Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Critical Review of Integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Industry 4.0✩

Muhammad Muzamil Aslam; Wasswa Shafik; Ahmad Fathan Hidayatullah; Kassim Kalinaki; Haji Gul; Rufai Yusuf Zakari; Ali Tufail

doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2025.06.014

›› 2026, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (1) :143 -164. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2025.06.014

Special issue on cyber-physical systems for intelligent transportation and smart cities

research-article

Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Critical Review of Integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Industry 4.0^✩

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^a School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Muara, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

^b Department of Informatics, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Kaliurang km 14.5, 55584, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

^c Department of Computer Science, Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU), Uganda

^* 21h8565@ubd.edu.bn, mzmlcn@outlook.com (M.M. Aslam), wasswashafik@dcrlab.org (W. Shafik), fathan@uii.ac.id (A.F. Hidayatullah), kalinaki@iuiu.ac.ug (K. Kalinaki), 23h1710@ubd.edu.bn (H. Gul), ry.zakary@dcrlab.org (R.Y. Zakari), ali.tufail@ubd.edu.bn (A. Tufail).

Muhammad Muzamil Aslam is been pursuing a Ph.D. in Computer Science at the School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, since January 2023. He received his M.S. degree in Information and Communication Engineering from the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, in 2020, and his B.S. degree in Electronics from Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, in 2015. His research interests include cybersecurity and sustainability in Industrial Control Systems (ICS), Cyber-Physical Sys-tems (CPS), and critical infrastructure, with a particular focus on IoT security and sustain-able system design.

Wasswa Shafik is an IEEE member and the Team Lead at the Dig Connectivity Re-search Laboratory (DCRLab) in Kampala, Uganda. He holds a PhD in Computer Science from the School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam in Brunei. Wasswa also earned a Master’s degree in Information Technology Engineering, with a minor in Com-puter and Communication Networks, from Yazd University in Iran. He completed his Bachelor’s degree in Information Technology at the Faculty of Science & Computing, Nde-jje University, Kampala, Uganda. In addition to his academic background, Wasswa has received specialized training from institutions such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health in the U.S. His training includes courses in Data Quality, Monitoring and Evaluation Fundamentals, and Protecting Human Research Participants. Before pur-suing his PhD, Wasswa gained professional experience in various roles. He worked as a Community Data Oﬃcer at Pace-Uganda, a Research Associate at TechnoServe and Mercy Corps, a Research Assistant and Data Clerk at PSI-Uganda, a Research Lead at the Socio-economic Data Centre (SEDC-Uganda), and a former Agricultural Managing Director at Asmaah Charity Organisation. Wasswa’s research focuses on designing and developing lightweight, computationally eﬃcient models to address pressing challenges in health, agriculture, and ecology. His areas of expertise include Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Neural Networks, and the Internet of Things, with applications in Smart Agricul-ture, Digital Health, and Ecological Informatics.

Ahmad Fathan Hidayatullah is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Informat-ics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Islam Indonesia. He earned his Bachelor’s degree in Informatics from Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta in 2010, his Master’s degree in Computer Science from Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2014, and his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 2025. His research fo-cuses on natural language processing, text mining, and data science. He is also actively engaged in research activities at the Center of Data Science, Universitas Islam Indonesia.

Kassim Kalinaki is a computer science researcher, technologist, and educator with over ten years of experience in both industry and academia. He received his Diploma in Computer Engineering from Kyambogo University, a BSc in Computer Science and En-gineering, and an MSc. Computer Science and Engineering from Bangladesh’s Islamic University of Technology (IUT). Since 2014, He has lectured at the Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU), where he most recently served as the Head of the Computer Science Department (2019-2022). He completed his PhD in Computer Science from the School of Digital Science (SDS) at Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) in December 2024. He’s the founder and principal investigator of Borderline Research Laboratory (BRLab). His research areas include Ecological Informatics, Data Analytics, Computer Vision, ML/DL, Digital Image Processing, Cybersecurity, Healthcare Informatics, Remote Sensing, and Ed-ucational Technologies. He has authored and co-authored several published peer-reviewed articles in renowned journals and publishers, including Springer, Elsevier, Taylor & Fran-cis, IGI Global, Emerald, and IEEE.

Haji Gul is a Ph.D. candidate in Artificial Intelligence at the University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei. His research interests include natural language processing, knowl-edge graph analysis and completion, complex network analysis, link prediction, and graph-based machine learning. He has published various research articles in reputable journals, conferences, and workshops, including Journal of Complex Networks, Expert Systems, PAKDD, MusIML NeurIPS, BioNLP ACL, MusIML ICML, and others. In addition to his research contributions, Haji Gul has extensive experience in academic teaching, hav-ing taught a wide range of courses in computer science and supervised numerous projects.

Rufai Yusuf Zakari received the BSc. degree from Bayero University, Nigeria, and the MSc. degree from Jodhpur National University, India. Now, he is a PhD. candidate at the School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. His research interests include deep learning, computer vision, environmental AI, remote sensing, and GIS.

Ali Tufail is currently working at the University of Brunei Darussalam. He gradu-ated from Ajou University, South Korea, in February 2010 and received his PhD degree in Information and Communication Engineering. Previously, he completed his Master’s in Advanced Computing from the University of Bristol, United Kingdom, in 2006. His re-search interests are in the field of Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles, blockchain, cybersecurity, and M2M. He has been successful in getting his research work accepted in prestigious conferences and journals in this domain. Ali Tufail has publications in renowned conferences, journals, and book sections.

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Abstract

The concept of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) enables the creation of a complex network that includes sensors integrated into vehicles and infrastructure, facilitating seamless data acquisition and transfer. This review examines the convergence of CPS and Industry 4.0 in the smart transportation sector, highlighting their transformative impact on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) operations. It explores the integration of Industry 4.0 and CPS technologies in intelligent transportation, highlighting their roles in enhancing eﬃciency, safety, and sustainability. A systematic framework is proposed for developing, implementing, and managing these technologies in the transportation industry. Moreover, the review discusses frequent obstacles during technology integration in transportation and presents future research trends and innovations in intelligent transportation operations post-Industry 4.0 and CPS integration. Lastly, it emphasizes the critical need for standardized protocols and encryption methodologies to enhance the security of communication and data exchange among CPS components in transportation infrastructure.

Keywords

Cyber-Physical Systems / Intelligent transportation / Industry 4.0 / Security / Challenges

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Muhammad Muzamil Aslam, Wasswa Shafik, Ahmad Fathan Hidayatullah, Kassim Kalinaki, Haji Gul, Rufai Yusuf Zakari, Ali Tufail. Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Critical Review of Integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Industry 4.0^✩. , 2026, 12(1): 143-164 DOI:10.1016/j.dcan.2025.06.014

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CRediT authorship contribution statement

Muhammad Muzamil Aslam: Writing-review & editing, Writing-original draft, Conceptualization. Wasswa Shafik: Writing-origi-nal draft. Ahmad Fathan Hidayatullah: Writing-original draft. Kas-sim Kalinaki: Writing-original draft. Haji Gul: Investigation, Formal analysis. Rufai Yusuf Zakari: Writing-original draft, Visualization, Conceptualization. Ali Tufail: Writing-review & editing, Supervision, Conceptualization.

Generative AI statement

During the preparation of this review article, the author(s) used ChatGPT powered by GPT-4.0, to enhance the readability by improv-ing sentence structure, transitions, grammar, and summarizing articles recommended by reviewers. After using this service, the author(s) re-viewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the publication’s content.

Declaration of competing interest

We are all authors of the manuscript entitled “Intelligent Transporta-tion Systems: A Critical Review of Integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Industry 4.0” hereby confirms that there is no conflict of in-terest between authors.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the School of Digital Science at Universiti Brunei Darussalam for providing us with a conducive and collaborative envi-ronment.

Data availability

This work didn’t use a dataset. Used references are available within the manuscript references list.

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