Phase Separation Suppression by Guanidine Phosphate Enables 21.54% Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Cells for All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells

Abstract

Wide-bandgap perovskite materials with high bromine content (> 1.7 eV) suffer from severe light-induced phase separation, leading to irreversible device degradation—yet effective suppression strategies remain scarce. Here, we introduce guanidine phosphate (GP) as a bifunctional additive that simultaneously passivates defects and regulates crystal orientation. The Gua⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions act cooperatively: Gua⁺ passivates undercoordinated Pb²⁺ and reacts with excess surface Pb²⁺, while PO₄³⁻ stabilizes iodide vacancies through strong Pb–O–P bonds. This dual passivation suppresses ion migration and promotes (100)-oriented crystallization, thereby improving film quality. Consequently, GP-modified 1.78 eV perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.54% (control: 19.72%)—the highest reported for devices in the 1.74–1.79 eV range. Unencapsulated devices retain 90.64% of their initial efficiency after 1400 h in N₂ atmosphere. The strategy also yields 19.64% efficiency for 1.85 eV perovskites, demonstrating its generality. Furthermore, all-perovskite tandem cells incorporating this approach achieve a PCE of 28.72%.

Keywords

crystallization control / defect passivation / high efficiency / wide-bandgap perovskite

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