. Lin, et al., “Atomic Defects in Monolayer Titanium Carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x) MXene,” ACS Nano10, no. 10 (2016): 9193-9200, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05240.

[99] N. Mahar, A. Al-Ahmed, and A. A. Al-Saadi, “Synthesis of Vanadium Carbide MXene With Improved Inter-Layer Spacing for SERS-Based Quantification of Anti-Cancer Drugs,” Applied Surface Science607 (2023): 155034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155034.

[100] K. Rasool, R. P. Pandey, P. A. Rasheed, S. Buczek, Y. Gogotsi, and K. A. Mahmoud, “Water Treatment and Environmental Remediation Applications of Two-Dimensional Metal Carbides (MXenes),” Materials Today30 (2019): 80-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.05.017.

[101] Y. Zeng and W. Wu, “Synthesis of 2D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene and MXene-Based Composites for Flexible Strain and Pressure Sensors,” Nanoscale Horizons6, no. 11 (2021): 893-906, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1nh00317h.

[102] G. Murali, J. K. R. Modigunta, Y. H. Park, et al., “A Review on MXene Synthesis, Stability, and Photocatalytic Applications,” ACS Nano16, no. 9 (2022): 13370-13429, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04750.

[103] T. S. Kvashina, N. F. Uvarov, M. A. Korchagin, Y. L. Krutskiy, and A. V. Ukhina, “Synthesis of MXene Ti₃C₂ by Selective Etching of MAX-Phase Ti₃AlC₂,” Materials Today: Proceedings31 (2020): 592-594, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.107.

[104] Z. Jiang, X. Zhang, S. Guo, et al., “Recent Advances and Perspectives of Emerging Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbide/Nitride-Based Materials for Organic Pollutant Photocatalysis,” Materials Chemistry Frontiers7, no. 20 (2023): 4658-4682, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3qm00288h.

[105] Y. Guo, Z. Du, Z. Cao, B. Li, and S. Yang, “MXene Derivatives for Energy Storage and Conversions,” Small Methods7, no. 8 (2023): 2201559, https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202201559.

[106] S. Y. Pang, Y. T. Wong, S. Yuan, et al., “Universal Strategy for HF-Free Facile and Rapid Synthesis of Two-Dimensional MXenes as Multifunctional Energy Materials,” Journal of the American Chemical Society141, no. 24 (2019): 9610-9616, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b02578.

[107] C. Wang, H. Shou, S. Chen, et al., “HCl-Based Hydrothermal Etching Strategy Toward Fluoride-Free MXenes,” Advanced Materials33, no. 27 (2021): 2101015, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101015.

[108] J. Mei, G. A. Ayoko, C. Hu, J. M. Bell, and Z. Sun, “Two-Dimensional Fluorine-free Mesoporous Mo₂C MXene via UV-Induced Selective Etching of Mo₂Ga₂C for Energy Storage,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies25 (2020): e00156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00156.

[109] T. Bashir, S. A. Ismail, J. Wang, W. Zhu, J. Zhao, and L. Gao, “MXene Terminating Groups =O, –F or –OH, –F or =O, –OH, –F, or =O, –OH, –Cl?,” Journal of Energy Chemistry76 (2023): 90-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.08.032.

[110] F. Bibi, A. Hanan, I. A. Soomro, A. Numan, and M. Khalid, “Double Transition Metal MXenes for Enhanced Electrochemical Applications: Challenges and Opportunities,” EcoMat6, no. 9 (2024): e12485, https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12485.

[111] B. Zhang, W. Xu, S. Liu, et al., “Enhanced Interface Interaction in Cu₂S@Ni Core-Shell Nanorod Arrays as Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrode for Alkaline Seawater Electrolysis,” Journal of Power Sources506 (2021): 230235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230235.

[112] Y. An, Y. Tian, Q. Man, et al., “Fluorine- and Acid-Free Strategy Toward Scalable Fabrication of Two-Dimensional MXenes for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Nano Letters23, no. 11 (2023): 5217-5226, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01201.

[113] A. A. Mayyahi, S. Sarker, B. M. Everhart, X. He, and P. B. Amama, “One-Step Fluorine-Free Synthesis of Delaminated, OH-Terminated Ti₃C₂: High Photocatalytic NO_x Storage Selectivity Enabled by Coupling TiO₂ and Ti₃C₂-OH,” Materials Today Communications32, no. 2022 (2022): 103835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103835.

[114] F. Wang, S. Wang, F. Tian, et al., “Advances in Molten-Salt-Assisted Synthesis of 2D MXenes and Their Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion,” Chemical Engineering Journal470 (2023): 144185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144185.

[115] Q. Man, Y. An, H. Shen, et al., “MXenes and Their Derivatives for Advanced Solid-State Energy Storage Devices,” Advanced Functional Materials33, no. 41 (2023): 2303668, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202303668.

[116] T. Zhang, L. Chang, and X. Xiao, “Surface and Interface Regulation of MXenes: Methods and Properties,” Small Methods7, no. 8 (2023): 2201530, https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202201530.

[117] A. Jawaid, A. Hassan, G. Neher, et al., “Halogen Etch of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX Phase for MXene Fabrication,” ACS Nano15, no. 2 (2021): 2771-2777, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08630.

[118] M. R. Lukatskaya, J. Halim, B. Dyatkin, et al., “Room-Temperature Carbide-Derived Carbon Synthesis by Electrochemical Etching of MAX Phases,” Angewandte Chemie126, no. 19 (2014): 4977-4980, https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201402513.

[119] M. A. Saeed, M. Z. Qamar, Z. Khalid, E. Chamanehpour, and Y. K. Mishra, “Two-Dimensional MXenes: A Route From Synthesis to Applications in Self-Powered IoT Devices,” Chemical Engineering Journal490 (2024): 151600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151600.

[120] F. Turker, O. R. Caylan, N. Mehmood, T. S. Kasirga, C. Sevik, and G. C. Buke, “CVD Synthesis and Characterization of Thin Mo₂C Crystals,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society103, no. 10 (2020): 5586-5593, https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17317.

[121] Z. Sun, M. Yuan, L. Lin, et al., “Selective Lithiation–Expansion–Microexplosion Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Fluoride-Free MXene,” ACS Materials Letters1, no. 6 (2019): 628-632, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00390.

[122] P. Urbankowski, B. Anasori, K. Hantanasirisakul, et al., “2D Molybdenum and Vanadium Nitrides Synthesized by Ammoniation of 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes),” Nanoscale9, no. 45 (2017): 17722-17730, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06721f.

[123] M. R. Lukatskaya, S. Kota, Z. Lin, et al., “Ultra-High-Rate Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides,” Nature Energy2, no. 8 (2017): 17105, https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.105.

[124] M. Yao, Y. Chen, Z. Wang, et al., “Boosting Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density via Engineering Macroporous MXene Films for Supercapacitors,” Chemical Engineering Journal395 (2020): 124057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124057.

[125] Y. Yue, N. Liu, W. Liu, et al., “3D Hybrid Porous MXene-Sponge Network and Its Application in Piezoresistive Sensor,” Nano Energy50 (2018): 79-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.020.

[126] P. Zhang, Q. Zhu, R. A. Soomro, et al., “In Situ Ice Template Approach to Fabricate 3D Flexible MXene Film-Based Electrode for High Performance Supercapacitors,” Advanced Functional Materials30, no. 47 (2020): 2000922, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000922.

[127] N. Kong, K. Lv, W. Chen, et al., “Natural Polymer Template for Low-Cost Producing High-Performance Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces14, no. 51 (2022): 56877-56885, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c18559.

[128] Y. Shao, L. Wei, X. Wu, et al., “Room-Temperature High-Precision Printing of Flexible Wireless Electronics Based on MXene Inks,” Nature Communications13, no. 1 (2022): 3223, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30648-2.

[129] R. Shi, M. Zhang, X. Yan, J. Pan, J. M. Moradian, and Z. Shahnavaz, “Flexible, Self-Supporting Ti₃C₂T_x Thin Film Electrodes Prepared Through Vacuum Filtration and Applied for Supercapacitors,” Vacuum226 (2024): 113326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2024.113326.

[130] S. P. Sreenilayam, I. U. Ahad, V. Nicolosi, and D. Brabazon, “MXene Materials Based Printed Flexible Devices for Healthcare, Biomedical and Energy Storage Applications,” Materials Today43 (2021): 99-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.10.025.

[131] J. Lu, X. Xu, H. Zhang, et al., “All-Printed MXene/WS₂-Based Flexible Humidity Sensor for Multi-Scenario Applications,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical422 (2025): 136605, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.136605.

[132] D. Wen, X. Wang, L. Liu, et al., “Inkjet Printing Transparent and Conductive MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) Films: A Strategy for Flexible Energy Storage Devices,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces13, no. 15 (2021): 17766-17780, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c00724.

[133] C. Zhang, L. McKeon, M. P. Kremer, et al., “Additive-Free MXene Inks and Direct Printing of Micro-Supercapacitors,” Nature Communications10, no. 1 (2019): 1795, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09398-1.

[134] J. V. Vaghasiya, C. C. M. Martinez, Z. Sofer, and M. Pumera, “MXene-Based Flexible Supercapacitors: Influence of an Organic Ionic Conductor Electrolyte on the Performance,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces12, no. 47 (2020): 53039-53048, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12879.

[135] Z. Song, T. Wu, L. Zhang, and H. Song, “Multi-Responsive and Self-Sensing Flexible Actuator Based on MXene and Cellulose Nanofibers Janus Film,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science688 (2025): 183-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.02.147.

[136] Y. Zhang, T.-H. Chang, L. Jing, K. Li, H. Yang, and P.-Y. Chen, “Heterogeneous, 3D Architecturing of 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) for Microdroplet Manipulation and Voice Recognition,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces12, no. 7 (2020): 8392-8402, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18879.

[137] C. Choi, J. A. Lee, A. Y. Choi, et al., “Flexible Supercapacitor Made of Carbon Nanotube Yarn With Internal Pores,” Advanced Materials26, no. 13 (2013): 2059-2065, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304736.

[138] J. A. Lee, M. K. Shin, S. H. Kim, et al., “Ultrafast Charge and Discharge Biscrolled Yarn Supercapacitors for Textiles and Microdevices,” Nature Communications4, no. 1 (2013): 1970, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2970.

[139] G. Yin, J. Wu, L. Ye, et al., “Dynamic Adaptive Wrinkle-Structured Silk Fibroin/MXene Composite Fibers for Switchable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding,” Advanced Functional Materials35, no. 18 (2025): 2314425, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202314425.

[140] J. Gao, H. Wang, Z. Gao, et al., “Preparation and Performance Study of High-Sensitivity Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on MXene/PVDF@ZIF-8 Composite Membranes,” Applied Surface Science681 (2025): 161626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161626.

[141] J. Dong and Q. Ma, “Advances in Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Carbon Nanotube Toxicity,” Nanotoxicology9, no. 5 (2015): 658-676, https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2015.1009187.

[142] Y. Zheng, Y. Wang, J. Zhao, and Y. Li, “Electrostatic Interfacial Cross-Linking and Structurally Oriented Fiber Constructed by Surface-Modified 2D MXene for High-Performance Flexible Pseudocapacitive Storage,” ACS Nano17, no. 3 (2023): 2487-2496, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c10065.

[143] N. He, S. Patil, J. Qu, J. Liao, F. Zhao, and W. Gao, “Effects of Electrolyte Mediation and MXene Size in Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors,” ACS Applied Energy Materials3, no. 3 (2020): 2949-2958, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00024.

[144] S. Seyedin, S. Uzun, A. Levitt, et al., “MXene Composite and Coaxial Fibers With High Stretchability and Conductivity for Wearable Strain Sensing Textiles,” Advanced Functional Materials30, no. 12 (2020): 1910504, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910504.

[145] Y. Sun, T. Li, X. Liu, et al., “Surface Engineered Covalent Bridging Strategy to In-Situ Fabricate MXene-Based Core-Sheath Fiber for Flexible Supercapacitors With Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Density and Mechanical Properties,” Chemical Engineering Journal498 (2024): 155578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.155578.

[146] L. Song, D. Kuang, J. Tang, H. Cheng, and C. Wang, “Continuous Scale Preparation of Stretchable and Durable Flexible MXene/MWCNTs@ TPU Coaxial Fibers for Human Motion Detection,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical388 (2025): 116310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2025.116310.

[147] J. Zhang, S. Uzun, S. Seyedin, et al., “Additive-Free MXene Liquid Crystals and Fibers,” ACS Central Science6, no. 2 (2020): 254-265, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b01217.

[148] A. Levitt, S. Seyedin, J. Zhang, et al., “Bath Electrospinning of Continuous and Scalable Multifunctional MXene-Infiltrated Nanoyarns,” Small16, no. 26 (2020): 2002158, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002158.

[149] D. Seo, M. R. Kim, J. Kyu Song, et al., “Hollow Ti₃C₂ MXene/Carbon Nanofibers as an Advanced Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” ChemElectroChem9, no. 1 (2022): e202101344, https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202101344.

[150] X. Zheng, J. Shen, Q. Hu, et al., “Vapor Phase Polymerized Conducting Polymer/MXene Textiles for Wearable Electronics,” Nanoscale13, no. 3 (2021): 1832-1841, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr07433k.

[151] H. Zhang, H. Ji, J. Chen, N. Wang, and H. Xiao, “A Multi-Scale MXene Coating Method for Preparing Washable Conductive Cotton Yarn and Fabric,” Industrial Crops and Products188 (2022): 115653, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115653.

[152] S. Uzun, S. Seyedin, A. L. Stoltzfus, et al., “Knittable and Washable Multifunctional MXene-Coated Cellulose Yarns,” Advanced Functional Materials29, no. 45 (2019): 1905015, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905015.

[153] R. Thankappan, K. Vasanthakumari, and U. U. Sulthana, “MXene-Coated Flexible PVDF Membrane as Wearable Strain Sensor,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics33, no. 32 (2022): 24542-24549, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09165-x.

[154] E. Pomerantseva, F. Bonaccorso, X. Feng, Y. Cui, and Y. Gogotsi, “Energy Storage: The Future Enabled by Nanomaterials,” Science366, no. 6468 (2019): eaan8285, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8285.

[155] Y. Zhang, C. Tang, S. Lu, Y. Zeng, Q. Hua, and Y. Zhang, “MnO₂ Nanoflower Intercalation on Ti₃C₂T_x MXene With Expanded Interlayer Spacing for Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors,” Carbon Neutralization4, no. 3 (2025): e70006, https://doi.org/10.1002/cnl2.70006.

[156] J. Zhou, J. Yu, L. Shi, et al., “A Conductive and Highly Deformable All-Pseudocapacitive Composite Paper as Supercapacitor Electrode With Improved Areal and Volumetric Capacitance,” Small14, no. 51 (2018): 1803786, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803786.

[157] W. Liu, M. Li, G. Jiang, et al., “Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Advanced Electrode Materials: Design, Synthesis and Their Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis,” Advanced Energy Materials10, no. 29 (2020): 2001275, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001275.

[158] H. Hwang, S. Byun, S. Yuk, S. Kim, S. H. Song, and D. Lee, “High-Rate Electrospun Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors,” Applied Surface Science556 (2021): 149710, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149710.

[159] Y. Zhang, L. Wang, L. Zhao, et al., “Flexible Self-Powered Integrated Sensing System With 3D Periodic Ordered Black Phosphorus@MXene Thin-Films,” Advanced Materials33, no. 22 (2021): 2007890, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007890.

[160] J. Yan, C. E. Ren, K. Maleski, et al., “Flexible MXene/Graphene Films for Ultrafast Supercapacitors With Outstanding Volumetric Capacitance,” Advanced Functional Materials27, no. 30 (2017): 1701264, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701264.

[161] K. Li, P. Zhang, R. A. Soomro, and B. Xu, “Alkali-Induced Porous MXene/Carbon Nanotube-Based Film Electrodes for Supercapacitors,” ACS Applied Nano Materials5, no. 3 (2022): 4180-4186, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c00109.

[162] Y.-L. Huang and S.-W. Bian, “Vacuum-Filtration Assisted Layer-by-Layer Strategy to Design MXene/Carbon nanotube@MnO₂ All-in-One Supercapacitors,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A9, no. 37 (2021): 21347-21356, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta06089a.

[163] A. VahidMohammadi, W. Liang, M. Mojtabavi, M. Wanunu, and M. Beidaghi, “2D Titanium and Vanadium Carbide MXene Heterostructures for Electrochemical Energy Storage,” Energy Storage Materials41 (2021): 554-562, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.014.

[164] X. Zhang, B. Shao, A. Guo, et al., “MnO₂ Nanoshells/Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Hybrid Film as Supercapacitor Electrode,” Applied Surface Science560 (2021): 150040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150040.

[165] M. Xia, J. Ning, X. Feng, et al., “Ionization-Bombardment Assisted Deposition of MXene/SiC Heterostructure for Micro-Supercapacitor With Enhanced Sodium Storage,” Chemical Engineering Journal428 (2022): 131114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131114.

[166] Y. Wang, X. Wang, X. Li, et al., “Intercalating Ultrathin MoO₃ Nanobelts Into MXene Film With Ultrahigh Volumetric Capacitance and Excellent Deformation for High-Energy-Density Devices,” Nano-Micro Letters12, no. 1 (2020): 115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00450-0.

[167] W. Zhao, J. Peng, W. Wang, et al., “Interlayer Hydrogen-Bonded Metal Porphyrin Frameworks/MXene Hybrid Film With High Capacitance for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors,” Small15, no. 18 (2019): 1901351, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901351.

[168] Y. Ma, H. Sheng, W. Dou, et al., “Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles Anchored on the Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Paper for Flexible Supercapacitors With Ultrahigh Volumetric Capacitance,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces12, no. 37 (2020): 41410-41418, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11034.

[169] A. S. Etman, J. Halim, and J. Rosen, “Mixed MXenes: Mo_1.33Ct_z and Ti₃C₂T_z Freestanding Composite Films for Energy Storage,” Nano Energy88 (2021): 106271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106271.

[170] X. Wang, Y. Wang, D. Liu, et al., “Opening MXene Ion Transport Channels by Intercalating PANI Nanoparticles From the Self-Assembly Approach for High Volumetric and Areal Energy Density Supercapacitors,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces13, no. 26 (2021): 30633-30642, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06934.

[171] W. Chen, D. Zhang, K. Yang, M. Luo, P. Yang, and X. Zhou, “MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x)/Cellulose Nanofiber/Porous Carbon Film as Free-Standing Electrode for Ultrathin and Flexible Supercapacitors,” Chemical Engineering Journal413 (2021): 127524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127524.

[172] J. Yu, J. Zhou, P. Yao, et al., “Antimonene Engineered Highly Deformable Freestanding Electrode With Extraordinarily Improved Energy Storage Performance,” Advanced Energy Materials9, no. 44 (2019): 1902462, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902462.

[173] H. Chen, L. Yu, Z. Lin, et al., “Carbon Nanotubes Enhance Flexible MXene Films for High-Rate Supercapacitors,” Journal of Materials Science53, no. 3 (2020): 1148-1156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04003-8.

[174] T. Xu, Y. Wang, K. Liu, et al., “Ultralight MXene/Carbon Nanotube Composite Aerogel for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitor,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Material6, no. 3 (2023): 108, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-023-00675-8.

[175] Q. Yang, Z. Xu, B. Fang, et al., “MXene/Graphene Hybrid Fibers for High Performance Flexible Supercapacitors,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A5, no. 42 (2017): 22113-22119, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07999k.

[176] Y. Zhou, K. Maleski, B. Anasori, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Electrodes for Stretchable Supercapacitors,” ACS Nano14, no. 3 (2020): 3576-3586, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b10066.

[177] Y. Jin, J. Geng, Y. Wang, et al., “Flexible All-Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitor Based on Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes,” Surfaces and Interfaces53 (2024): 104999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104999.

[178] W. Luo, Q. Liu, B. Zhang, et al., “Binder-Free Flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Film as Electrode for Asymmetric Supercapacitor,” Chemical Engineering Journal474 (2023): 145553, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145553.

[179] Y. Li, B. Xin, Z. Lu, X. Zhou, Y. Liu, and Y. Hu, “Enhancing the Supercapacitor Performance of Flexible MXene/Carbon Cloth Electrodes by Oxygen Plasma and Chemistry Modification,” International Journal of Energy Research45, no. 6 (2021): 9229-9240, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6454.

[180] Y. Wei, M. Zheng, W. Luo, et al., “All Pseudocapacitive MXene-MnO₂ Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitor,” Journal of Energy Storage45 (2022): 103715, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103715.

[181] M. F. Iqbal, F. Nasir, F. Shabbir, et al., “Supercapacitors: An Emerging Energy Storage System,” Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research6, no. 8 (2025): 2400412, https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400412.

[182] H. S. Nishad, S. M. Mane, S. P. Patole, J. Lee, S. Gosavi, and P. S. Walke, “Temperature Driven Pseudocapactive Performance of WO₃/MXene Nanocomposite for Asymmetric Aqueous Supercapacitors,” Chemical Engineering Journal495 (2024): 153360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.153360.

[183] S. K. Rout, P. K. Samal, J. Panigrahy, P. Nanda, S. Praharaj, and D. Rout, “Enhanced Cyclic Stability of MoO₃@BiFeO₃ Nanocomposites for Long Life Supercapacitor Electrodes,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds1020 (2025): 179422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.179422.

[184] D. Malavekar, S. Pujari, S. Jang, S. Bachankar, and J. H. Kim, “Recent Development on Transition Metal Oxides-Based Core–Shell Structures for Boosted Energy Density Supercapacitors,” Small1, no. 20 (2024): 2312179, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202312179.

[185] C.-K. Hung, A. R. Thiruppathi, C. McGuire, D.-T. Jiang, and A. Chen, “Expanded Graphite/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Architecture Functionalized With RuO₂ Nanoclusters for High Performance Energy Storage,” Journal of Energy Storage106 (2025): 114776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114776.

[186] G. Theertharaman, K. Vishva, K. M. Nibin, and S. Balakumar, “Enhanced Cathodic Electrodes From V₂O₅ Nanorods: Pioneering Organic Dye Degradation and Optimized Catalysis for Sustainable Supercapattery Devices,” Journal of Energy Storage106 (2025): 114781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114781.

[187] U. Singh, M. Patra, A. K. Chakraborty, S. Shukla, and S. Saxena, “α-Fe₂O₃ Nanocubes as High-Performance Anode for Supercapacitor,” Advanced Sustainable Systems9, no. 2 (2025): 2400704, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202400704.

[188] S. Sivaramakrishnan, D. Murugan, M. R. Kumar, et al., “Synthesis of Heterostructure CeO₂-Co₃O₄ Nanocomposite by Hydrothermal Approach for High Performance Supercapacitor Application,” Materials Today Communications46 (2025): 112535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112535.

[189] W. Luo, Y. Sun, Z. Lin, et al., “Flexible Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/V₂O₅ Composite Films for High-Performance All-Solid Supercapacitors,” Journal of Energy Storage62 (2023): 106807, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.106807.

[190] Y. Yu, T. Ma, and H. Huang, “Semiconducting Quantum Dots for Energy Conversion and Storage,” Advanced Functional Materials33, no. 16 (2023): 2213770, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202213770.

[191] K. Zhao, H. Wang, C. Zhu, S. Lin, Z. Xu, and X. Zhang, “Free-Standing MXene Film Modified by Amorphous FeOOH Quantum Dots for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor,” Electrochimica Acta308 (2019): 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.225.

[192] D. Majumdar, M. Mandal, and S. K. Bhattacharya, “V₂O₅ and Its Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications,” ChemElectroChem6, no. 6 (2019): 1623-1648, https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801761.

[193] S. N. Ansari, M. Saraf, Z. Abbas, and S. M. Mobin, “Heterostructures of MXenes and Transition Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors: An Overview,” Nanoscale15, no. 33 (2023): 13546-13560, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nr01755a.

[194] A. Tundwal, H. Kumar, B. J. Binoj, et al., “Developments in Conducting Polymer-Metal Oxide-and Carbon Nanotube-Based Composite Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review,” RSC Advances14, no. 14 (2024): 9406-9439, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra08312h.

[195] H. Hwang, S. Yang, S. Yuk, K.-S. Lee, S. Byun, and D. Lee, “Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as a Growth Template for Amorphous RuO_x in Carbon Nanofiber-Based Flexible Electrodes for Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage,” NPG Asia Materials15, no. 1 (2023): 29, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-023-00476-x.

[196] H. Zhou, Y. Lu, F. Wu, et al., “MnO₂ Nanorods/MXene/CC Composite Electrode for Flexible Supercapacitors With Enhanced Electrochemical Performance,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds802 (2019): 259-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.173.

[197] Q. Liu, J. Yang, X. Luo, et al., “Fabrication of a Fibrous MnO₂@MXene/CNT Electrode for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitor,” Ceramics International46, no. 8 (2020): 11874-11881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.01.222.

[198] X. Zhang, W. Lu, G. Zhou, and Q. Li, “Understanding the Mechanical and Conductive Properties of Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Smart Electronics,” Advanced Materials32, no. 5 (2020): 1902028, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902028.

[199] R. S. Karmur, D. Gogoi, A. Biswas, C. Prathibha, M. R. Das, and N. N. Ghosh, “Nanocomposite Having Hierarchical Architecture of MXene-WO₃ Nanorod@ rGO Sponge and Porous Carbon for Cathode and Anode Materials for High-Performance Flexible All-Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitor Device,” Applied Surface Science623 (2023): 157042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.157042.

[200] M. Liu, F. Wu, L. Zheng, et al., “Nature-Inspired Porous Multichannel Carbon Monolith: Molecular Cooperative Enables Sustainable Production and High-Performance Capacitive Energy Storage,” InfoMat3, no. 10 (2021): 1154-1170, https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12231.

[201] K. Yang, M. Luo, D. Zhang, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x/Carbon Nanotube/Porous Carbon Film for Flexible Supercapacitor,” Chemical Engineering Journal427 (2022): 132002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132002.

[202] S.-X. Yan, S.-H. Luo, Q. Wang, Y.-H. Zhang, and X. Liu, “Rational Design of Hierarchically Sulfide and MXene-Reinforced Porous Carbon Nanofibers as Advanced Electrode for High Energy Density Flexible Supercapacitors,” Composites Part B: Engineering224 (2021): 109246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109246.

[203] D. Zhang, M. Luo, K. Yang, et al., “Porosity-Adjustable MXene Film With Transverse and Longitudinal Ion Channels for Flexible Supercapacitors,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials326 (2021): 111389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111389.

[204] C. Lu, Y.-S. Zhang, Y.-X. Hu, J. Li, B.-M. Zhang, and M.-C. Liu, “Ultrafine Mo₂C Nanoparticles Supported on Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Carbon Architecture Toward Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications,” Journal of Energy Storage33 (2021): 101855, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101855.

[205] M. K. Tufail, A. Ahmed, M. Rafiq, et al., “Chemistry Aspects and Designing Strategies of Flexible Materials for High-Performance Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Chemical Record24, no. 1 (2024): e202300155, https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300155.

[206] J. Chang, Q. Huang, Y. Gao, and Z. Zheng, “Pathways of Developing High-Energy-Density Flexible Lithium Batteries,” Advanced Materials33, no. 46 (2021): 2004419, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004419.

[207] T. Li, S. Gao, K. Li, et al., “Tailoring the Phase Evolution of Molybdenum-Based Nanocrystals in Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds934 (2023): 168042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168042.

[208] Y. Tian, Y. An, and J. Feng, “Flexible and Freestanding Silicon/MXene Composite Papers for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces11, no. 10 (2019): 10004-10011, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b21893.

[209] J. Lin, L. Liu, Y. Peng, C. Wu, X. Yang, and N. Zhou, “Rigid-Flexible Coupling Modification Strategy Realized by Combining MXene With C-Coated Microsilicon for Long-Life Li-Ion Battery,” ACS Applied Energy Materials7, no. 3 (2024): 1182-1191, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02720.

[210] X. Lu, J. Cheng, D. Zhou, et al., “Highly Flexible Multilayer MXene Hollow Carbon Nanofibers Confined With Fe₃C Particles for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal478 (2023): 147366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147366.

[211] Y. An, Y. Tian, Q. Man, et al., “Highly Reversible Zn Metal Anodes Enabled by Freestanding, Lightweight, and Zincophilic MXene/Nanoporous Oxide Heterostructure Engineered Separator for Flexible Zn-MnO₂ Batteries,” ACS Nano16, no. 4 (2022): 6755-6770, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c01571.

[212] S. Mathialagan and P. G. Priya, “Mo₂C–MoS₂ Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid: Epitaxial Synthesis of Mo₂C to Augment the Lithium Storage Properties of MoS₂,” Carbon158 (2020): 756-765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.050.

[213] P. Zhang, Q. Zhu, Z. Guan, Q. Zhao, N. Sun, and B. Xu, “A Flexible Si@C Electrode With Excellent Stability Employing an MXene as a Multifunctional Binder for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” ChemSusChem13, no. 6 (2020): 1621-1628, https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901497.

[214] H. Chen, X. Xiao, Q. Zhu, P. Zhang, X. Wang, and B. Xu, “Flexible Mn₃O₄/MXene Films With 2D–2D Architectures as Stable and Ultrafast Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces14, no. 41 (2022): 46502-46512, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c11577.

[215] Y. Fang, R. Lian, H. Li, et al., “Induction of Planar Sodium Growth on MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x)-Modified Carbon Cloth Hosts for Flexible Sodium Metal Anodes,” ACS Nano14, no. 7 (2020): 8744-8753, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03259.

[216] J. Chun, X. Wang, C. Wei, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, and J. Feng, “Flexible and Free-Supporting Prussian Blue Analogs/MXene Film for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources576 (2023): 233165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233165.

[217] S. Yang, C. Liu, H. Li, S. Wang, J. Choi, and L. Li, “Quantum Dot Heterostructure With Directional Charge Transfer Channels for High Sodium Storage,” Energy Storage Materials39 (2021): 278-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.04.039.

[218] G. Y. Wang, S. Wang, X. Sun, et al., “Metallic Mo₂C Quantum Dots Confined in Functional Carbon Nanofiber Films Toward Efficient Sodium Storage: Heterogeneous Interface Engineering and Charge-Storage Mechanism,” ACS Applied Energy Materials5, no. 1 (2021): 1114-1125, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c03477.

[219] Z. Yuan, J. Cao, S. Valerii, H. Xu, L. Wang, and W. Han, “MXene-Bonded Hollow MoS₂/Carbon Sphere Strategy for High-Performance Flexible Sodium Ion Storage,” Chemical Engineering Journal430 (2022): 132755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132755.

[220] Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Jiang, et al., “Free-Standing Na₂C₆O₆/MXene Composite Paper for High-Performance Organic Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Nano Research16, no. 1 (2023): 458-465, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4696-5.

[221] D. Guo, F. Ming, H. Su, et al., “MXene Based Self-Assembled Cathode and Antifouling Separator for High-Rate and Dendrite-Inhibited Li–S Battery,” Nano Energy61 (2019): 478-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.011.

[222] Y. Wang, D. Zhang, J. Han, et al., “Porous Mo₂C-Mo₃N₂ heterostructure/rGO With Synergistic Functions as Polysulfides Regulator for High-Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal433 (2022): 133629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133629.

[223] J. Xia, R. Gao, Y. Yang, et al., “Ti_nO_2n–1/MXene Hierarchical Bifunctional Catalyst Anchored on Graphene Aerogel Toward Flexible and High-Energy Li–S Batteries,” ACS Nano16, no. 11 (2022): 19133-19144, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08246.

[224] Z. Chen, X. Yang, X. Qiao, et al., “Lithium-Ion-Engineered Interlayers of V₂C MXene as Advanced Host for Flexible Sulfur Cathode With Enhanced Rate Performance,” Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters11, no. 3 (2020): 885-890, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03827.

[225] S. Nam, J. Kim, V. H. Nguyen, et al., “Collectively Exhaustive MXene and Graphene Oxide Multilayer for Suppressing Shuttling Effect in Flexible Lithium sulfur Battery,” Advanced Materials Technologies7, no. 5 (2022): 2101025, https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101025.

[226] K. Liu, Y. Fan, A. Ali, and P. K. Shen, “A Flexible and Conductive MXene-Coated Fabric Integrated With In Situ Sulfur Loaded MXene Nanosheets for Long-Life Rechargeable Li–S Batteries,” Nanoscale13, no. 5 (2021): 2963-2971, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08712b.

[227] H. Tang, W. Li, L. Pan, et al., “In Situ Formed Protective Barrier Enabled by Sulfur@Titanium Carbide (MXene) Ink for Achieving High-Capacity, Long Lifetime Li-S Batteries,” Advanced Science5, no. 9 (2018): 1800502, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800502.

[228] H. Li, Q. Jin, D. Li, et al., “Mo₂C-Embedded Carambola-Like N, S-Rich Carbon Framework as the Interlayer Material for High-Rate Lithium–Sulfur Batteries in a Wide Temperature Range,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces12, no. 20 (2020): 22971-22980, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c04842.

[229] M. Shi, B. Wang, Y. Shen, et al., “3D Assembly of MXene-Stabilized Spinel ZnMn₂O₄ for Highly Durable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal399 (2020): 125627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125627.

[230] K. Fang, F. Li, G.-G. Wang, et al., “High Mass-Loading and Binder-Free Flexible Vanadium-Based Oxide Cathode for Zinc-Ion Battery via a Bridge of MXene,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology143 (2023): 84-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.09.042.

[231] H. Geng, T. Zhou, H. L. Cao, Y. L. Li, and J. N. Wang, “Achieving Stability and Flexibility of Vanadium Dioxide Cathode-Based Zinc Ion Batteries With MXene Binder and Carbon Nanotube Structural Reinforcer,” Journal of Energy Storage91 (2024): 111985, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111985.

[232] M. Shi, B. Wang, C. Chen, J. Lang, C. Yan, and X. Yan, “3D High-Density MXene@MnO₂ Microflowers for Advanced Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A8, no. 46 (2020): 24635-24644, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09085a.

[233] J. Zhou, M. Xie, F. Wu, et al., “Encapsulation of Metallic Zn in a Hybrid MXene/Graphene Aerogel as a Stable Zn Anode for Foldable Zn-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials34, no. 1 (2022): 2106897, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202106897.

[234] C. Song, R. Zheng, Y. Li, et al., “Flexible Electrochromic Zinc Ion Battery Based on Prussian Blue Prepared by MXene-Assisted In Situ Growth,” Rare Metals44, no. 9 (2025): 6102-6114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-025-03350-7.

[235] B. Zhao, S. Wang, Q. Yu, et al., “A Flexible, Heat-Resistant and Self-Healable ‘Rocking-Chair’ Zinc Ion Microbattery Based on MXene-TiS₂ (De)Intercalation Anode,” Journal of Power Sources504 (2021): 230076, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230076.

[236] F. Huang, R. Wu, L. Zhang, et al., “MXene Embedded Hydrogel Electrolyte Enables Stable Zinc Metal Anodes for High-Performance Self-Healing Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources632 (2025): 236343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236343.

[237] L. Wen, J. Shi, Q. Zhang, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x-TiSe₂ Analogous Heterostructure for Flexible Zinc Ion Battery,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology150 (2023): 225-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.11.050.

[238] G. Zhang, K. Yin, A. Zheng, et al., “1D/2D Heterostructure Induced Built-In Electric Field Accelerate the Reaction Kinetics of MnO₂/MXene Paper-Like Film for Advanced Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Electrochimica Acta469 (2023): 143261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143261.

[239] S. Xu, Y. Dall'Agnese, J. Li, Y. Gogotsi, and W. Han, “Thermally Reduced Graphene/MXene Film for Enhanced Li-Ion Storage,” Chemistry–A European Journal24, no. 69 (2018): 18556-18563, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201805162.

[240] Z. Hong, H. Tian, Z. Fang, et al., “Carbon Nanotube/MXene Composite With a Dense Regular Connective Tissue Structure and Its Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Applied Energy Materials7, no. 18 (2024): 8004-8013, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.4c01650.

[241] L. P. Yu, X. H. Zhou, L. Lu, L. Xu, and F. J. Wang, “MXene/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Applications,” ChemSusChem14, no. 23 (2021): 5079-5111, https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101614.

[242] S. Peng, L. Li, J. K. Y. Lee, et al., “Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers and Their Hybrid Composites as Advanced Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage,” Nano Energy22 (2016): 361-395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.001.

[243] X. Cao, C. Ma, L. Luo, et al., “Nanofiber Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Fiber Materials5, no. 4 (2023): 1141-1197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00278-4.

[244] Y. Guo, D. Zhang, Y. Yang, et al., “MXene-Encapsulated Hollow Fe₃O₄ Nanochains Embedded in N-Doped Carbon Nanofibers With Dual Electronic Pathways as Flexible Anodes for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries,” Nanoscale13, no. 8 (2021): 4624-4633, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr09228b.

[245] Y. Ma, Y. Ma, G. T. Kim, et al., “Superior Lithium Storage Capacity of α-MnS Nanoparticles Embedded in S-Doped Carbonaceous Mesoporous Frameworks,” Advanced Energy Materials9, no. 43 (2019): 1902077, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902077.

[246] Q. Zeng, S. Tian, G. Liu, et al., “Sulfur-Bridged Bonds Boost the Conversion Reaction of the Flexible Self-Supporting MnS@MXene@CNF Anode for High-Rate and Long-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces14, no. 5 (2022): 6958-6966, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c24417.

[247] J. Hong, C. Paeng, S. Park, et al., “Flashlight Treatment for Instantaneous Structuring of Dense MXene Film into Porous MXene/TiO₂ Nanocomposite for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes,” Chemical Engineering Journal484 (2024): 149598, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149598.

[248] D. McNulty, E. Carroll, and C. O'Dwyer, “Rutile TiO₂ Inverse Opal Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries With Long Cycle Life, High-Rate Capability, and High Structural Stability,” Advanced Energy Materials7, no. 12 (2017): 1602291, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602291.

[249] S. Kumar and A. Chanana, “TiO₂ Based Nanomaterial: Synthesis, Structure, Photocatalytic Properties, and Removal of Dyes From Wastewater,” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering40, no. 8 (2023): 1822-1838, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-023-1455-6.

[250] J. Gao, M. A. Lowe, and H. D. Abruna, “Spongelike Nanosized Mn₃O₄ as a High-Capacity Anode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,” Chemistry of Materials23, no. 13 (2011): 3223-3227, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm201039w.

[251] M.-Q. Zhao, X. Xie, C. E. Ren, et al., “Hollow MXene Spheres and 3D Macroporous MXene Frameworks for Na-Ion Storage,” Advanced Materials29, no. 37 (2017): 1702410, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702410.

[252] Y. Aierken, C. Sevik, O. Gülseren, F. M. Peeters, and D. Çakır, “MXenes/Graphene Heterostructures for Li Battery Applications: A First Principles Study,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A6, no. 5 (2018): 2337-2345, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA09001C.

[253] C. Chen, M. Boota, X. Xie, et al., “Charge Transfer Induced Polymerization of EDOT Confined Between 2D Titanium Carbide Layers,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A5, no. 11 (2017): 5260-5265, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00149e.

[254] D. Zhao, M. Clites, G. Ying, et al., “Alkali-Induced Crumpling of Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene) to Form 3D Porous Networks for Sodium Ion Storage,” Chemical Communications54, no. 36 (2018): 4533-4536, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00649k.

[255] X. Mao, T. Xiao, Q. Zhang, and Z. Liu, “An Electrochemical Anodization Strategy Towards High-Activity Porous MoS₂ Electrodes for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction,” RSC Advances8, no. 27 (2018): 15030-15035, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01554f.

[256] Y. Xiao, L. Zheng, and M. Cao, “Hybridization and Pore Engineering for Achieving High-Performance Lithium Storage of Carbide as Anode Material,” Nano Energy12 (2015): 152-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.015.

[257] C. Hou, J. Wang, W. Du, et al., “One-Pot Synthesized Molybdenum Dioxide–Molybdenum Carbide Heterostructures Coupled With 3D Holey Carbon Nanosheets for Highly Efficient and Ultrastable Cycling Lithium-Ion Storage,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A7, no. 22 (2019): 13460-13472, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03551f.

[258] Z. Zhang, H. Ying, P. Huang, et al., “Porous Si Decorated on MXene as Free-Standing Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries With Enhanced Diffusion Properties and Mechanical Stability,” Chemical Engineering Journal451 (2023): 138785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138785.

[259] Q. Zhao, Q. Zhu, J. Miao, et al., “Flexible 3D Porous MXene Foam for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Small15, no. 51 (2019): 1904293, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201904293.

[260] Y. An, Y. Tian, C. Wei, et al., “Scalable and Physical Synthesis of 2D Silicon From Bulk Layered Alloy for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lithium Metal Batteries,” ACS Nano13, no. 12 (2019): 13690-13701, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06653.

[261] M. Sawicki and L. L. Shaw, “Advances and Challenges of Sodium Ion Batteries as Post Lithium Ion Batteries,” RSC Advances5, no. 65 (2015): 53129-53154, https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08321d.

[262] X.-J. Ye, R. Zhao, X. Xiong, X.-H. Wang, and C.-S. Liu, “A First-Principles Study of the BC₃N₂ Monolayer and a BC₃N₂/Graphene Heterostructure as Promising Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics26, no. 15 (2024): 11738-11745, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp04804g.

[263] K. Mishra, N. Yadav, and S. Hashmi, “Recent Progress in Electrode and Electrolyte Materials for Flexible Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A8, no. 43 (2020): 22507-22543, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07188a.

[264] V. Palomares, P. Serras, I. Villaluenga, K. B. Hueso, J. Carretero-González, and T. Rojo, “Na-Ion Batteries, Recent Advances and Present Challenges to Become Low Cost Energy Storage Systems,” Energy & Environmental Science5, no. 3 (2012): 5884-5901, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE02781J.

[265] J. Cao, L. Wang, D. Li, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Conductive Layers Supported Bio-Derived Fe_x−1Se_x/MXene/Carbonaceous Nanoribbons for High-Performance Half/Full Sodium-Ion and Potassium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials33, no. 34 (2021): 2101535, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101535.

[266] Y. Liu, Z. Sun, K. Tan, et al., “Recent Progress in Flexible Non-Lithium Based Rechargeable Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A7, no. 9 (2019): 4353-4382, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10258a.

[267] M. K. Aslam and M. Xu, “A Mini-Review: MXene Composites for Sodium/Potassium-Ion Batteries,” Nanoscale12, no. 30 (2020): 15993-16007, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr04111d.

[268] J. Pang, R. G. Mendes, A. Bachmatiuk, et al., “Applications of 2D MXenes in Energy Conversion and Storage Systems,” Chemical Society Reviews48, no. 1 (2019): 72-133, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00324f.

[269] P. S. NK, S. M. Jeong, and C. S. Rout, “MXene–Carbon Based Hybrid Materials for Supercapacitor Applications,” Energy Advances3, no. 2 (2024): 341-365, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ya00502j.

[270] R. Cui, Y. Ma, X. Gao, et al., “Research Progress of Co-Intercalation Mechanism Electrolytes in Sodium-Ion Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials71 (2024): 103627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103627.

[271] M.-Q. Zhao, N. Trainor, C. E. Ren, M. Torelli, B. Anasori, and Y. Gogotsi, “Scalable Manufacturing of Large and Flexible Sheets of MXene/Graphene Heterostructures,” Advanced Materials Technologies4, no. 5 (2019): 1800639, https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800639.

[272] W. Zhang, Z. Guo, Q. Liang, et al., “Flexible C–Mo₂C Fiber Film With Self-Fused Junctions as a Long Cyclability Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Battery,” RSC Advances8, no. 30 (2018): 16657-16662, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01908h.

[273] X. Xie, M.-Q. Zhao, B. Anasori, et al., “Porous Heterostructured MXene/Carbon Nanotube Composite Paper With High Volumetric Capacity for Sodium-Based Energy Storage Devices,” Nano Energy26 (2016): 513-523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.005.

[274] J. Yang, W. Yuan, X. Zhou, et al., “Nano-Confined CoSe₂/Mo₂C Nanoparticles Encapsulated into Porous Carbon Nanofibers for Superior Lithium and Sodium Storage,” Materials Today Energy10 (2018): 317-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.10.002.

[275] Y. Lu, Q. Zhang, M. Han, and J. Chen, “Stable Na Plating/Stripping Electrochemistry Realized by a 3D Cu Current Collector With Thin Nanowires,” Chemical Communications53, no. 96 (2017): 12910-12913, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc07485a.

[276] Y. Zhang, C. Wang, G. Pastel, et al., “3D Wettable Framework for Dendrite-Free Alkali Metal Anodes,” Advanced Energy Materials8, no. 18 (2018): 1800635, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800635.

[277] N. Sun, Q. Zhu, B. Anasori, et al., “MXene-Bonded Flexible Hard Carbon Film as Anode for Stable Na/K-Ion Storage,” Advanced Functional Materials29, no. 51 (2019): 1906282, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906282.

[278] D. D. Li, H. Chen, G. Liu, et al., “Porous Nitrogen Doped Carbon Sphere as High Performance Anode of Sodium-Ion Battery,” Carbon94 (2015): 888-894, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.067.

[279] L. Du, H. Duan, Q. Xia, C. Jiang, Y. Yan, and S. Wu, “Hybrid Charge-Storage Route to Nb₂CT_x MXene as Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries,” ChemistrySelect5, no. 3 (2020): 1186-1192, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201903888.

[280] M. Yuan, X. Zheng, J. Xu, et al., “A Review of the Structural Design of Anode Materials in Sodium-Ion Batteries Based on MXenes and Their Composites,” Batteries9, no. 1 (2023): 48, https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010048.

[281] Y.-J. Lei, Z.-C. Yan, W.-H. Lai, et al., “Tailoring MXene-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Storage: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications,” Electrochemical Energy Reviews3, no. 4 (2020): 766-792, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-020-00079-y.

[282] H. Liao, H. Hou, Y. Zhang, X. Qiu, and X. Ji, “Nano-Confined Mo₂C Particles Embedded in a Porous Carbon Matrix: A Promising Anode for Ultra-Stable Na Storage,” ChemElectroChem4, no. 10 (2017): 2669-2676, https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700407.

[283] P. V. Kamat, “Lithium-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Celebrating the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry – A Virtual Issue,” ACS Energy Letters4, no. 11 (2019): 2757-2759, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02280.

[284] A. Masias, J. Marcicki, and W. A. Paxton, “Opportunities and Challenges of Lithium Ion Batteries in Automotive Applications,” ACS Energy Letters6, no. 2 (2021): 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02584.

[285] D. Wang, F. Li, R. Lian, et al., “A General Atomic Surface Modification Strategy for Improving Anchoring and Electrocatalysis Behavior of Ti₃C₂T₂ MXene in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” ACS Nano13, no. 10 (2019): 11078-11086, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03412.

[286] Z. Xiao, Z. Li, X. Meng, and R. Wang, “MXene-Engineered Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A7, no. 40 (2019): 22730-22743, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08600e.

[287] X. Li, Z. Huang, C. E. Shuck, G. Liang, Y. Gogotsi, and C. Zhi, “MXene Chemistry, Electrochemistry and Energy Storage Applications,” Nature Reviews Chemistry6, no. 6 (2022): 389-404, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-022-00384-8.

[288] A. Razaq, F. Bibi, X. Zheng, R. Papadakis, S. H. M. Jafri, and H. Li, “Review on Graphene-Graphene Oxide-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Flexible Composites: From Fabrication to Applications,” Materials15, no. 3 (2022): 1012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031012.

[289] J. Du, T. Li, J. Li, et al., “Design of Flexible MXene/Graphene-Based Fiber Fabrics for Broadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Advanced Fiber Materials7, no. 3 (2025): 811-826, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-025-00523-y.

[290] S. Niu, S.-W. Zhang, R. Shi, et al., “Freestanding Agaric-Like Molybdenum Carbide/Graphene/N-Doped Carbon Foam as Effective Polysulfide Anchor and Catalyst for High Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials33 (2020): 73-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.05.033.

[291] J. Luo, K. Guan, W. Lei, S. Zhang, Q. Jia, and H. Zhang, “One Dimensional Carbon-Based Composites as Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Battery,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology122 (2022): 101-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.048.

[292] H. Wang, S.-A. He, Z. Cui, et al., “Enhanced Kinetics and Efficient Activation of Sulfur by Ultrathin MXene Coating S-CNTs Porous Sphere for Highly Stable and Fast Charging Lithium-Sulfur Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal420 (2021): 129693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129693.

[293] S. Xu, Y. Zhang, Y. Shi, Q. Qian, C. Wang, and J. Qiu, “Enhancing the Cycling Stability of Li-S Batteries With Flexible Freestanding Sulfur Cathodes Through a Spider-Hunting Strategy,” Chemical Engineering Journal479 (2024): 147869, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147869.

[294] X. Zhong, D. Wang, J. Sheng, et al., “Freestanding and Sandwich MXene-Based Cathode With Suppressed Lithium Polysulfides Shuttle for Flexible Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Nano Letters22, no. 3 (2022): 1207-1216, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04377.

[295] Y. Yao, S. Wang, X. Jia, et al., “Freestanding Sandwich-Like Hierarchically TiS₂–TiO₂/MXene Bi-Functional Interlayer for Stable Li–S Batteries,” Carbon188 (2022): 533-542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.036.

[296] B. Ahmed, D. H. Anjum, Y. Gogotsi, and H. N. Alshareef, “Atomic Layer Deposition of SnO₂ on MXene for Li-Ion Battery Anodes,” Nano Energy34 (2017): 249-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.043.

[297] W. Bao, L. Liu, C. Wang, S. Choi, D. Wang, and G. Wang, “Facile Synthesis of Crumpled Nitrogen-Doped MXene Nanosheets as a New Sulfur Host for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials8, no. 13 (2018): 1702485, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702485.

[298] J. Song, X. Guo, J. Zhang, et al., “Rational Design of Free-Standing 3D Porous MXene/rGO Hybrid Aerogels as Polysulfide Reservoirs for High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A7, no. 11 (2019): 6507-6513, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00212j.

[299] Y. He, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, et al., “Building Flexibly Porous Conductive Skeleton Inlaid With Surface Oxygen-Dominated MXene as an Amphiphilic Nanoreactor for Stable Li-S Pouch Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials47 (2022): 434-444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.006.

[300] Y. Zhang, Y. Wu, Y. Liu, and J. Feng, “Flexible and Freestanding Heterostructures Based on COF-Derived N-doped Porous Carbon and Two-Dimensional MXene for All-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries,” Chemical Engineering Journal428 (2022): 131040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131040.

[301] J. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Zhou, Q. Chen, and Y. Tang, “Mo₂C-Loaded Porous Carbon Nanosheets as a Multifunctional Separator Coating for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Materials16, no. 4 (2023): 1635, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041635.

[302] W. Li, K. Chen, Q. Xu, et al., “Mo₂C/C Hierarchical Double-Shelled Hollow Spheres as Sulfur Host for Advanced Li-S Batteries,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition60, no. 39 (2021): 21512-21520, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202108343.

[303] Y. Shi, Y. Chen, L. Shi, et al., “An Overview and Future Perspectives of Rechargeable Zinc Batteries,” Small16, no. 23 (2020): 2000730, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000730.

[304] Z. Shi, Q. Ru, Z. Pan, M. Zheng, F. C.-C. Ling, and L. Wei, “Flexible Free-Standing VO₂/MXene Conductive Films as Cathodes for Quasi-Solid-State Zinc-Ion Batteries,” ChemElectroChem8, no. 6 (2021): 1091-1097, https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100036.

[305] G. Zampardi and F. L. Mantia, “Prussian Blue Analogues as Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries Electrodes: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives,” Current Opinion in Electrochemistry21 (2020): 84-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.01.014.

[306] T. Lv, Y. Peng, G. Zhang, et al., “How About Vanadium-Based Compounds as Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries?,” Advanced Science10, no. 12 (2023): 2206907, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202206907.

[307] P. Yadav, N. Kumari, and A. K. Rai, “A Review on Solutions to Overcome the Structural Transformation of Manganese Dioxide-Based Cathodes for Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources555 (2023): 232385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232385.

[308] Y. Zhang, Y. Li, S. Yao, N. Ali, X. Kong, and J. Wang, “High-Performance Organic Electrodes for Sustainable Zinc-Ion Batteries: Advances, Challenges and Perspectives,” Energy Storage Materials71 (2024): 103544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103544.

[309] Y. Shen, H. Lv, and L. Chen, “Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional MXenes for Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Materials Chemistry Frontiers7, no. 12 (2023): 2373-2404, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3qm00003f.

[310] Y. Li, D. Zhang, S. Huang, and H. Y. Yang, “Guest-Species-Incorporation in Manganese/Vanadium-Based Oxides: Towards High Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Nano Energy85 (2021): 105969, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105969.

[311] M. Yao, Z. Yuan, S. Li, et al., “Scalable Assembly of Flexible Ultrathin All-in-One Zinc-Ion Batteries With Highly Stretchable, Editable, and Customizable Functions,” Advanced Materials33, no. 10 (2021): 2008140, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202008140.

[312] V. P. H. Huy, L. T. Hieu, and J. Hur, “Zn Metal Anodes for Zn-Ion Batteries in Mild Aqueous Electrolytes: Challenges and Strategies,” Nanomaterials11, no. 10 (2021): 2746, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102746.

[313] L. Lei, Y. Sun, X. Wang, Y. Jiang, and J. Li, “Strategies to Enhance Corrosion Resistance of Zn Electrodes for next Generation Batteries,” Frontiers in Materials7 (2020): 96, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00096.

[314] Y. Huang, J. Liu, Q. Huang, et al., “Flexible High Energy Density Zinc-Ion Batteries Enabled by Binder-Free MnO₂/reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode,” npj Flexible Electronics2, no. 1 (2018): 21, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-018-0034-0.

[315] H. Li, Z. Liu, G. Liang, et al., “Waterproof and Tailorable Elastic Rechargeable Yarn Zinc Ion Batteries by a Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide Electrolyte,” ACS Nano12, no. 4 (2018): 3140-3148, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b09003.

[316] X. Gao, H. Zhang, X. Liu, and X. Lu, “Flexible Zn-Ion Batteries Based on Manganese Oxides: Progress and Prospect,” Carbon Energy2, no. 3 (2020): 387-407, https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.63.

[317] F. Ming, H. Liang, G. Huang, Z. Bayhan, and H. N. Alshareef, “MXenes for Rechargeable Batteries Beyond the Lithium-Ion,” Advanced Materials33, no. 1 (2021): 2004039, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004039.

[318] H. Wang, J. Li, X. Kuai, et al., “Enhanced Rate Capability of Ion-Accessible Ti₃C₂T_x-NbN Hybrid Electrodes,” Advanced Energy Materials10, no. 35 (2020): 2001411, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202001411.

[319] Y. An, Y. Tian, C. Liu, S. Xiong, J. Feng, and Y. Qian, “Rational Design of Sulfur-Doped Three-Dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/ZnS Heterostructure as Multifunctional Protective Layer for Dendrite-Free Zinc-Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano15, no. 9 (2021): 15259-15273, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c05934.

[320] H. Zhang, J. Wang, Q. Liu, et al., “Extracting Oxygen Anions From ZnMn₂O₄: Robust Cathode for Flexible All-Solid-State Zn-Ion Batteries,” Energy Storage Materials21 (2019): 154-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.12.019.

[321] P. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Ji, et al., “A Flexible Aqueous Al Ion Rechargeable Full Battery,” Chemical Engineering Journal373 (2019): 580-586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.085.

[322] H. Zhang, X. Yu, and P. V. Braun, “Three-Dimensional Bicontinuous Ultrafast-Charge and-Discharge Bulk Battery Electrodes,” Nature Nanotechnology6, no. 5 (2011): 277-281, https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.38.

[323] Z. Zeng, J. Shen, Y. Lai, et al., “Freestanding MXene-Scaffolded Film Cathodes Enable High-Performance Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials34, no. 36 (2024): 2401059, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202401059.

[324] E. Dhanumalayan and G. M. Joshi, “Performance Properties and Applications of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)—A Review,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Material1, no. 2 (2018): 247-268, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-018-0023-8.

[325] B. Suresh, S. Maruthamuthu, M. Kannan, and A. Chandramohan, “Mechanical and Surface Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Film Modified by Photo-Oxidation,” Polymer Journal43, no. 4 (2011): 398-406, https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2010.147.

[326] S. Luo, L. Xie, F. Han, et al., “Nanoscale Parallel Circuitry Based on Interpenetrating Conductive Assembly for Flexible and High-Power Zinc Ion Battery,” Advanced Functional Materials29, no. 28 (2019): 1901336, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901336.

[327] X. Li, M. Li, Q. Yang, et al., “Phase Transition Induced Unusual Electrochemical Performance of V₂CT_X MXene for Aqueous Zinc Hybrid-Ion Battery,” ACS Nano14, no. 1 (2020): 541-551, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06866.

[328] M. Qi, F. Li, Z. Zhang, et al., “Three-Dimensional Interconnected Ultrathin Manganese Dioxide Nanosheets Grown on Carbon Cloth Combined With Ti₃C₂T_x MXene for High-Capacity Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science615 (2022): 151-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.162.

[329] Z. Li, L. Wang, D. Sun, et al., “Synthesis and Thermal Stability of Two-Dimensional Carbide MXene Ti₃C₂,” Materials Science and Engineering: B191 (2015): 33-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2014.10.009.

[330] Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, G. Shao, and P. Zhang, “Adjustable MXene-Based Materials in Metal-Ion Batteries: Progress, Prospects, and Challenges,” Small Structures5, no. 1 (2024): 2300255, https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202300255.

[331] M. K. Aslam, Y. Niu, and M. Xu, “MXenes for Non-Lithium-Ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Al) Batteries and Supercapacitors,” Advanced Energy Materials11, no. 2 (2021): 2000681, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000681.

[332] Y. Tian, Y. An, S. Xiong, J. Feng, and Y. Qian, “A General Method for Constructing Robust, Flexible and Freestanding MXene@Metal Anodes for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A7, no. 16 (2019): 9716-9725, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02233c.

[333] M. Shi, R. Wang, J. He, L. Zhao, K. Dai, and C. Yan, “Multiple Redox-Active Cyano-Substituted Organic Compound Integrated With MXene for High-Performance Flexible Aqueous K-Ion Battery,” Chemical Engineering Journal450 (2022): 138238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138238.

[334] Y. Xie, Y. Dall’Agnese, M. Naguib, et al., “Prediction and Characterization of MXene Nanosheet Anodes for Non-Lithium-Ion Batteries,” ACS Nano8, no. 9 (2014): 9606-9615, https://doi.org/10.1021/nn503921j.

[335] Y. Zhang, J.-M. Cao, Z. Yuan, et al., “TiVCT_x MXene/Chalcogenide Heterostructure-Based High-Performance Magnesium-Ion Battery as Flexible Integrated Units,” Small18, no. 30 (2022): 2202313, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202313.

[336] Q. Ran, S.-P. Zeng, M.-H. Zhu, et al., “Uniformly MXene-Grafted Eutectic Aluminum-Cerium Alloys as Flexible and Reversible Anode Materials for Rechargeable Aluminum-Ion Battery,” Advanced Functional Materials33, no. 1 (2023): 2211271, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211271.

[337] C. Eames and M. S. Islam, “Ion Intercalation into Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Carbides: Global Screening for New High-Capacity Battery Materials,” Journal of the American Chemical Society136, no. 46 (2014): 16270-16276, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508154e.

[338] F. Liu, T. Wang, X. Liu, and L.-Z. Fan, “Challenges and Recent Progress on Key Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries,” Advanced Energy Materials11, no. 2 (2021): 2000787, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000787.

[339] K. Ullah, N. Alam, S. Uddin, and W.-C. Oh, “Advanced Concept and Perspectives Toward MXenes Based Energy Storage Device: Comprehensive Review,” Materialia34 (2024): 102089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2024.102089.

[340] Y. Zhang, S. Liu, Y. Ji, J. Ma, and H. Yu, “Emerging Nonaqueous Aluminum-Ion Batteries: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives,” Advanced Materials30, no. 38 (2018): 1706310, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706310.

[341] A. VahidMohammadi, A. Hadjikhani, S. Shahbazmohamadi, and M. Beidaghi, “Two-Dimensional Vanadium Carbide (MXene) as a High-Capacity Cathode Material for Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries,” ACS Nano11, no. 11 (2017): 11135-11144, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05350.

[342] J. Li, F. Zeng, J. K. El-Demellawi, et al., “Nb₂CT_x MXene Cathode for High-Capacity Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries With Prolonged Cycle Lifetime,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces14, no. 40 (2022): 45254-45262, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c09765.

[343] J. A. Kumar, P. Prakash, T. Krithiga, et al., “Methods of Synthesis, Characteristics, and Environmental Applications of MXene: A Comprehensive Review,” Chemosphere286 (2022): 131607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131607.

[344] A. Gebrekrstos, T. S. Muzata, A. Elias, and S. S. Ray, “Tailoring the Properties of 2D Nanomaterial-Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Energy Storage by 3D Printing—A Review,” Advanced Engineering Materials27, no. 7 (2025): 2402179, https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202570019.

[345] C. J. Zhang, S. Pinilla, N. McEvoy, et al., “Oxidation Stability of Colloidal Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (MXenes),” Chemistry of Materials29, no. 11 (2017): 4848-4856, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00745.

[346] G. Li, B. C. Wyatt, F. Song, et al., “2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Based Films: Expanding the Frontier of Functional Film Materials,” Advanced Functional Materials31, no. 46 (2021): 2105043, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202105043.

[347] C. Ma, M.-G. Ma, C. Si, X.-X. Ji, and P. Wan, “Flexible MXene-Based Composites for Wearable Devices,” Advanced Functional Materials31, no. 22 (2021): 2009524, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202009524.

[348] R. Chen, X. Jia, H. Zhou, et al., “Applications of MXenes in Wearable Sensing: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects,” Materials Today75 (2024): 359-385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2024.04.013.

[349] Y. Zhou, L. Li, Z. Han, Q. Li, J. He, and Q. Wang, “Self-Healing Polymers for Electronics and Energy Devices,” Chemical Reviews123, no. 2 (2022): 558-612, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00231.

[350] M. Zhang, K. Amin, M. Cheng, et al., “A Carbon Foam-Supported High Sulfur Loading Composite as a Self-Supported Cathode for Flexible Lithium–Sulfur Batteries,” Nanoscale10, no. 46 (2018): 21790-21797, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr07964a.

[351] Y. Xu, K. Wang, J. Han, et al., “Scalable Production of Wearable Solid-State Li-Ion Capacitors From N-Doped Hierarchical Carbon,” Advanced Materials32, no. 45 (2020): 2005531, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005531.

[352] K. Amin, Q. Meng, A. Ahmad, et al., “A Carbonyl Compound-Based Flexible Cathode With Superior Rate Performance and Cyclic Stability for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Advanced Materials30, no. 4 (2018): 1703868, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703868.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). EcoEnergy published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of China Chemical Safety Association.