Advances in the management of posttraumatic stress disorder after critical illness: a narrative review

Abstract

Illness requiring critical care can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a complex mental health condition resulting from exposure to traumatic events. In the intensive care unit (ICU), the nature of interventions often contributes to a high incidence of PTSD, which is a significant component of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PTSD and explores various intervention strategies, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Although prevention remains the best therapy, pharmacotherapy is a key component in the management of PTSD symptoms. Antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), have demonstrated efficiency in alleviating symptoms. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy is the most promising approach, and the results of the clinical trials are encouraging. Furthermore, medications targeting specific neurotransmission systems involved in fear responses and emotional regulation are being explored, offering promising avenues for future treatment. Nonpharmacological interventions are integral to PTSD treatment. These are often employed alone or in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. Evidence-based psychotherapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and exposure therapies, are effective in addressing maladaptive thought patterns and facilitating trauma processing. Beyond interventions, lifestyle modifications have emerged as significant contributors to resilience and recovery. Regular physical exercise, adequate sleep, and robust social support networks are integral to the overall well-being of patients who have developed PTSD after critical illness. By integrating pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches within a holistic framework, clinicians and researchers could better address the complex nature of PTSD and enhance the quality of care for individuals affected by this debilitating condition.

Keywords

Critical illness / Management / Nonpharmacological interventions / Pharmacological interventions / Posttraumatic stress disorder

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

Asimakopoulou E conceived the topic and scope of the study. Triantis C and Asimakopoulou E wrote the manuscript. Theodosis-Nobelos P and Triantis C critically revised the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

None.

Ethical approval of studies and informed consent

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

None.

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