Advances in Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy

Abstract

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has emerged as a transformative treatment in heart failure management, particularly for patients with significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the context of electrical dyssynchrony. Over time, CRT has evolved to address broader patient populations and more complex clinical scenarios. Despite its well-documented benefits in improving survival, reducing hospitalisation and enhancing quality of life, approximately 30% of patients fail to respond, making ongoing research critical for optimising outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive update on the evolving landscape of CRT therapy. Focus is placed on expanding indications, novel assessment techniques for dyssynchrony, application in special populations and innovations in device programming.

Keywords

Biventricular pacing / Dyssynchrony / Congenital heart disease / Device optimisation / Responders

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, N.D., P.A.P.; Writing—original draft preparation, N.S., Z.Z.; Writing—reviewing and editing, H.K., S.T.; Section on Optimal device programming, J.W.; Visualisation and editing, T.N.

Ethics Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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