Pre-Lithiation and Continuous Lithium Compensation Technologies for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Continuous active lithium loss in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) systems remains a major challenge for a long calendar life, particularly the severe initial capacity loss of high-capacity anode materials. In response to this critical issue, lithium replenishment technologies, encompassing both pre-lithiation and continuous lithium compensation strategies, have emerged as focal points of intensive research. This review provides a comprehensive and critical summary of recent advancements in these areas. The discussion commences with an in-depth analysis of mechanisms underlying active lithium loss associated with anode materials including graphite and other high capacity materials. A variety of pre-lithiation strategies, involving both anode-side and cathode-side techniques, are systematically categorized, compared, and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness, limitations, and implementation challenges. This work represents the systematic compilation and analysis of contemporary continuous lithium compensation strategies, highlighting their potential as innovative and promising solutions to mitigate lithium loss throughout the entire lifespan of LIBs.

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