Synthesis and Utilization of MXene/MOF Hybrid Composite Materials

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous architectures formed by the coordination of organic ligands with metal ions or clusters. MOFs are notable for their vast surface area, abundant active sites, high porosity, and tunable properties. However, their application in energy storage and catalysis is impeded by limited conductivity and chemical stability. A promising approach to mitigating these constraints is the integration of MOFs with other functional or conductive materials. MXenes, with their distinctive layered structure, exceptional electrical conductivity, and rich surface functional groups, provide numerous advantages when combined with MOFs. This review encapsulates the synthesis methodologies of MXene/MOF composites and explores their applications across various domains, including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, lithium-sulfur batteries, zinc-ion batteries, electrocatalysts, and photocatalysts.

References

[1] PettinariC, PettinariR, Di NicolaC, TombesiA, ScuriS, MarchettiF. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2021, 446: 214121

[2] ZhaiQ G, BuX, ZhaoX, LiD S, FengP. Acc. Chem. Res., 2017, 50: 407

[3] GuY, WuY N, LiL, ChenW, LiF, KitagawaS. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2017, 56: 15658

[4] MasoomiM Y, MorsaliA, DhakshinamoorthyA, GarciaH. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58: 15188

[5] IkigakiK, OkadaK, TokudomeY, ToyaoT, FalcaroP, DoonanC J, TakahashiM. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58: 6886

[6] PengY, XuJ, XuJ, MaJ, BaiY, CaoS, ZhangS, PangH. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2022, 307: 102732

[7] KhalilI E, FonsecaJ, ReithoferM R, EderT, ChinJ M. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2023, 481: 215043

[8] ZhangQ, JiangS, LvT, PengY, PangH. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35: e2305532

[9] QianY, ZhangF, PangH. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31: 2104231

[10] ShenZ, LiW, TangW, JiangX, QiK, LiuH, XuW, XuW, ZangS, ZhenK, LiH, HeQ, TuM, ChengJ, FanZ, FuY. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 34: 2401631

[11] GuoG-C, ZhaoJ-P, GuoS, ShiW-X, LiuF-C, LuT-B, ZhangZ-M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63: e202402374

[12] SenkovskaI, BonV, AbylgazinaL, MendtM, BergerJ, KieslichG, PetkovP, Luiz FiorioJ, JoswigJ O, HeineT, SchaperL, BachetzkyC, SchmidR, FischerR A, PöpplA, BrunnerE, KaskelS. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62: e202218076

[13] WangK, LiY, XieL H, LiX, LiJ R. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2022, 51: 6417

[14] OlorunyomiJ F, DyettB P, MurdochB J, AhmedA J, RosengartenG, CarusoR A, DohertyC M, MuletX. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024 2403644

[15] LiK, YangJ, GuJ. Acc. Chem. Res., 2022, 55: 2235

[16] DaglarH, GulbalkanH C, AvciG, AksuG O, AltundalO F, AltintasC, ErucarI, KeskinS. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60: 7828

[17] ShrivastavV, SundriyalS, GoelP, KaurH, TutejaS K, VikrantK, KimK-H, TiwariU K, DeepA. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2019, 393: 48

[18] KitaoT, ZhangY, KitagawaS, WangB, UemuraT. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46: 3108

[19] LinZ, HanZ, O’ConnellG E P, WanT, ZhangD, MaZ, ChuD, LuX. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: e2312797

[20] HuangG, YangQ, XuQ, YuS H, JiangH L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2016, 55: 7379

[21] ShelonchikO, LemcoffN, ShimoniR, BiswasA, YehezkelE, YesodiD, HodI, WeizmannY. Nat. Commun., 2024, 15: 1154

[22] TroyanoJ, ÇamurC, Garzón-TovarL, Carné-SánchezA, ImazI, MaspochD. Acc. Chem. Res., 2020, 53: 1206

[23] RohH, KimD H, ChoY, JoY M, del AlamoJ A, KulikH J, DincăM, GumyusengeA. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: 2312382

[24] WeiY, ZhangP, SoomroR A, ZhuQ, XuB. Adv. Mater., 2021, 33: e2103148

[25] LiX, HuangZ, ShuckC E, LiangG, GogotsiY, ZhiC. Nat. Rev. Chem., 2022, 6: 389

[26] XueH, HuangP H, LaiL L, SuY, StrömbergA, CaoG, FanY, KhartsevS, GöthelidM, SunY T, WeissenriederJ, GylfasonK B, NiklausF, LiJ. Carbon Energy, 2024, 6: e442

[27] ZhaoX, RadovicM, GreenM J. Chem, 2020, 6: 544

[28] NatuV, PaiR, SokolM, CareyM, KalraV, BarsoumM W. Chem, 2020, 6: 616

[29] WangY, GuoT, AlhajjiE, TianZ, ShiZ, ZhangY Z, AlshareefH N. Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, 13: 2202860

[30] WangY, GuoT, TianZ, BibiK, ZhangY Z, AlshareefH N. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: e2108560

[31] ZhangP, WangX, ZhangY, WeiY, ShenN, ChenS, XuB. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 34: 2402307

[32] WangX, KajiyamaS, IinumaH, HosonoE, OroS, MoriguchiI, OkuboM, YamadaA. Nat. Commun., 2015, 6: 6544

[33] YinL, LiY, YaoX, WangY, JiaL, LiuQ, LiJ, LiY, HeD. Nano-Micro Letters, 2021, 13: 78

[34] EtmanA S, HalimJ, RosenJ. Nano Energy, 2021, 88: 106271

[35] KreckerM C, BukharinaD, HatterC B, GogotsiY, TsukrukV V. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30: 2004554

[36] HeF, ZhuB, ChengB, YuJ, HoW, MacykW. Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 272: 119006

[37] LiJ-Y, LiY-H, ZhangF, TangZ-R, XuY-J. Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 269: 118783

[38] LeiD, LiuN, SuT, ZhangQ, WangL, RenZ, GaoY. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: 2110608

[39] BiW, GaoG, LiC, WuG, CaoG. Prog. Mater Sci., 2024, 142: 101227

[40] LiangX, RangomY, KwokC Y, PangQ, NazarL F. Adv. Mater., 2016, 29: 1603040

[41] XuT, WangY, XueY, LiJ, WangY. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 470: 144247

[42] VenkateswarluS, VallemS, UmerM, JyothiN V V, BabuA, GovindarajuS, SonY, KimM, YoonM. J. Energy Chem., 2023, 86: 409

[43] GhaniA A, DevarayapalliK C, KimB, LimY, KimG, JangJ, LeeD S. Carbohydr. Polym., 2023, 318: 121098

[44] YuS, ChengC, LiK, WangJ, WangZ, ZhouH, WangW, ZhangY, QuanY. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 465: 143039

[45] MathewA E, JoseS, BabuA M, VargheseA. Materials Today Chemistry, 2024, 36: 101927

[46] SainiH, SrinivasanN, SedajovaV, MajumderM, DubalD P, OtyepkaM, ZborilR, KurraN, FischerR A, JayaramuluK. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 18742

[47] BibiS, ShahS S A, NazirM A, HelalM H, El-BahyS M, El-BahyZ M, UllahS, WattooM A, RehmanA U. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2024, 8: 202400011

[48] MaX, KangJ, WuY, PangC, LiS, LiJ, XiongY, LuoJ, WangM, XuZ. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 469: 143888

[49] NazariM, MorsaliA. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12: 4826

[50] HuM-L, MasoomiM Y, MorsaliA. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2019, 387: 415

[51] JinS. ACS Energy Letters, 2019, 4: 1443

[52] QianZ, ZhangR, XiaoY, HuangH, SunY, ChenY, MaT, SunX. Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 13: 2300086

[53] ShiX, LeeG A, LiuS, KimD, AlahmedA, JamalA, WangL, ParkA-H A. Mater. Today, 2023, 65: 207

[54] McHughL N, McPhersonM J, McCormickL J, MorrisS A, WheatleyP S, TeatS J, McKayD, DawsonD M, SansomeC E F, AshbrookS E, StoneC A, SmithM W, MorrisR E. Nat. Chem., 2018, 10: 1096

[55] DaiF, WangX, ZhengS, SunJ, HuangZ, XuB, FanL, WangR, SunD, WuZ-S. Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 413: 127520

[56] SikmaR E, KatyalN, LeeS K, FryerJ W, RomeroC G, EmslieS K, TaylorE L, LynchV M, ChangJ S, HenkelmanG, HumphreyS M. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143: 13710

[57] LuZ, LiuJ, ZhangX, LiaoY, WangR, ZhangK, LyuJ, FarhaO K, HuppJ T. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142: 21110

[58] AkuzumB, MaleskiK, AnasoriB, LelyukhP, AlvarezN J, KumburE C, GogotsiY. ACS Nano, 2018, 12: 2685

[59] WangH, YaoZ, AcauanL, KongJ, WardleB L. Matter, 2021, 4: 1447

[60] SoomroR A, ZhangP, FanB, WeiY, XuB. Nanomicro Lett., 2023, 15: 108

[61] AhmedH, AlijaniH, El-GhazalyA, HalimJ, MurdochB J, EhrnstY, MassahudE, RezkA R, RosenJ, YeoL Y. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14: 3

[62] HouP, TianY, XieY, DuF, ChenG, VojvodicA, WuJ, MengX. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2023, 62: e202304205

[63] CaoF, ZhangY, WangH, KhanK, TareenA K, QianW, ZhangH, AgrenH. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: e2107554

[64] EomW, ShinH, JeongW, AmbadeR B, LeeH, HanT H. Mater Horiz, 2023, 10: 4892

[65] HanY, ZongP-A, HuangM, YangZ, FengY, PanW, ZhangP, WanC. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2022, 11: 1445

[66] LouS, JiaX, WangY, ZhouS. Appl. Catal. B, 2015, 176/177: 586

[67] WangY, DongY, LiuQ, GuoX, ZhangM, LiY. Nano Energy, 2020, 78: 105150

[68] LiG, SiZ, CaiD, WangZ, QinP, TanT. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2020, 236: 116263

[69] GaoY, LuJ, XiaJ, YuG. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12: 12706

[70] YueL, ChenL, WangX, LuD, ZhouW, ShenD, YangQ, XiaoS, LiY. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 451: 138687

[71] ZhangX, YangS, LuW, LeiD, TianY, GuoM, MiP, QuN, ZhaoY. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021, 592: 95

[72] CaoB, LiuH, ZhangX, ZhangP, ZhuQ, DuH, WangL, ZhangR, XuB. Nanomicro Lett., 2021, 13: 202

[73] LiuX, LiuF, ZhaoX, FanL-Z. Journal of Materiomics, 2022, 8: 30

[74] YeZ, JiangY, LiL, WuF, ChenR. Adv. Mater., 2021, 33: e2101204

[75] LiH, LiJ, MaL, ZhangX, LiJ, LiJ, LuT, PanL. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11: 2836

[76] ZhaoL, DongB, LiS, ZhouL, LaiL, WangZ, ZhaoS, HanM, GaoK, LuM, XieX, ChenB, LiuZ, WangX, ZhangH, LiH, LiuJ, ZhangH, HuangX, HuangW. ACS Nano, 2017, 11: 5800

[77] NamS, MahatoM, MatthewsK, LordR W, LeeY, ThangasamyP, AhnC W, GogotsiY, OhI K. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 33: 2210702

[78] ChangY, ChenM, FuZ, LuR, GaoY, ChenF, LiH, Frans de RooijN, LeeY-K, WangY, ZhouG. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11: 6966

[79] LiuC, BaiY, LiW, YangF, ZhangG, PangH. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2022, 61: e202116282

[80] LeeP Y, ChengT M, YougbareS, LinL Y. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2022, 618: 219

[81] ZhanX, SiC, ZhouJ, SunZ. Nanoscale Horizons, 2020, 5: 235

[82] WangH-Y, SunX-B, WangG-S. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9: 24571

[83] LiuZ, ChenJ, QueM, ZhengH, YangL, YuanH, MaY, LiY, YangX. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 450: 138442

[84] ChenF, ZhangS, MaB, XiongY, LuoH, ChengY, LiX, WangX, GongR. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 431: 134007

[85] ZongH, HuL, WangZ, QiR, YuK, ZhuZ. Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 416: 129102

[86] NaJ H, OhH G, LeeS, ParkS-K. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12: 2848

[87] TanP, GaoR, ZhangY, HanN, JiangY, XuM, BaoS J, ZhangX. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2023, 630: 363

[88] ZhaoX, XuH, HuiZ, SunY, YuC, XueJ, ZhouR, WangL, DaiH, ZhaoY, YangJ, ZhouJ, ChenQ, SunG, HuangW. Small, 2019, 15: e1904255

[89] WuF, LiuZ, WangJ, ShahT, LiuP, ZhangQ, ZhangB. Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 422: 130591

[90] LiJ, YangZ, WangC, WuS, ZhengY, CuiZ, JiangH, LiZ, ZhuS, FengL, LiuX. Appl. Catal. B, 2023, 339: 123163

[91] ShiL, WuC, WangY, DouY, YuanD, LiH, HuangH, ZhangY, GatesI D, SunX, MaT. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 32: 2202571

[92] GuoX, ZhangH, YaoY, XiaoC, YanX, ChenK, QiJ, ZhouY, ZhuZ, SunX, LiJ. Appl. Catal. B, 2023, 323: 122136

[93] LiY, LiuY, WangZ, WangP, ZhengZ, ChengH, DaiY, HuangB. Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 411: 128446

[94] ShenZ, LiF, GuoL, ZhangX, WangY, WangY, JianX, GaoX, WangZ, LiR, FanC, LiuJ. Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 346: 123732

[95] ZhaoX, ChenY, NiuR, TangY, ChenY, SuH, YangZ, JingX, GuanH, GaoR, MengL. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: e2307839

[96] JiangM, JiangD, CaoX, WangJ, SunY, ZhangM, LiuJ. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 34: 2312692

[97] PathakI, AcharyaD, ChhetriK, Chandra LohaniP, KoT, MuthurasuA, SubediS, KimT, SaidinS, DahalB, KimH. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 469: 143388

[98] HuL, XiaoR, WangX, WangX, WangC, WenJ, GuW, ZhuC. Appl. Catal. B, 2021, 298: 120599

[99] YangZ, WengC, GaoX, MengF, JiY, LiJ, LuT, LiJ, WangJ, PanL. Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 486: 150299

[100] ShiX, LiangW, LiuG, ChenB, ShaoL, WuY, SunZ, GarcíaF. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 462: 142271

[101] YangL, ChenY, WenQ, XuH, PanX, LiX. Electrochim. Acta, 2022, 428: 140959

[102] LuoT, WangY, ElanderB, GoldsteinM, MuY, WilkesJ, FahrenbruchM, LeeJ, LiT, BaoJ L, MohantyU, WangD. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: e2306239

[103] WangM, MengY, XuY, ChenN, ChuaiM, YuanY, SunJ, LiuZ, ZhengX, ZhangZ, LiD, ChenW. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023, 16: 5284

[104] LiuH, CaiX, ZhiX, DiS, ZhaiB, LiH, WangS, LiL. Nanomicro Lett., 2022, 15: 24

[105] ZhangX, LiL, FanE, XueQ, BianY, WuF, ChenR. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47: 7239

[106] WuM, ZhouZ. Interdisciplinary Materials, 2023, 2: 231

[107] ZhangN, DengT, ZhangS, WangC, ChenL, WangC, FanX. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: e2107899

[108] YuS H, FengX, ZhangN, SeokJ, AbrunaH D. Acc. Chem. Res., 2018, 51: 273

[109] XuB, LeeJ, KwonD, KongL, PechtM. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 150: 111437

[110] WuM, ZhaoY, SunB, SunZ, LiC, HanY, XuL, GeZ, RenY, ZhangM, ZhangQ, LuY, WangW, MaY, ChenY. Nano Energy, 2020, 70: 104498

[111] WuM, ZhaoY, ZhaoR, ZhuJ, LiuJ, ZhangY, LiC, MaY, ZhangH, ChenY. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 32: 2107703

[112] DongC, ZhangX, DongW, LinX, ChengY, TangY, ZhaoS, LiG, HuangF. Energy & Environmental Science, 2022, 15: 4738

[113] ChoiS, BokT, RyuJ, LeeJ-I, ChoJ, ParkS. Nano Energy, 2015, 12: 161

[114] LiY, XieJ, WangR, MinS, XuZ, DingY, SuP, ZhangX, WeiL, LiJ F, ChuZ, SunJ, HuangC. Nanomicro. Lett., 2024, 16: 79

[115] ZhuM, HanD, CaiC, ZhongJ, WengJ, TangC, GaoF, ZhangJ. Carbon, 2024, 227: 119248

[116] WeiC, XiB, WangP, LiangY, WangZ, TianK, FengJ, XiongS. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35: e2303780

[117] YangC, FengJ, LvF, ZhouJ, LinC, WangK, ZhangY, YangY, WangW, LiJ, GuoS. Adv. Mater., 2018, 30: e1800036

[118] ShinD-Y, LeeJ S, KooB-R, AhnH-J. Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 412: 128547

[119] YaoL, GuQ, YuX. ACS Nano, 2021, 15: 3228

[120] XuL, XiaoX, TuH, ZhuF, WangJ, LiuH, HuangW, DengW, HouH, LiuT, JiX, AmineK, ZouG. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35: e2303193

[121] MukherjeeS, RenZ, SinghG. Nanomicro. Lett., 2018, 10: 70

[122] WarringtonA, HasanpoorM, BalkisA, HowlettP C, HuttO E, ForsythM, PringleJ M. Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 63: 102984

[123] LiY, MaoE, MinZ, CaiZ, ChenZ, FuL, DuanX, WangL, ZhangC, LuZ, LiuW, SehZ W, SunY. ACS Nano, 2023, 17: 19459

[124] LuoY, LiT, YangX, ZhangH, JiaZ, YanJ, LiX. Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 12: 2103503

[125] WangJ, ZhangJ, WuJ, HuangM, JiaL, LiL, ZhangY, HuH, LiuF, GuanQ, LiuM, AdenusiH, LinH, PasseriniS. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35: e2302828

[126] LiuQ, YangL, MeiZ, AnQ, ZengK, HuangW, WangS, SunY, GuoH. Energy & Environmental Science, 2024, 17: 780

[127] SunJ, WangT, GaoY, PanZ, HuR, WangJ. InfoMat, 2022, 4: e12359

[128] LiuJ, ZhouY, YanT, GaoX P. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 34: 2309625

[129] LinY, HuangS, ZhongL, WangS, HanD, RenS, XiaoM, MengY. Energy Storage Materials, 2021, 34: 128

[130] ZhouL, DanilovD L, EichelR A, NottenP H L. Adv. Energy Mater., 2020, 11: 2001304

[131] LiuZ, ZhengX, YuanN-Y, DingJ-N. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5: 942

[132] CaiS, MaR, KeW, ZhangH, LiuY, JiaoM, TianY, FangY, WuM, ZhouZ. Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 491: 151979

[133] ShaoQ, WuZ-S, ChenJ. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 22: 284

[134] QinJ, WangR, XiaoP, WangD. Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 13: 2300611

[135] HeJ, BhargavA, ManthiramA. ACS Energy Letters, 2022, 7: 583

[136] SinghD, AhujaR. ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2021, 4: 13070

[137] ZhengJ, JiG, FanX, ChenJ, LiQ, WangH, YangY, DeMellaK C, RaghavanS R, WangC. Adv. Energy Mater., 2019, 9: 1803774

[138] JiangG, ZhengN, ChenX, DingG, LiY, SunF, LiY. Chem. Eng. J., 2019, 373: 1309

[139] ZhouS, ShiJ, LiuS, LiG, PeiF, ChenY, DengJ, ZhengQ, LiJ, ZhaoC, HwangI, SunC J, LiuY, DengY, HuangL, QiaoY, XuG L, ChenJ F, AmineK, SunS G, LiaoH G. Nature, 2023, 621: 75

[140] ShiZ, TianZ, GuoD, WangY, BayhanZ, AlzahraniA S, AlshareefH N. ACS Energy Letters, 2023, 8: 3054

[141] LiY-J, FanJ-M, ZhengM-S, DongQ-F. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9: 1998

[142] JinY, LiuK, LangJ, JiangX, ZhengZ, SuQ, HuangZ, LongY, WangC-A, WuH, CuiY. Joule, 2020, 4: 262

[143] LiuY-H, LiL-X, WenA-Y, CaoF-F, YeH. Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 55: 652

[144] LiZ, WuH B, LouX W. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9: 3061

[145] LiZ, ZhangQ, HenczL, LiuJ, KaghazchiP, HanJ, WangL, ZhangS. Nano Energy, 2021, 89: 106331

[146] MonishaM, PermudeP, GhoshA, KumarA, ZafarS, MitraS, LochabB. Energy Storage Materials, 2020, 29: 350

[147] CaiW, LiG, LuoD, XiaoG, ZhuS, ZhaoY, ChenZ, ZhuY, QianY. Adv. Energy Mater., 2018, 8: 1802561

[148] WeiA, WangL, LiZ. J. Alloys Compd., 2022, 899: 163369

[149] BoruahB D, MathiesonA, WenB, FeldmannS, DoseW M, De VolderM. Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13: 2414

[150] XuW, WangY. Nano-Micro Letters, 2019, 11: 90

[151] FangG, ZhouJ, PanA, LiangS. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3: 2480

[152] LohJ R, XueJ, LeeW S V. Small Methods, 2023, 7: 2300101

[153] ZhangN, ChenX, YuM, NiuZ, ChengF, ChenJ. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49: 4203

[154] YeZ, CaoZ, Lam CheeM O, DongP, AjayanP M, ShenJ, YeM. Energy Storage Materials, 2020, 32: 290

[155] ZhouZ, HanM, SunY, CuiY, El-khodaryS A, NgD H L, LianJ, MaJ. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 34: 2308834

[156] LuH, HuJ, WeiX, ZhangK, XiaoX, ZhaoJ, HuQ, YuJ, ZhouG, XuB. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14: 4435

[157] LeeY H, JeounY, KimJ H, ShimJ, AhnK S, YuS H, SungY E. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 34: 2310884

[158] HuP, ZouZ, SunX, WangD, MaJ, KongQ, XiaoD, GuL, ZhouX, ZhaoJ, DongS, HeB, AvdeevM, ShiS, CuiG, ChenL. Adv. Mater., 2020, 32: e1907526

[159] WangY, SongJ, WongW Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2023, 62: e202218343

[160] XuL, MengT, ZhengX, LiT, BrozenaA H, MaoY, ZhangQ, CliffordB C, RaoJ, HuL. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 33: 2302098

[161] ZongY, HeH, WangY, WuM, RenX, BaiZ, WangN, NingX, DouS X. Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 13: 2300403

[162] BlancL E, KunduD, NazarL F. Joule, 2020, 4: 771

[163] MaL, ChenS, LiN, LiuZ, TangZ, ZapienJ A, ChenS, FanJ, ZhiC. Adv. Mater., 2020, 32: e1908121

[164] LuH, HuJ, ZhangK, ZhaoJ, DengS, LiY, XuB, PangH. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: e2309753

[165] ZhangA, ZhaoR, WangY, YangJ, WuC, BaiY. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023, 16: 3240

[166] ZhuK, WuT, HuangK. ACS Nano, 2019, 13: 14447

[167] LiD, TangY, LiangS, LuB, ChenG, ZhouJ. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023, 16: 3381

[168] ZhuK, WuT, HuangK. Energy Storage Materials, 2021, 38: 473

[169] LiuW, ZongH, LiM, ZengZ, GongS, YuK, ZhuZ. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15: 13554

[170] JiangY, LiuJ. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2019, 2: 30

[171] ZhangL, ShiD, LiuT, JaroniecM, YuJ. Mater. Today, 2019, 25: 35

[172] ZhongM, ZhangM, LiX. Carbon Energy, 2022, 4: 950

[173] YuD, QianQ, WeiL, JiangW, GohK, WeiJ, ZhangJ, ChenY. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2015, 44: 647

[174] KiruthikaS, SnehaN, GuptaR. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11: 4907

[175] LiuC, FengW, BaiY, PangH. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, 2022, 9: 5463

[176] WangJ, GongJ, ZhangH, LvL, LiuY, DaiY. J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 870: 159466

[177] WangF, WuX, YuanX, LiuZ, ZhangY, FuL, ZhuY, ZhouQ, WuY, HuangW. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46: 6816

[178] CaiY, ChenX, XuY, ZhangY, LiuH, ZhangH, TangJ. Carbon Energy, 2024, 6: e501

[179] NiuL, WuT, ChenM, YangL, YangJ, WangZ, KornyshevA A, JiangH, BiS, FengG. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: 2200999

[180] ChengH, LiJ, MengT, ShuD. Small, 2023, 20: 2308804

[181] XiaH, ZhangJ, YangZ, GuoS, GuoS, XuQ. Nano-Micro Letters, 2017, 9: 43

[182] QuC, JiaoY, ZhaoB, ChenD, ZouR, WaltonK S, LiuM. Nano Energy, 2016, 26: 66

[183] SheberlaD, BachmanJ C, EliasJ S, SunC J, Shao-HornY, DincaM. Nat. Mater., 2017, 16: 220

[184] JayaramuluK, HornM, SchneemannA, SainiH, BakandritsosA, RancV, PetrM, StavilaV, NarayanaC, ScheibeB, KmentS, OtyepkaM, MottaN, DubalD, ZborilR, FischerR A. Adv. Mater., 2021, 33: e2004560

[185] JiY, YouY, XuG, YangX, LiuY. Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 483: 149365

[186] XuQ, ChenJ, LohJ R, ZhongH, ZhangK, XueJ, LeeW S V. Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 14: 2302536

[187] AmiriA, BrunoA, PolycarpouA A. Carbon Energy, 2023, 5: e320

[188] LiuT, YanR, HuangH, PanL, CaoX, deMelloA, NiederbergerM. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30: 2004410

[189] DubalD P, ChodankarN R, KimD-H, Gomez-RomeroP. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47: 2065

[190] XuT, WangY, LiuK, ZhaoQ, LiangQ, ZhangM, SiC. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2023, 6: 108

[191] ZhaoW, JiangM, WangW, LiuS, HuangW, ZhaoQ. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 31: 2009136

[192] WengZ, SuY, WangD W, LiF, DuJ, ChengH M. Adv. Energy Mater., 2011, 1: 917

[193] KshetriT, KhumujamD D, SinghT I, LeeY S, KimN H, LeeJ H. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 437: 135338

[194] WangX, SalariM, JiangD-E, Chapman VarelaJ, AnasoriB, WesolowskiD J, DaiS, GrinstaffM W, GogotsiY. Nature Reviews Materials, 2020, 5: 787

[195] LuC, LiA, ZhaiT, NiuC, DuanH, GuoL, ZhouW. Energy Storage Materials, 2020, 26: 472

[196] YangX, TianY, LiS, WuY-P, ZhangQ, LiD-S, ZhangS. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10: 12225

[197] WangJ, ZhaoC-X, LiuJ-N, SongY-W, HuangJ-Q, LiB-Q. Nano Energy, 2022, 104: 107927

[198] PeiZ, TanH, GuJ, LuL, ZengX, ZhangT, WangC, DingL, CullenP J, ChenZ, ZhaoS. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14: 818

[199] ZhangT, ZhangB, PengQ, ZhouJ, SunZ. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9: 433

[200] LuL, ZhengY, YangR, KakimovA, LiX. Materials Today Chemistry, 2021, 21: 100488

[201] LiY-W, ZhangW-J, LiJ, MaH-Y, DuH-M, LiD-C, WangS-N, ZhaoJ-S, DouJ-M, XuL. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12: 44710

[202] JiangB, GuoY, SunF, WangS, KangY, XuX, ZhaoJ, YouJ, EguchiM, YamauchiY, LiH. ACS Nano, 2023, 17: 13017

[203] BaeG, HanS, OhH S, ChoiC H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62: e200219227

[204] ZhangJ, FengX. Joule, 2018, 2: 1396

[205] ZhuC, FuS, ShiQ, DuD, LinY. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2017, 56: 13944

[206] LiH, YanG, ZhaoH, HowlettP C, WangX, FangJ. Adv. Mater., 2024, 36: e2311272

[207] ZhuangX, ZhangS, TangY, YuF, LiZ, PangH. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2023, 490: 215208

[208] ZouH, HeB, KuangP, YuJ, FanK. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10: 22311

[209] XuC, YangX, LiS, LiK, XiB, HanQ-W, WuY-P, WuX-Q, ChiR-A, LiD-S. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, 2023, 10: 85

[210] XuC, YangX, FengK, ZhangM, YangL, YinS. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48: 17553

[211] HaoL P, HananA, WalvekarR, KhalidM, BibiF, WongW Y, PrakashC. Catalysts, 2023, 13: 802

[212] WangW-T, BatoolN, ZhangT-H, LiuJ, HanX-F, TianJ-H, YangR. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9: 3952

[213] HaoM, LiT, LinL, ZhangX, HuoC, ZhangX, LiuX, ZhuY, ZhangW. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2024, 688: 133626

[214] ChenJ, YuanX, LyuF, ZhongQ, HuH, PanQ, ZhangQ. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7: 1281

[215] XuC, Ravi AnusuyadeviP, AymonierC, LuqueR, MarreS. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2019, 48: 3868

[216] BuzzettiL, CrisenzaG E M, MelchiorreP. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58: 3730

[217] HuC, TuS, TianN, MaT, ZhangY, HuangH. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60: 16309

[218] LowJ, YuJ, JaroniecM, WagehS, Al-GhamdiA A. Adv. Mater., 2017, 29: 1601694

[219] LiX, YuJ, JaroniecM. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45: 2603

[220] SunX, HuangH, ZhaoQ, MaT, WangL. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30: 1910005

[221] ZhangL, ZhangJ, YuH, YuJ. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34: 2107668

[222] LehnertN, DongH T, HarlandJ B, HuntA P, WhiteC J. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2018, 2: 278

[223] WangC, WangS, PingY, ZhaoZ, GuoD, WangD, BuX. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2024, 347: 123781

[224] HuangH, WangX-S, PhiloD, IchiharaF, SongH, LiY, LiD, QiuT, WangS, YeJ. Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 267: 118686

[225] HuangT, YangH, XuW, SunY, PangH. Chem Catalysis, 2024, 4: 100929

[226] SunY, JiH, SunY, ZhangG, ZhouH, CaoS, LiuS, ZhangL, LiW, ZhuX, PangH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2024, 63: e202316973

[227] BaK, PuD, YangX, YeT, ChenJ, WangX, XiaoT, DuanT, SunY, GeB, ZhangP, LiangZ, SunZ. Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 317: 121755

[228] ChengL, TangY, XieM, SunY, LiuH. J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 864: 158913

[229] ZhuY, JiH, HuangT, SunY, PangH. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2024 2400225

[230] QinJ, LiuB, LamK-H, SongS, LiX, HuX. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2020, 8: 17791

[231] WangH, ZhaoR, QinJ, HuH, FanX, CaoX, WangD. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11: 44249

[232] XueZ, YanM, ZhangY, XuJ, GaoX, WuY. Appl. Catal. B, 2023, 325: 122303

[233] ChiarelloG L, DozziM V, SelliE. J. Energy Chem, 2017, 26: 250

[234] GangulyP, HarbM, CaoZ, CavalloL, BreenA, DervinS, DionysiouD D, PillaiS C. ACS Energy Letters, 2019, 4: 1687

[235] DuH, LiuY-N, ShenC-C, XuA-W. Chinese J. Catal., 2017, 38: 1295

[236] HananA, LakhanM N, BibiF, KhanA, SoomroI A, HussainA, AftabU. Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 482: 148776

[237] ZhangY, ZhouK, YuanC, LvH, YinH, FeiQ, XiaoD, ZhangY, LauW. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2024, 653: 482

[238] LiuS, JiangX, WaterhouseG I N, ZhangZ-M, YuL-M. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2022, 294: 121094