Liquid surface depression and bubble generation by acoustic radiation

Abstract

Liquid surfaces can be depressed by applying acoustic radiation force. The balance between the acoustic radiation force, surface tension force, and buoyant force sustains the stable dimple depression. Beyond a certain threshold, higher acoustic radiation force leads to instability and bubble formation. The bubble size is determined by the acoustic radiation force and the liquid surface tension. Effective management of bubble generation can be achieved by controlling acoustic radiation waves. A novel method for creating depression on liquid surfaces and generating bubbles is described, which requires neither gas supply nor direct contact with equipment.

References

[1] Oguz HN, Prosperetti A. Dynamics of bubble growth and detachment from a needle. J Fluid Mech. 1993;257:111-145.

[2] Sacchi CA. Laser-induced electric breakdown in water. J Opt Soc Am B. 1991;8:337-345.

[3] Wang S, Huang X, Yang C. Microfluidic bubble generation by acoustic field for mixing enhancement. J Heat Trans. 2012;134:051014.

[4] Falvey HT. Cavitation in Chutes and Spillways. Bureau of Reclamation, US Department of the Interior;1990.

[5] Wei W, Deng J. Free surface aeration and development dependence in chute flows. Sci Rep. 2022;12:1477.

[6] Aydelott JC. Gas-jet impingement normal to a liquid surface. NASA Technical Note D-6368.1971.

[7] Labus TL. Gas jet impingement on liquid surfaces during weightlessness. Technical Note D-5720.1970.

[8] Park S, Choe W, Lee H, et al. Stabilization of liquid instabilities with ionized gas jets. Nature. 2021;592:49-53.

[9] Néel B, Deike L. Collective bursting of free-surface bubbles, and the role of surface contamination. J Fluid Mech. 2021;917:A46.

[10] Shaw DB, Deike L. Surface bubble coalescence. J Fluid Mech. 2021;915:A105.

[11] Eggers J. Air entrainment through free-surface cusps. Phys Rev Lett. 2001;86:4290-4293.

[12] Kumar P, Prajapati M, Das AK, Mitra SK. Vortex formation and subsequent air entrainment inside a liquid pool. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2018;57:6538-6552.

[13] Fang Z, Huang X, Taslim ME, Wan K-T. Flexural bending resonance of acoustically levitated glycerol droplet. Phys Fluids. 2021;33:071701.

[14] Ding X, Li P, Lin S-CS, et al. Surface acoustic wave microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2013;13:3626-3649.

[15] Guo F, Mao Z, Chen Y, et al. Three-dimensional manipulation of single cells using surface acoustic waves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:1522-1527.

[16] Fang Z, Taslim ME, Wan K-T. Sloshing resonance of an acoustically levitated air-in-liquid compound drop. Langmuir. 2022;38:15534-15539.

[17] Chen H, Hong Z, Zang D. New insights into suspended drops: when soft matter meets acoustic levitation. Droplet. 2024;3:e95.

[18] Tian Z, Wang Z, Zhang P, et al. Generating multifunctional acoustic tweezers in Petri dishes for contactless, precise manipulation of bioparticles. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eabb0494.

[19] Baudoin M, Thomas JL. Acoustic tweezers for particle and fluid micromanipulation. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2020;52:205-234.

[20] Marzo A, Drinkwater BW. Holographic acoustic tweezers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:84-89.

[21] Meng L, Cai F, Li F, Zhou W, Niu L, Zheng H. Acoustic tweezers. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2019;52:273001.

[22] Wei W, Xu W, Deng J, Tian Z, Zhang F. Bubble formation and scale dependence in free-surface air entrainment. Sci Rep. 2019;9:11008.

[23] Pfund A, Greenfield E. Surface-tension measurements of viscous liquids. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed. 1936;8:81-82.

[24] Mordasov MM, Savenkov AP, Safonova ME, Sychev VA. Contactless method of measurement of surface tension. Meas Tech. 2018;61:613-620.

[25] Huang E, Skoufis A, Denning T, et al. OpenDrop: open-source software for pendant drop tensiometry contact angle measurements. J Open Source Softw. 2021;6:2604.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 The Author(s). Droplet published by Jilin University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.