Nipah Virus Outbreak in India: Another Bat-Related Infectious Disease and Public Health Emergency

Funding

This work was partly supported by the Feature Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE-115-S-0023-A) in Taiwan.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Use of AI and AI-Assisted Technologies

No AI tools were utilized for this paper.

References

[1] World Health Organization. Nipah Virus Infection—India. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON593 (accessed on 30 January 2026).

[2] Goh K.J.; Tan C.T.; Chew N.K.; et al. Clinical Features of Nipah Virus Encephalitis Among Pig Farmers in Malaysia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342, 1229-1235.

[3] Woo P.C.; Lau S.K.; Tsoi H.W.; et al. Relative Rates of Non-Pneumonic SARS Coronavirus Infection and SARS Coronavirus Pneumonia. Lancet 2004, 363, 841-845.

[4] Lau S.K.; Woo P.C.; Li K.S.; et al.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Virus in Chinese Horseshoe Bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 14040-14045.

[5] Agnarsson I.; Zambrana-Torrelio C.M.; Flores-Saldana N.P.; et al. A Time-Calibrated Species-Level Phylogeny of Bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia). PLoS Curr. 2011, 3, RRN1212.

[6] Hsu V.P.; Hossain M.J.; Parashar U.D.; et al. Nipah Virus Encephalitis Reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10, 2082-2087.

[7] Luby S.P.; Rahman M.; Hossain M.J.; et al. Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12, 1888-1894.

[8] Chadha M.S.; Comer J.A.; Lowe L.; et al. Nipah Virus-Associated Encephalitis Outbreak, Siliguri, India. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12, 235-240.

[9] Singhai M.; Jain R.; Jain S.; et al. Nipah Virus Disease: Recent Perspective and One Health Approach. Ann. Glob. Health 2021, 87, 102.

[10] As A.K.; Sahay R.R.; Radhakrishnan C.; et al. Clinico-Epidemiological Presentations and Management of Nipah Virus Infection During the Outbreak in Kozhikode District, Kerala State, India 2023. J. Med. Virol. 2024, 96, e29559.

[11] Sahay R.R.; Patil D.Y.; Chenayil S.; et al. Encephalitis-Predominant Nipah Virus Outbreaks in Kerala, India During 2024. J. Infect. Public Health 2025, 18, 102782.

[12] Abdulhakim J.A. Machine Learning Assisted in Silico Discovery and Optimization of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Nipah Virus Glycoprotein. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 16067.

[13] John L.; Dcunha L.; Ahmed M.; et al. A Deep Learning and Molecular Modeling Approach to Repurposing Cangrelor as a Potential Inhibitor of Nipah Virus. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 16440.

[14] Wang Y.; Zhao L.; Zhang H. Allosteric Pockets in the Measles and Nipah Virus Polymerases: Mechanobiological Insights and AI-Driven Drug Discovery Opportunities. Mechanobiol. Med. 2025, 3, 100156.

[15] Young A.; Isaacs A.; Scott C.A.P.; et al. A Platform Technology for Generating Subunit Vaccines Against Diverse Viral Pathogens. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 963023.

[16] Woo P.C.; Lau S.K. Viruses and Bats. Viruses 2019, 11, 884.

[17] Li K.S.; Lau S.K.; Woo P.C. Bats-The Magnificent Virus Player: SARS, MERS, COVID-19 and Beyond. Viruses 2023, 15, 2342.