RADAR: A rapid discovery algorithm for routes in SDN-based IoV✩

Zahid Khan; Nauman Khan; Anis Koubaa; Adel Ammar; Wadii Boulila

doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2024.08.001

›› 2026, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (3) :495 -504. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2024.08.001

Research Article

research-article

RADAR: A rapid discovery algorithm for routes in SDN-based IoV^✩

Zahid Khan ^a^,¹^,^*
, Nauman Khan ^a^,^b^,^c^,¹^,^**
, Anis Koubaa ^a
, Adel Ammar ^a
, Wadii Boulila ^a

Author information +

^a College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University , Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia

^b Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malakand , Chakdara (Dir lower), KPK, 18800, Pakistan

^c Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia

^* E-mail addresses: zskhan@psu.edu.sa (Z. Khan)

^**College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia. nfkhan@psu.edu.sa (N. Khan).

Zahid Khan (IEEE SM’23) is currently an Assistant Professor at Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where he also serves as a Senior Researcher and leads the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) section of the Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory (RIOTU). He received his Ph.D. in Information and Communication Engineering from Southwest Jiaotong University, China, in 2019, and a Master’s degree in Computer Science from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France, in 2015. He also completed a Postdoctoral Fellowship in Intelligent Transportation Systems at Prince Sultan University. Dr. Khan has authored over 50 research articles in leading journals and conferences, including IEEE Transactions and flagship venues. He is actively engaged in academic service, contributing as a reviewer, guest editor, and conference organizer, and has played key roles in organizing high-impact international events. His research interests include Internet of Things (IoT)–enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), SDN-based networking, cluster-based routing, and quantum-inspired routing and optimization techniques for next-generation vehicular networks.

Anis Koubaas is a Full Professor of Computer Science at Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He is also a Senior Researcher with CISTER Research Unit, ISEP-IPP, Porto, Portugal. Previously, he was a Professor at Prince Sultan University, where he led the Robotics and Internet-of-Things Laboratory. He also served as a Research and Development Consultant with Gaitech Robotics, China. His research interests include cloud robotics, multi-robot systems, robotic software engineering, wireless communication for the Internet of Things, and intelligent algorithms for mobile robots. He is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, U.K., and has been the Chair of the ACM Chapter in Saudi Arabia since 2014.

Adel Ammar is a Full Professor of Computer Science at Prince Sultan University (PSU), where he leads the Large Language Models (LLM) team at the Robotics and Internet of Things (RIOTU) Lab. He holds a Ph.D. in Information Processing from the University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, France, and an engineering degree from Ecole des Mines de Nancy, France. With 20 years of research experience in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, his expertise spans Generative AI, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Robotics. Beyond research, he has actively contributed to various academic and industrial projects, including AI-powered surveillance, aerial image analysis, and autonomous systems.

Wadii Boulila (Senior Member, IEEE) received his B.Sc. degree (First-Class Honours with Distinction) in Computer Science from the Aviation School of Borj El Amri in 2005, his M.Sc. degree in Computer Science from the National School of Computer Science (ENSI) at the University of Manouba, Tunisia, in 2007, and his Ph.D. in Computer Science through a joint program between ENSI and Télécom Bretagne, University of Rennes 1, France, in 2012. He is currently a Full Professor of Computer Science and the director of the RIOTU Laboratory at Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. In addition, he serves as a Senior Researcher with the RIADI Laboratory at the University of Manouba and previously held the position of Senior Research Fellow with the ITI Department at the University of Rennes 1, France. Prof. Boulila has been the recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Best Young Researcher in Computer Science Award in 2021 from Beit El-Hikma, the Best Researcher Award from the University of Manouba in 2021, the Most Cited Researcher Award from the University of Manouba in 2022, and the Research Excellence Award as well as the Best Faculty Member for Most Impactful Research Output Award from Prince Sultan University. He has actively contributed to numerous research and industrial projects, with primary research interests spanning data science, computer vision, big data analytics, deep learning, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and uncertainty modeling. Prof. Boulila has served as a chair, reviewer, and technical program committee (TPC) member for many leading international conferences and journals. His work has garnered global recognition, and he has been named among the top 2% of scientists worldwide in his field by Stanford University. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, a Member of ACM and AAAI, and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (SFHEA) in the U.K.

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Abstract

Link failures are a critical issue that disrupts consistent communications in the fast-evolving Internet-of-Vehicles ( IoV) environment. In response to the aforementioned limitation, we introduce the rapid discovery algorithm for routes ( RADAR), a novel scheme designed for rapid route discovery in the event of abrupt link failures or topological changes. Built on a heuristic 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎^∗ algorithm, RADAR operates within a three-layered Software-Defined Networking ( SDN) architecture to ensure seamless communications. The first layer collects vital vehicle information, including location, speed, direction, and vehicle ID. The second layer uses an SDN edge controller to carry out local and intra-zone path discovery with the 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎^∗ heuristic algorithm. The third layer introduces a global controller that oversees inter-zone route discovery, thereby expanding the network’s reach and capabilities. To validate RADAR’s effectiveness, we compare its performance to those of Dijkstra-based and 𝐴^∗ path planning algorithms across key metrics—Route Discovery Messages ( RDM), Path Length ( PL), and Route Discovery Time ( RDT). Our analysis shows significant improvements with RADAR over Dijkstra, achieving up to an 80% increase in RDM, 20% in PL, and 70% in RDT. It also surpasses 𝐴^∗ by up to 70% in RDM and 60% in RDT. These results indicate that RADAR enhances routing reliability in IoV systems, thereby improving overall network performance.

Keywords

Route discovery / Software defined networking (SDN) / Link failure / Intra-zone communications / Inter-zone communications / 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎*

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Zahid Khan, Nauman Khan, Anis Koubaa, Adel Ammar, Wadii Boulila. RADAR: A rapid discovery algorithm for routes in SDN-based IoV^✩. , 2026, 12 (3) : 495-504 DOI:10.1016/j.dcan.2024.08.001

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CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zahid Khan: Writing – original draft, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Nauman Khan: Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Investigation, Formal analysis. Anis Koubaa: Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Adel Ammar: Writing – review & editing, Software. Wadii Boulila: Resources, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the Robotics and Internet-of-Things Lab of Prince Sultan University.

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