Advanced Molten-Salt Synthesis: A Powerful Platform for Engineering High-Performance Electrocatalysts

Abstract

There is a pressing need for efficient, stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts to overcome the core bottleneck associated with the sluggish kinetics of electrochemical energy conversion processes. In response to this challenge, molten-salt synthesis (MSS) has emerged as a powerful, versatile, and scalable strategy for the rational construction of advanced electrocatalysts. Benefiting from its unique liquid-phase reaction environment, MSS enables rapid mass transport and homogeneous reaction conditions. This allows precise regulation of catalyst crystal structure, composition, and electronic properties, while simultaneously facilitating atomic-level dispersion of active species, controllable defect engineering, and well-defined interface construction. These features are crucial for optimizing catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. In addition, the inherent scalability of MSS makes this approach particularly attractive for the large-scale preparation of functional electrocatalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of various advanced electrocatalysts via MSS, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, layered double hydroxides, and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. The catalytic performances of these materials in key electrochemical reactions, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, and other related applications, are critically evaluated, with particular emphasis on the underlying structure–performance relationships. Finally, current research gaps, major challenges, and future opportunities in the field are highlighted to provide insights for the rational design and scalable development of next-generation electrocatalysts.

Keywords

electrocatalysts / electrocatalytic applications / liquid phase environment / molten-salt synthesis / structure-activity relationship

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