Improvements to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and opioid overdose treatment algorithms to enhance positive outcomes

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

Davis CR initially conceptualized and participated in organizing, writing, critiquing, reviewing, editing, and formalizing the manu-script. Schinella M and Papish M participated in organizing, writ-ing, critiquing, reviewing, editing and formalizing the manuscript.

Funding

None.

Ethical approval of studies and informed consent

Not applicable.

Acknowledgements

None.

References

[1] Renda F, Landoni G, Trotta F, et al. Kounis syndrome: an analysis of spontaneous reports from international pharmacovigilance database. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 203:217-220. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.003

[2] Sciatti E, Vizzardi E, Cani DS, et al. Kounis syndrome, a disease to know: case report and review of the literature. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2018; 88(1):898. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2018.898

[3] Karunathilake P, Ralapanawa U, Jayalath T, Abeyagunawardena S. Kounis syndrome secondary to medicine-induced hypersensitivity. Case Rep Med. 2021;2021:4485754. doi:10.1155/2021/4485754

[4] Kounis NG, Koniari I, Velissaris D, Tzanis G, Hahalis G. Kounis syndrome—not a single-organ arterial disorder but a multisystem and multidisciplinary disease. Balkan Med J. 2019; 36(4):212-221. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2019.2019.5.62

[5] Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, et al. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22): 2032-2046. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076

[6] Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, et al. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part II): diagnostic workup, outcome, and management. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22):2047-2062. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy077

[7] Akbaş T, Kaya A, Altun G, Eşbah Ü, Önmez A. Cases of allergic coronary syndrome (Kounis syndrome): what we should know. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2022; 84(3):664-672. doi:10.18999/nagjms.84.3.664

[8] Sidahmed S, Shafi S, Bala A, Zaitoun A, Bachuwa G. Kounis syndrome: allergic vasospastic cardiac event. Cureus. 2020; 12(9):e10498. doi:10.7759/cureus.10498

[9] Kounis NG. Coronary hypersensitivity disorder: the Kounis syndrome. Clin Ther. 2013; 35(5):563-571. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.02.022

[10] Citro R, Okura H, Ghadri JR, et al. Multimodality imaging in takotsubo syndrome: a joint consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the Japanese Society of Echocardiography (JSE). J Echocardiogr. 2020; 18(4):199-224. doi: 10.1007/s12574-020-00480-y

[11] Fefer P, Knudtson ML, Cheema AN, et al. Current perspectives on coronary chronic total occlusions: the Canadian Multicenter Chronic Total Occlusions Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59(11):991-997. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.007

[12] Werner GS, Coenen A, Tischer KH. Periprocedural ischaemia during recanalisation of chronic total coronary occlusions: the influence of the transcollateral retrograde approach. EuroIntervention. 2014; 10(7): 799-805. doi:10.4244/EIJV10I7A139

[13] Cevik C, Nugent K, Shome GP, Kounis NG. Treatment of Kounis syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2010;143(3):223-226. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.02.040.Epub 2010 March 4. PMID: 20206392

[14] Kovalszki A, Weller PF. Eosinophilia in mast cell disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34(2):357-364. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2014.01.013

[15] Kounis NG, Koniari I, Soufras GD, Chourdakis E. Anaphylactic shock with methylprednisolone, Kounis syndrome and hypersensitivity to corticosteroids: a clinical paradox. Ital J Pediatr. 2018; 44(1):143. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0579-5

[16] Yu S, Zhang J. Effects of levosimendan preconditioning on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart Surg Forum. 2022; 25(1):E001-E007. doi:10.1532/hsf.4267