The response of greenhouse gas emissions, crop yield, and soil health to water scarcity and biochar application in rice cultivation

Abstract

Projected climate change impacts, such as delayed rainfall and increased drought frequency, threaten rice cultivation and global food security. This study evaluated the effects of water scarcity at critical growth stages and biochar application on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, and soil health in Central Thailand using the drought-tolerant cultivar Pathum Thani 1. Treatments included continuous flooding and water scarcity during tillering, reproductive, or both stages, with and without biochar, across wet and dry seasons. Water scarcity significantly reduced methane (CH₄) emissions by inhibiting hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (Methanocella) and acetoclastic methanogenesis (GOM Arc I of Methanosarcinales) but increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions via enhanced nitrification. Despite higher N₂O emissions, total GHG emissions, expressed as the global warming potential (GWP), were lower under water-scarce conditions than under continuous flooding, with reductions of 27.1%, 43.0%, and 58.1% during tillering, reproductive, and both stages, respectively. Water scarcity during tillering stage maintained yield, whereas water scarcity during reproductive stage caused a significant reduction in yield. Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration. Its high porosity and surface area also suppressed methanogenesis and reduced N₂O formation while improving nutrient use efficiency. The strategic use of water restrictions during tillering, combined with biochar, provides a sustainable approach to mitigate GHG emissions, optimize water use, and sustain soil health and productivity. In resource-limited scenarios, prioritizing tillering-stage water scarcity over biochar application is recommended because of its greater GHG mitigation potential.

Keywords

Biochar amendment / Grain yield / Greenhouse gas emissions / Rice / Soil health / Water scarcity

Abbreviations

amoA ammonia monooxygenase

AOB ammonia-oxidizing bacteria

AWD alternate wetting and drying

CH₄ methane

DAT days after transplanting

DOC dissolved organic carbon

Eh soil redox potential

GHG greenhouse gas

GWP global warming potential

IWU irrigation water use

mcrA methyl coenzyme M reductase

NH₄⁺ ammonium

nirK nitrite reductase

NO₃⁻ nitrate

N₂O nitrous oxide

nosZ nitrous oxide reductase

pmoA particulate methane monooxygenase

SOC soil organic carbon

Availability of data and materials

Data will be available upon request.

Authors’ contributions

P.S., R.O., and A.C.: Conceptualization, manuscript writing, reviewing, and editing; P.S., B.R., and A.C.: Methodology; P.S. and B.R.: Investigation; P.S. and A.C.: Validation; and P.S.: Data curation, data analysis, funding acquisition, project administration, and supervision.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32372216, 32172102, and 31671618), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M742963), and the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.005.

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