Multifunctional Sodium Gluconate Electrolyte Additive Enabling Highly Reversible Zn Anodes

Abstract

Sodium gluconate (SG) is reported as an electrolyte additive for rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries. The SG addition is proposed to modulate the nucleation overpotential and plating behaviors of Zn by forming a shielding buffer layer because of the adsorption priority and large steric hindrance effect, which contributes to limited rampant Zn²⁺ diffusion and mitigated hydrogen evolution and corrosion. With the introduction of 30 mmol/L SG in 2 mol/L ZnSO₄ electrolyte, the Zn anode harvests a reversible cycling of 1200 h at 5 mA/cm² and a high average Coulombic efficiency of Zn plating/stripping (99.6%). Full cells coupling Zn anode with V₂O₅·1.6H₂O or polyaniline cathode far surpass the SG additivefree batteries in terms of cycle stability and rate capability. This work provides an inspiration for design of a high-effective and low-cost electrolyte additive towards Zn-based energy storage devices.

Keywords

Electrolyte additive / Zn anode / Sodium gluconate / Adsorption / Zn dendrite

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