A secure mist-fog-assisted cooperative oﬄoading framework for sustainable smart city development✩

Subhranshu Sekhar Tripathy; Sujit Bebortta; Mazin Abed Mohammed; Muhammet Deveci; Haydar Abdulameer Marhoon; Radek Martinek

doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2024.12.008

›› 2026, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (1) :165 -179. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2024.12.008

Special issue on cyber-physical systems for intelligent transportation and smart cities

research-article

A secure mist-fog-assisted cooperative oﬄoading framework for sustainable smart city development^✩

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^a School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India

^b Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India

^c Department of Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Anbar, 31001, Iraq

^d Department of Industrial Engineering, Turkish Naval Academy, National Defence University, 34942 Tuzla, Istanbul, Türkiye

^e Department of Information Technologies, Western Caspian University, Baku 1001, Azerbaijan

^f Information and Communication Technology Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq

^g Iraq College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq

^h Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic

ⁱ Department of Telecommunications, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava 70800, Czech Republic

^* Department of Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Anbar, 31001, Iraq. E-mail addresses: subhranshu.tripathyfcs@kiit.ac.in (S.S. Tripathy), sujitbebortta.cs@ravenshawuniversity.ac.in (S. Bebortta), mazinalshujeary@uoanbar.edu.iq (M.A. Mohammed), muhammetdeveci@gmail.com (M. Deveci), haydar@alayen.edu.iq (H.A. Marhoon), radek.martinek@vsb.cz (R. Martinek).

Subhranshu Sekhar Tripathy received a B.Tech. Degree in computer science and en-gineering from Bijupattnaik University, Odisha, India, and M.Tech. Degree in computer science from Bharath Institute of Science and Technology Chennai, Tamilnadu. He ob-tained his Ph.D. Eng. degree from Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, India. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor with the School of Computer Engineering, at KIIT Deemed to be Univer-sity, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India. His current research interests include cloud computing, fog computing, IoT, and mist computing.

Sujit Bebortta received the B.Sc. degree in computer science from Utkal Univer-sity, Bhubaneswar, India, in 2016, the master’s degree in computer science from the School of Information and Computer Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India, in 2018, and the M.Tech. degree in computer science and engineering from the College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, in 2020. He is currently pursu-ing the Ph.D. degree in computer science with the School of Information and Computer Sciences, Ravenshaw University. He is a student member of IEEE. His current research in-terests include resource allocation in interconnected wireless networks, Internet of Things, ad-hoc networks and sensor networks, machine intelligence, and randomized algorithm design.

Mazin Abed Mohammed holds a B.Sc. degree in Computer Science from the College of Computer, University of Anbar, Iraq, a Master’s degree in Information Technology from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia, and a Ph.D. in Biomedical Computing and Artificial Intelligence from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia. He is currently serving as an associate professor in the Department of Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq. Dr. Mohammed’s research interests span a wide range of domains, including Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, Medical Image Processing, Computer Vision, Computational Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), Biomedical Computing, Bioinformatics, Big Data Analytics, IoT Applications, and Fog Computing.

Muhammet Deveci is a Full Professor at the Department of Industrial Engineering in the Turkish Naval Academy, National Defence University, Istanbul, Turkey, and he is also an Honorary Senior Research Fellow with the Bartlett School of Sustainable Construc-tion, University College London, UK. He worked as a Visiting Researcher and Postdoctoral Researcher, in 2014-2015 and 2018-2019, respectively, with the School of Computer Sci-ence, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K. Dr. Deveci is an outstanding researcher and a prolific author who has been publishing high quality peer-reviewed papers in highly ISI ranked journals and reputable international conferences. Dr. Deveci has published over 400 papers in journals indexed by SCI/SCI-E papers at reputable venues, as well as more than 30 contributions in International Conferences related to his areas. Dr. Deveci received the 100th-anniversary award for his worldwide scientific achievements from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). Dr. Deveci is an internation-ally recognized outstanding scientist in intelligent decision support systems underpinned by computational intelligence, particularly uncertainty handling, fuzzy systems, combi-natorial optimization, and multicriteria decision making. His research and development activities are multidisciplinary and lie at the interface of Operational Research, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Science. Based on the 2020-2024 publications from Scopus and Stanford University, he is within the world’s top 2% scientists in the field of Artificial Intelligence. He has been tackling challenging real-world problems without strip-ping oﬀ their complexities, which include climate change, renewable energy, sustainable transport, and urban mobility.

Haydar Abdulameer Marhoon holds a Bachelor in Control and System Engineering from University of Technology, Baghdad in 2003. His Master’s degree and Ph.D in Informa-tion Technology are both from Universiti Utara Malaysia in 2012 and 2017 respectively. He works at the Computer Science, University of Kerbala and currently in Al-Ayen Uni-versity, Iraq. Research interests are Computer Networks, Communication Engineering and computer graphics processing.

Radek Martinek is a Professor at the VSB-Technical University of Ostrava. He has extensive academic and research experience in biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and advanced signal processing. He has served in multiple academic leadership roles, includ-ing departmental and faculty-level responsibilities, and has supervised numerous PhD and Master’s students. He is actively involved in international research collaborations and scientific projects across Europe and beyond. His Research Areas: Biomedical signal and image processing, medical devices and sensors, cybernetics, artificial intelligence in healthcare, machine learning, embedded systems, and intelligent diagnostic systems. Prof. Martinek has authored and co-authored numerous high-impact journal articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. He serves as an editor, associate editor, and reviewer for several international journals and conferences. His research contributions have received international recognition, and he is regularly invited as a keynote speaker, reviewer, and editorial board member.

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Abstract

Practical applications of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT) have multiplied, posing many diﬃculties in network performance, dependability, and security. Concerns of accessibility, reliability, sustainability, and security too have arisen correspondingly because of the decentralized character of the smart city and IoT systems. Fog computing oﬀers a foundation for various applications, including cognitive support, health and social services, intelligent transportation systems, and pervasive computing and communications. Fog computing can help enhance these apps’ productivity and lower the end-to-end delay experienced by such time-sensitive applications. In this research, we propose a reliable and secure service delivery strategy at the network edge for smart cities. To improve the availability and dependability, along with the security of smart city applications, the approach employs a combined method uniting distributed fog servers in addition to mist servers with the help of an intrusion detection system. Simulation findings suggest a reduction of 40.3% in the delay incurred by each service request for highly dense areas and 60.6% for moderately dense environments. Furthermore, the system has low false-negative rates and high detection and accuracy rates, decreasing service requests 2%.

Keywords

Security / Reliability / Trustworthy computing / Resource provisioning / Threat detection / Fog computing / Internet of things

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Subhranshu Sekhar Tripathy, Sujit Bebortta, Mazin Abed Mohammed, Muhammet Deveci, Haydar Abdulameer Marhoon, Radek Martinek. A secure mist-fog-assisted cooperative oﬄoading framework for sustainable smart city development^✩. , 2026, 12(1): 165-179 DOI:10.1016/j.dcan.2024.12.008

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CRediT authorship contribution statement

Subhranshu Sekhar Tripathy: Writing-review & editing, Soft-ware, Formal analysis. Sujit Bebortta: Writing-review & editing, Supervision, Methodology. Mazin Abed Mohammed: Writing-re-view & editing, Project administration, Methodology, Formal analysis. Muhammet Deveci: Visualization, Project administration, Methodol-ogy. Haydar Abdulameer Marhoon: Formal analysis, Data curation.

Funding

This article was co-funded by the European Union under the REFRESH-Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transition. Also, this work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic con-ducted by VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czechia, under Grants SP2025/021 and SP2025/039

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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