Progress and Future Challenges in Designing High-Performance Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts for CO₂ Methanation: A Critical Review

Abstract

The Ni/CeO₂ catalyst stands out among various solid metal oxide catalysts for its exceptional catalytic proficiency, positioning it as a prime candidate for the industrialization of methanation processes. This review thoroughly examines the prevalent challenges associated with Ni/CeO₂ in methanation reactions, compiles current strategies to overcome these hurdles, and presents novel perspectives. The review elucidates the structural characteristics of Ni/CeO₂ and its applications in catalytic reactions, discusses various synthesis methods and their respective merits and demerits, explores catalytic reaction systems at both laboratory and industrial scales, and clarifies the underlying reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, it underscores the mainstream approaches to enhance the low-temperature activity of Ni/CeO₂ in methanation and to mitigate activity decrement due to Ni agglomeration. The review concludes by proposing future directions for improving low-temperature methanation activity and preventing catalyst deactivation, encompassing the development of innovative catalyst architectures, integrating in-situ characterization with theoretical calculations, and investigating photothermal methanation catalytic systems. Undoubtedly, scientific researchers will persistently strive to develop Ni/CeO₂ catalysts with high activity across a broad temperature range and robust stability, driving the industrialization of CO₂ methanation technology in the foreseeable future.

Keywords

CO ₂ methanation / high activity and stability / low-temperature activity / Ni/CeO ₂ catalyst

References

[1] S. Lu, S. Zhang, Q. Liu, et al., “Recent Advances in Novel Materials for Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction,” Carbon Neutralization 3 (2024):142–168.

[2] J. Tang, C. Guo, T. Wang, et al., “A Review of g-C₃N₄-Based Photocatalytic Materials for Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction,” Carbon Neutralization 3 (2024):557–583.

[3] J. Tang, E. Weiss, and Z. Shao, “Advances in Cutting-Edge Electrode Engineering Toward CO₂ electrolysis at High Current Density and Selectivity: A Mini-Review,” Carbon Neutralization 1 (2022):140–158.

[4] J. Wang, Z. Zhu, Y. Lin, et al., “Nano-Engineering in Zinc-Based Catalysts for CO₂ Electroreduction: Advances and Challenges,” Carbon Neutralization 3 (2024):423–440.

[5] D. Wu, C. Tian, J. Zhou, et al., “Morphology and Structure of Lead-Free Cusb-Based Double Perovskites for Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction,” Carbon Neutralization 1 (2022):298–305.

[6] G. Ding, C. Li, L. Chen, and G. Liao, “Porphyrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photo(Electro)Catalytic CO₂ Reduction,” Energy & Environmental Science 17 (2024):5311–5335.

[7] G. Liao, Y. He, H. Wang, B. Fang, N. Tsubaki, and C. Li, “Carbon Neutrality Enabled by Structure-Tailored Zeolite-Based Nanomaterials,” Device 1 (2023):100173.

[8] M. Wang and J. Luo. “Synergetic Energy Coupled Thermal Catalytic Systems for CO₂ Reduction,” eScience 3 (2023):100155.

[9] K. Liu, Y. Liao, P. Wang, et al., “Lattice Capacity-Dependent Activity for CO₂ methanation: Crafting Ni/CeO₂ catalysts With Outstanding Performance at Low Temperatures,” Nanoscale 16 (2024):11096–11108.

[10] G. Ding, C. Li, Y. Ni, L. Chen, L. Shuai, and G. Liao, “Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Composites as High-Performance Photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction,” EES Catalysis 1 (2023):369–391.

[11] G. Liao, G. Ding, B. Yang, and C. Li, “Challenges in Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction,” Precision Chemistry 2 (2024):49–56.

[12] G. Liao, E. Sun, E. B. G. Kana, et al., “Renewable Hemicellulose-Based Materials for Value-Added Applications,” Carbohydrate Polymers 341 (2024):122351.

[13] K. Liu, A. Ramirez, X. Zhang, et al., “Interplay Between Particle Size and Hierarchy of Zeolite ZSM-5 During the CO₂-to-aromatics Process,” Chemsuschem 16 (2023):e202300608.

[14] Z. Wang, G. Ding, H. Huang, et al., “Unraveling the Dipole Field in Ultrathin, Porous, and Defective Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Record-High Piezo-Photocatalytic H2O2 Production,” eScience 4 (2024):100370.

[15] J. Tian, Y. Zhang, Z. Shi, et al., “Enabling Interfacial Lattice Matching by Selective Epitaxial Growth of CuS Crystals on Bi₂WO₆ Nanosheets for Efficient CO₂ Photoreduction into Solar Fuels,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2024):e202418496.

[16] X. Wu, W. Zhang, J. Li, Q. Xiang, Z. Liu, and B. Liu, “Identification of the Active Sites on Metallic MoO_2–x Nano-Sea-Urchin for Atmospheric CO₂ Photoreduction Under UV, Visible, and Near-Infrared Light Illumination,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62 (2023):e202213124.

[17] B. Huang, X. Fu, K. Wang, et al., “Chemically Bonded BiVO₄/Bi₁₉Cl₃S₂₇ Heterojunction With Fast Hole Extraction Dynamics for Continuous CO₂ Photoreduction,” Advanced Powder Materials 3 (2024):100140.

[18] X. Shao, K. Li, J. Li, Q. Cheng, G. Wang, and K. Wang, “Investigating S-Scheme Charge Transfer Pathways in NiS@Ta₂O₅ Hybrid Nanofibers for Photocatalytic CO₂ Conversion,” Chinese Journal of Catalysis 51 (2023):193–203.

[19] K. Wang, C. Liu, J. Li, Q. Cheng, B. Liu, and J. Li, “Near-Infrared-Responsive Sea-Urchin-Like Ag₆Si₂O₇/Bi₁₉Br₃S₂₇ S-Scheme Heterojunction for Efficient CO₂ Photoreduction,” Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy 361 (2025):124560.

[20] K. Wang, Q. Cheng, W. Hou, et al., “Unlocking the Charge-Migration Mechanism in S-Scheme Junction for Photoreduction of Diluted CO₂ With High Selectivity,” Advanced Functional Materials 34 (2024):2309603.

[21] C. Li, N.-Y. Huang, Y. Yang, Q. Xu, and G. Liao, “Emerging Metal-Organic Framework-Based Photocatalysts for Solar-Driven Fuel Production,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews 524 (2025):216292.

[22] G. Ding, Z. Wang, J. Zhang, P. Wang, L. Chen, and G. Liao, “Layered Double Hydroxides-Based Z-Scheme Heterojunction for Photocatalysis,” EcoEnergy 2 (2024):22–44.

[23] C. Li, G. Ding, P. Wang, et al., “Emerging Frontiers of Nickel–Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide Heterojunctions for Photocatalysis,” Dalton Transactions (2025).

[24] K. Liu, M. Çağlayan, A. Dikhtiarenko, et al., “Are Hierarchical Zeolites Good Catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization? A Critical Analysis,” Catalysis Today 408 (2023):22–35.

[25] S. Rönsch, J. Schneider, S. Matthischke, et al., “Review on Methanation—From Fundamentals to Current Projects,” Fuel 166 (2016):276–296.

[26] U. Eberle, M. Felderhoff, and F. Schüth, “Chemical and Physical Solutions for Hydrogen Storage,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (2009):6608–6630.

[27] J. Ren, H. Lou, N. Xu, F. Zeng, G. Pei, and Z. Wang, “Methanation of CO/CO₂ for Power to Methane Process: Fundamentals, Status, and Perspectives,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 80 (2023):182–206.

[28] P. Frontera, A. Macario, M. Ferraro, and P. Antonucci, “Supported Catalysts for CO₂ Methanation: A Review,” Catalysts 7 (2017):59.

[29] K. P. Brooks, J. Hu, H. Zhu, and R. J. Kee, “Methanation of Carbon Dioxide by Hydrogen Reduction Using the Sabatier Process in Microchannel Reactors,” Chemical Engineering Science 62 (2007):1161–1170.

[30] M. A. Vannice, “The Catalytic Synthesis of Hydrocarbons From Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen,” Catalysis Reviews 14 (1976):153–191.

[31] K. Liu, L. Liao, L. Li, M. A. Nawaz, G. Liao, and X. Xu, “Direct Observation of Interface-Dependent Activity in NiO/CeO₂ for Effective Low-Temperature CO Oxidation,” Surfaces and Interfaces 56 (2025):105496.

[32] J. Ashok, M. L. Ang, and S. Kawi, “Enhanced Activity of CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/CeO₂-ZrO₂ Catalysts: Influence of Preparation Methods,” Catalysis Today 281 (2017):304–311.

[33] Z. Bian, Y. M. Chan, Y. Yu, and S. Kawi, “Morphology Dependence of Catalytic Properties of Ni/CeO₂ for CO₂ Methanation: A Kinetic and Mechanism Study,” Catalysis Today 347 (2020):31–38.

[34] N. García-Moncada, J. C. Navarro, J. A. Odriozola, L. Lefferts, and J. A. Faria, “Enhanced Catalytic Activity and Stability of Nanoshaped Ni/CeO₂ for CO₂ Methanation in Micro-Monoliths,” Catalysis Today 383 (2022):205–215.

[35] T. A. Le, T. W. Kim, S. H. Lee, and E. D. Park, “Effects of Na Content in Na/Ni/SiO₂ and Na/Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts for CO and CO₂ Methanation,” Catalysis Today 303 (2018):159–167.

[36] Y. Ma, J. Liu, M. Chu, J. Yue, Y. Cui, and G. Xu, “Enhanced Low-Temperature Activity of CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst,” Catalysis Letters 152 (2022):872–882.

[37] Y. Shi, L. Wang, M. Wu, and F. Wang, “Order-of-Magnitude Increase in Rate of Methane Dry Reforming Over Ni/CeO₂-SiC Catalysts by Microwave Catalysis,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 337 (2023):122927.

[38] R. Tang, N. Ullah, Y. Hui, X. Li, and Z. Li, “Enhanced CO₂ Methanation Activity Over Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst by One-Pot Method,” Molecular Catalysis 508 (2021):111602.

[39] R.-P. Ye, Q. Li, W. Gong, et al., “High-Performance of Nanostructured Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst on CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 268 (2020):118474.

[40] L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Huang, and Y. Bi, “Reversing Electron Transfer in a Covalent Triazine Framework for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution,” Chemical Science 13 (2022):8074–8079.

[41] G. Zhou, H. Liu, K. Cui, et al., “Role of Surface Ni and Ce Species of Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst in CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Surface Science 383 (2016):248–252.

[42] A. Cárdenas-Arenas, A. Quindimil, A. Davó-Quiñonero, et al., “Design of Active Sites in Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts for the Methanation of CO₂: Tailoring the Ni-CeO₂ Contact,” Applied Materials Today 19 (2020):100591.

[43] A. Cárdenas-Arenas, A. Quindimil, A. Davó-Quiñonero, et al., “Isotopic and in Situ Drifts Study of the CO₂ Methanation Mechanism Using Ni/CeO₂ and Ni/Al₂O₃ Catalysts,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 265 (2020):118538.

[44] S. Chen, C. Miao, L. Liang, and J. Ouyang, “Oxygen Vacancies-Mediated CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/CeO₂–ZrO₂ Solid Solutions Assembled on Clay Minerals,” Energy & Fuels 36 (2022):8340–8350.

[45] X. Chen, R. Ye, C. Sun, et al., “Optimizing Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation Through Frustrated Lewis Pairs on Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts,” Chemical Engineering Journal 484 (2024):149471.

[46] C. Fukuhara, K. Hayakawa, Y. Suzuki, W. Kawasaki, and R. Watanabe, “A Novel Nickel-Based Structured Catalyst for CO₂ Methanation: A Honeycomb-Type Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst to Transform Greenhouse Gas Into Useful Resources,” Applied Catalysis, A: General 532 (2017):12–18.

[47] M. V. Konishcheva, D. I. Potemkin, S. D. Badmaev, et al., “On the Mechanism of CO and CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts,” Topics in Catalysis 59 (2016):1424–1430.

[48] L. Li, L. Jiang, D. Li, J. Yuan, G. Bao, and K. Li, “Enhanced Low-Temperature Activity of CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst: Influence of Preparation Methods,” Applied Catalysis O: Open 192 (2024):206956.

[49] L. Liao, K. Wang, G. Liao, M. A. Nawaz, and K. Liu, “OxygenVacancy-dependent Low-temperature Performance of Ni/CeO₂ in CO₂ Methanation,” Catalysis Science & Technology 14 (2024):6537–6549.

[50] S. Lin, Z. Hao, J. Shen, et al., “Enhancing the CO₂ Methanation Activity of Ni/CeO₂ via Activation Treatment-Determined Metal-Support Interaction,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 59 (2021):334–342.

[51] J. Liu, X. Wu, Y. Chen, et al., “Why Ni/CeO₂ Is More Active Than Ni/SiO₂ for CO₂ Methanation? Identifying Effect of Ni Particle Size and Oxygen Vacancy,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47 (2022):6089–6096.

[52] K. Liu, X. Xu, J. Xu, X. Fang, L. Liu, and X. Wang, “The Distributions of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides and Their Promotional Effects on Ni/CeO₂ for CO₂ Methanation,” Journal of CO₂ Utilization 38 (2020):113–124.

[53] J. Ashok, S. Pati, P. Hongmanorom, Z. Tianxi, C. Junmei, and S. Kawi, “A Review of Recent Catalyst Advances in CO₂ Methanation Processes,” Catalysis Today 356 (2020):471–489.

[54] A. Alok, R. Shrestha, S. Ban, S. Devkota, B. Uprety, and R. Joshi, “Technological Advances in the Transformative Utilization of CO₂ to Value-Added Products,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10 (2022):106922.

[55] E. A. Quadrelli, G. Centi, J.-L. Duplan, and S. Perathoner, “Carbon Dioxide Recycling: Emerging Large-Scale Technologies With Industrial Potential,” Chemsuschem 4 (2011):1194–1215.

[56] M. D. Burkart, N. Hazari, C. L. Tway, and E. L. Zeitler, “Opportunities and Challenges for Catalysis in Carbon Dioxide Utilization,” ACS Catalysis 9 (2019):7937–7956.

[57] Y. Dong, Y. Rao, H. Liu, et al., eScience 4 (2024):100253.

[58] K. Stangeland, D. Kalai, H. Li, and Z. Yu, “CO₂ Methanation: The Effect of Catalysts and Reaction Conditions,” Energy Procedia 105 (2017):2022–2027.

[59] I. Hussain, G. Tanimu, S. Ahmed, C. U. Aniz, H. Alasiri, and K. Alhooshani, “A Review of the Indispensable Role of Oxygen Vacancies for Enhanced CO₂ Methanation Activity Over CeO₂-based Catalysts: Uncovering, Influencing, and Tuning Strategies,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48 (2023):24663–24696.

[60] M. Tommasi, S. N. Degerli, G. Ramis, and I. Rossetti, “Advancements in CO₂ Methanation: A Comprehensive Review of Catalysis, Reactor Design and Process Optimization,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design 201 (2024):457–482.

[61] A. I. Tsiotsias, N. D. Charisiou, C. Italiano, et al., “Ni-Noble Metal Bimetallic Catalysts for Improved Low Temperature CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Surface Science 646 (2024):158945.

[62] E. Baraj, S. Vagaský, T. Hlinčik, K. Ciahotný, and V. Tekáč, Chemical Papers 70 (2016):395–403.

[63] A. Galadima and O. Muraza, “Catalytic Thermal Conversion of CO₂ Into Fuels: Perspective and Challenges,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 115 (2019):109333.

[64] A. Othman, A. Gowda, D. Andreescu, et al., “Two Decades of Ceria Nanoparticle Research: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications,” Materials Horizons 11 (2024):3213–3266.

[65] L. Li, W. Zeng, M. Song, X. Wu, G. Li, and C. Hu, “Research Progress and Reaction Mechanism of CO₂ Methanation Over Ni-Based Catalysts at Low Temperature: A Review,” Catalysts 12 (2022):244.

[66] K. Jalama, “Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Over Nickel-, Ruthenium-, and Copper-Based Catalysts: Review of Kinetics and Mechanism,” Catalysis Reviews 59 (2017):95–164.

[67] I. Hussain, A. A. Jalil, N. S. Hassan, and M. Y. S. Hamid, “Recent Advances in Catalytic Systems for CO₂ Conversion to Substitute Natural Gas (SNG): Perspective and Challenges,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 62 (2021):377–407.

[68] W. Li, X. Nie, X. Jiang, et al., “ZrO₂ Support Imparts Superior Activity and Stability of Co Catalysts for CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 220 (2018):397–408.

[69] W. Li, A. Zhang, X. Jiang, et al., “Low Temperature CO₂ Methanation: ZIF-67-Derived Co-Based Porous Carbon Catalysts with Controlled Crystal Morphology and Size,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5 (2017):7824–7831.

[70] T. Montini, M. Melchionna, M. Monai, and P. Fornasiero, “Fundamentals and Catalytic Applications of CeO₂-Based Materials,” Chemical Reviews 116 (2016):5987–6041.

[71] P. Jasinski, T. Suzuki, and H. U. Anderson, “Nanocrystalline Undoped Ceria Oxygen Sensor,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 95 (2003):73–77.

[72] Z. Shao, S. M. Haile, J. Ahn, P. D. Ronney, Z. Zhan, and S. A. Barnett, “A Thermally Self-Sustained Micro Solid-Oxide Fuel-Cell Stack Wwith High Power Density,” Nature 435 (2005):795–798.

[73] M. Yoshimoto, H. Nagata, T. Tsukahara, and H. Koinuma, “In Situ RHEED Observation of CeO₂ Film Growth on Si by Laser Ablation Deposition in Ultrahigh-Vacuum,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29 (1990):L1199.

[74] F. Meng, C. Zhang, Q. Bo, and Q. Zhang, “Hydrothermal Synthesis and Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism of CeO₂ Nanocolumns,” Materials Letters 99 (2013):5–7.

[75] X. Feng, D. C. Sayle, Z. L. Wang, et al., “Converting Ceria Polyhedral Nanoparticles Into Single-Crystal Nanospheres,” Science 312 (2006):1504–1508.

[76] C. Mandoli, F. Pagliari, S. Pagliari, et al., “Stem Cell Aligned Growth Induced by CeO₂ Nanoparticles in PLGA Scaffolds With Improved Bioactivity for Regenerative Medicine,” Advanced Functional Materials 20 (2010):1617–1624.

[77] E. C. Su, C. N. Montreuil, and W. G. Rothschild, “Oxygen Storage Capacity of Monolith Three-Way Catalysts,” Applied Catalysis 17 (1985):75–86.

[78] H. Yao, “Ceria in Automotive Exhaust Catalysts I. Oxygen Storage,” Journal of Catalysis 86 (1984):254–265.

[79] Q. Fu, H. Saltsburg, and M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, “Active Nonmetallic Au and Pt Species on Ceria-Based Water-Gas Shift Catalysts,” Science 301 (2003):935–938.

[80] L. Vivier and D. Duprez, “Ceria-Based Solid Catalysts for Organic Chemistry,” Chemsuschem 3 (2010):654–678.

[81] Z. Wang and R. Yu, “Hollow Micro/Nanostructured Ceria-Based Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Versatile Applications,” Advanced Materials 31 (2019):1800592.

[82] X. Huang, K. Zhang, B. Peng, G. Wang, M. Muhler, and F. Wang, “Ceria-Based Materials for Thermocatalytic and Photocatalytic Organic Synthesis,” ACS Catalysis 11 (2021):9618–9678.

[83] J. Paier, C. Penschke, and J. Sauer, “Oxygen Defects and Surface Chemistry of Ceria: Quantum Chemical Studies Compared to Experiment,” Chemical Reviews 113 (2013):3949–3985.

[84] Y. Ma, W. Gao, Z. Zhang, et al., “Regulating the Surface of Nanoceria and Its Applications in Heterogeneous Catalysis,” Surface Science Reports 73 (2018):1–36.

[85] M. Mogensen, “Physical, Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Pure and Doped Ceria,” Solid State Ionics 129 (2000):63–94.

[86] A. Aranda, S. Agouram, J. M. López, et al., “Oxygen Defects: The Key Parameter Controlling the Activity and Selectivity of Mesoporous Copper-Doped Ceria for the Total Oxidation of Naphthalene,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 127 (2012):77–88.

[87] J. Y. Do, N.-K. Park, M. W. Seo, D. Lee, H.-J. Ryu, and M. Kang, “Effective Thermocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Methanation on Ca-Inserted NiTiO₃ Perovskite,” Fuel 271 (2020):117624.

[88] Y. Du, C. Qin, Y. Xu, et al., “Ni Nanoparticles Dispersed on Oxygen Vacancies-Rich CeO₂ Nanoplates for Enhanced Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation Performance,” Chemical Engineering Journal 418 (2021):129402.

[89] V. J. Ferreira, P. Tavares, J. L. Figueiredo, and J. L. Faria, “Effect of Mg, Ca, and Sr on CeO₂ Based Catalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane: Investigation on the Oxygen Species Responsible for Catalytic Performance,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51 (2012):10535–10541.

[90] M. Y. S Hamid, M. L. Firmansyah, S. Triwahyono, et al., “Oxygen Vacancy-Rich Mesoporous Silica KCC-1 for CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, A: General 532 (2017):86–94.

[91] C. Hardacre, G. M. Roe, and R. M. Lambert, “Structure, Composition and Thermal Properties of Cerium Oxide Films on Platinum {111},” Surface Science 326 (1995):1–10.

[92] N. Hashimoto, K. Mori, K. Asahara, et al., “How the Morphology of NiO_x-Decorated CeO₂ Nanostructures Affects Catalytic Properties in CO₂ methanation,” Langmuir 37 (2021):5376–5384.

[93] N. J. Lawrence, J. R. Brewer, L. Wang, et al., “Defect Engineering in Cubic Cerium Oxide Nanostructures for Catalytic Oxidation,” Nano Letters 11 (2011):2666–2671.

[94] A. Migani, G. N. Vayssilov, S. T. Bromley, F. Illas, and K. M. Neyman, “Greatly Facilitated Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Ceria Nanocrystallites,” Chemical Communications 46 (2010):5936–5938.

[95] X. Pan, M.-Q. Yang, X. Fu, N. Zhang, and Y.-J. Xu, “Defective TiO₂ With Oxygen Vacancies: Synthesis, Properties and Photocatalytic Applications,” Nanoscale 5 (2013):3601–3614.

[96] L. Pino, C. Italiano, A. Vita, M. Laganà, and V. Recupero, “Ce_0.70La_0.20Ni_0.10O_2-δ Catalyst for Methane Dry Reforming: Influence of Reduction Temperature on the Catalytic Activity and Stability,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 218 (2017):779–792.

[97] F. M. Pinto, V. Y. Suzuki, R. C. Silva, and F. A. La Porta, “Oxygen Defects and Surface Chemistry of Reducible Oxides,” Frontiers in Materials 6 (2019):260.

[98] Z.-Y. Pu, X.-S. Liu, A.-P. Jia, Y.-L. Xie, J.-Q. Lu, and M.-F. Luo, “Enhanced Activity for CO Oxidation Over Pr-and Cu-Doped CeO₂ Catalysts: Effect of Oxygen Vacancies,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (2008):15045–15051.

[99] Z.-Y. Pu, J.-Q. Lu, M.-F. Luo, and Y.-L. Xie, “Study of Oxygen Vacancies in Ce_0.9Pr_0.1O_2–δ Solid Solution by in Situ X-Ray Diffraction and in Situ Raman Spectroscopy,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111 (2007):18695–18702.

[100] S. Sun, H. Sun, S. Guan, S. Xu, and C. Wu, “Integrated CO₂ Capture and Methanation on Ru/CeO₂-MgO Combined Materials: Morphology Effect From CeO₂ Support,” Fuels 317 (2022):123420.

[101] S. Tada, H. Nagase, N. Fujiwara, and R. Kikuchi, “What Are the Best Active Sites for CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/CeO₂,” Energy & Fuels 35 (2021):5241–5251.

[102] A. I. Tsiotsias, N. D. Charisiou, A. AlKhoori, et al., “Optimizing the Oxide Support Composition in Pr-Doped CeO₂ Towards Highly Active and Selective Ni-Based CO₂ Methanation Catalysts,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 71 (2022):547–561.

[103] G. N. Vayssilov, Y. Lykhach, A. Migani, et al., “Support Nanostructure Boosts Oxygen Transfer to Catalytically Active Platinum Nanoparticles,” Nature Materials 10 (2011):310–315.

[104] F. Wang, S. He, H. Chen, et al., “Active Site Dependent Reaction Mechanism Over Ru/CeO₂ Catalyst Toward CO₂ methanation,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 138 (2016):6298–6305.

[105] S.-P. Wang, J.-J. Zhou, S.-Y. Zhao, Y.-J. Zhao, and X.-B. Ma, “Enhancements of Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis From Methanol and Carbon Dioxide: The in Situ Hydrolysis of 2-Cyanopyridine and Crystal Face Effect of Ceria,” Chinese Chemical Letters 26 (2015):1096–1100.

[106] Z. Wang, C. Yang, T. Lin, et al., “Visible-Light Photocatalytic, Solar Thermal and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Aluminium-Reduced Black Titania,” Energy & Environmental Science 6 (2013):3007–3014.

[107] Z. Wu, M. Li, and S. H. Overbury, “On the Structure Dependence of CO Oxidation Over CeO₂ Nanocrystals With Well-Defined Surface Planes,” Journal of Catalysis 285 (2012):61–73.

[108] I. V. Yentekakis, G. Goula, P. Panagiotopoulou, et al., “Stabilization of Catalyst Particles Against Sintering on Oxide Supports With High Oxygen Ion Lability Exemplified by Ir-Catalyzed Decomposition of N₂O,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 192 (2016):357–364.

[109] F. Esch, S. Fabris, L. Zhou, et al., “Electron Localization Determines Defect Formation on Ceria Substrates,” Science 309 (2005):752–755.

[110] C. T. Campbell and C. H. F. Peden, “Oxygen Vacancies and Catalysis on Ceria Surfaces,” Science 309 (2005):713–714.

[111] J. S. Elias, M. Risch, L. Giordano, A. N. Mansour, and Y. Shao-Horn, “Structure, Bonding, and Catalytic Activity of Monodisperse, Transition-Metal-Substituted CeO₂ nanoparticles,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 136 (2014):17193–17200.

[112] H.-F. Wang, X.-Q. Gong, Y.-L. Guo, Y. Guo, G. Z. Lu, and P. Hu, “A Model to Understand the Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Zr-Doped CeO₂: Electrostatic Interaction and Structural Relaxation,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (2009):10229–10232.

[113] W. Huang and Y. Gao, “Morphology-Dependent Surface Chemistry and Catalysis of CeO2 nanocrystals,” Catalysis Science & Technology 4 (2014):3772–3784.

[114] A. Corma, P. Atienzar, H. García, and J.-Y. Chane-Ching, “Hierarchically Mesostructured Doped CeO₂ With Potential for Solar-Cell Use,” Nature Materials 3 (2004):394–397.

[115] S. Tsunekawa, R. Sivamohan, S. Ito, A. Kasuya, and T. Fukuda, “Structural Study on Monosize CeO_2–x Nano-Particles,” Nanostructured Materials 11 (1999):141–147.

[116] F. Yang, X. Gao, J. Xie, et al., “Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts as Air Cathodes in Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries: Advances and Challenges,” Small Structures 2 (2021):2100058.

[117] K. A. Hoque, S. A. Sathi, F. Akter, et al., “Recent Advances on Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Using CeO₂-based Photocatalysts: A Review,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 12 (2024):113487.

[118] A. Trovarelli, “Catalytic Properties of Ceria and CeO₂-Containing Materials,” Catalysis Reviews 38 (1996):439–520.

[119] G. Liao, J. Fang, Q. Li, S. Li, Z. Xu, and B. Fang, “Ag-Based Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis,” Nanoscale 11 (2019):7062–7096.

[120] S. Kuhaudomlap, A. Srifa, W. Koo-Amornpattana, C. Fukuhara, and S. Ratchahat, “Insight and Comprehensive Study of Ni-Based Catalysts Supported on Various Metal Oxides for CO₂ Methanation,” Scientific Reports 14 (2024):23149.

[121] K. Liu, Y. Liao, P. Wang, et al., “Lattice Capacity-Dependent Activity for CO₂ Methanation: Crafting Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts With Outstanding Performance At Low Temperature,” Nanoscale 16 (2024):11096–11108.

[122] B. Nematollahi, M. Rezaei, and E. Nemati Lay, “Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CeO₂ with High Surface Area by the Taguchi Method and Its Application in Methanation,” Chemical Engineering & Technology 38 (2015):265–273.

[123] Y. Zeng, H. Ma, H. Zhang, W. Ying, and D. Fang, “Ni–Ce–Al Composite Oxide Catalysts Synthesized by Solution Combustion Method: Enhanced Catalytic Activity for CO Methanation,” Fuels 162 (2015):16–22.

[124] S. Tada, T. Shimizu, H. Kameyama, T. Haneda, and R. Kikuchi, “Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts With High CO₂ Methanation Activity and High CH₄ Selectivity at Low Temperatures,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012):5527–5531.

[125] P. Hongmanorom, J. Ashok, P. Chirawatkul, and S. Kawi, “Interfacial Synergistic Catalysis Over Ni Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Mesoporous Ceria for CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 297 (2021):120454.

[126] S. Tada, S. Ikeda, N. Shimoda, et al., “Sponge Ni Catalyst With High Activity in CO₂ Methanation,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017):30126–30134.

[127] I. Iglesias, A. Quindimil, F. Mariño, U. De-La-Torre, and J. R. González-Velasco, “Zr Promotion Effect in CO₂ Methanation Over Ceria Supported Nickel Catalysts,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 (2019):1710–1719.

[128] X. Feng, K. Wang, M. Zhou, et al., “Metal Organic Framework Derived Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst With Highly Dispersed Ultra-Fine Ni Nanoparticles: Impregnation Synthesis and the Application in CO₂ Methanation,” Ceramics International 47 (2021):12366–12374.

[129] Z. Zhang, Y. Tong, X. Fang, J. Xu, X. Xu, and X. Wang, “Interface-Dependent Activity and Selectivity for CO₂ Hydrogenation on Ni/CeO₂ and Ni/Ce_0.9Sn_0.1O_x,” Fuels 316 (2022):123191.

[130] J. Guilera, J. del Valle, A. Alarcón, J. A. Díaz, and T. Andreu, “Metal-Oxide Promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ as CO₂ Methanation Micro-Size Catalysts,” Journal of CO₂ Utilization 30 (2019):11–17.

[131] N. Rui, X. Zhang, F. Zhang, et al., “Highly Active Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst for CO₂ Methanation: Preparation and Characterization,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 282 (2021):119581.

[132] S. Ratchahat, M. Sudoh, Y. Suzuki, W. Kawasaki, R. Watanabe, and C. Fukuhara, “Development of a Powerful CO₂ Methanation Process Using a Structured Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst,” Journal of CO₂ Utilization 24 (2018):210–219.

[133] G. Zhou, H. Liu, K. Cui, et al., “Methanation of Carbon Dioxide Over Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts: Effects of Support CeO₂ Structure,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017):16108–16117.

[134] X. Wang, L. Zhu, Y. Liu, and S. Wang, “CO₂ Methanation on the Catalyst of Ni/MCM-41 Promoted With CeO₂,” Science of the Total Environment 625 (2018):686–695.

[135] Y. Yu, Y. M. Chan, Z. Bian, et al., “Enhanced Performance and Selectivity of CO₂ Methanation Over g-C3N4 Assisted Synthesis of Ni CeO₂ Catalyst: Kinetics and DRIFTS Studies,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43 (2018):15191–15204.

[136] G. Varvoutis, M. Lykaki, S. Stefa, et al., “Remarkable Efficiency of Ni Supported on Hydrothermally Synthesized CeO₂ Nanorods for Low-Temperature CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methane,” Catalysis Communications 142 (2020):106036.

[137] Y. Xie, J. Chen, X. Wu, et al., “Frustrated Lewis Pairs Boosting Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation Performance Over Ni/CeO₂ nanocatalysts,” ACS Catalysis 12 (2022):10587–10602.

[138] T. A. Le, M. S. Kim, S. H. Lee, T. W. Kim, and E. D. Park, “CO and CO₂ Methanation Over Supported Ni Catalysts,” Catalysis Today 293-294 (2017):89–96.

[139] Y. Liu, D. Li, H. Zhao, et al., “Boosting CO₂ Methanation Activity by Tuning Ni Crystal Plane and Oxygen Vacancy in Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst,” Chemical Engineering Journal 494 (2024):153004.

[140] S. Ratchahat, S. Surathitimethakul, A. Thamungkit, et al., “Catalytic Performance of Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts Prepared From Different Routes for CO₂ Methanation,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 121 (2021):184–196.

[141] R. Jia, C. He, S. Wang, et al., “Recent Advances in Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Heterojunction for Biomedical Applications,” Chemical Engineering Journal 500 (2024):157464.

[142] K. Fujiwara, S. Kayano, and M. Nishijima, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 57 (2024):2303309.

[143] J. Lucas, N. S. Padmanabha Naveen, M. J. Janik, et al., “Improved Selectivity and Stability in Methane Dry Reforming by Atomic Layer Deposition on Ni-CeO₂–ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts,” ACS Catalysis 14 (2024):9115–9133.

[144] K. Ghaib, K. Nitz, and F.-Z. Ben-Fares, “Chemical Methanation of CO₂: A Review,” ChemBioEng Reviews 3 (2016):266–275.

[145] G. Liao, C. Li, S.-Y. Liu, B. Fang, and H. Yang, “Z-Scheme Systems: From Fundamental Principles to Characterization, Synthesis, and Photocatalytic Fuel-Conversion Applications,” Physics Reports 983 (2022):1–41.

[146] G. Liao, C. Li, X. Li, and B. Fang, “Emerging Polymeric Carbon Nitride Z-Scheme Systems for Photocatalysis,” Cell Reports Physical Science 2 (2021):100355.

[147] G. Liao, C. Li, S.-Y. Liu, B. Fang, and H. Yang, “Emerging Frontiers of Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Systems,” Trends in Chemistry 4 (2022):111–127.

[148] M. Younas, L. Loong Kong, M. J. K. Bashir, H. Nadeem, A. Shehzad, and S. Sethupathi, “Recent Advancements, Fundamental Challenges, and Opportunities in Catalytic Methanation of CO₂,” Energy & Fuels 30 (2016):8815–8831.

[149] J. Lefebvre, M. Götz, S. Bajohr, R. Reimert, and T. Kolb, “Improvement of Three-Phase Methanation Reactor Performance for Steady-State and Transient Operation,” Fuel Processing Technology 132 (2015):83–90.

[150] M. Gruber, D. Wiedmann, M. Haas, S. Harth, A. Loukou, and D. Trimis, “Insights Into the Catalytic CO₂ Methanation of a Boiling Water Cooled Fixed-Bed Reactor: Simulation-Based Analysis,” Chemical Engineering Journal 406 (2021):126788.

[151] B. Kreitz, G. D. Wehinger, and T. Turek, “Dynamic Simulation of the CO₂ Methanation in a Micro-Structured Fixed-Bed Reactor,” Chemical Engineering Science 195 (2019):541–552.

[152] J. Liu, D. Cui, J. Yu, F. Su, and G. Xu, “Performance Characteristics of Fluidized Bed Syngas Methanation Over Ni–Mg/Al₂O₃ Catalyst,” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 23 (2015):86–92.

[153] B. Liu and S. Ji, “Comparative Study of Fluidized-Bed and Fixed-Bed Reactor for Syngas Methanation Over Ni-W/TiO₂-SiO₂ Catalyst,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 22 (2013):740–746.

[154] J. Kopyscinski, T. J. Schildhauer, and S. M. A. Biollaz, “Methanation in a Fluidized Bed Reactor With High Initial CO Partial Pressure: Part II—Modeling and Sensitivity Study,” Chemical Engineering Science 66 (2011):1612–1621.

[155] Z. Hou, J. Gao, J. Guo, D. Liang, H. Lou, and X. Zheng, “Deactivation of Ni Catalysts During Methane Autothermal Reforming With CO₂ and O₂ in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor,” Journal of Catalysis 250 (2007):331–341.

[156] S. I. Ngo, Y.-I. Lim, D. Lee, and M. W. Seo, “Flow Behavior and Heat Transfer in Bubbling Fluidized-Bed With Immersed Heat Exchange Tubes for CO₂ Methanation,” Powder Technology 380 (2021):462–474.

[157] C. Jia, Y. Dai, Y. Yang, and J. W. Chew, “A Fluidized-Bed Model for NiMgW-Catalyzed CO₂ Methanation,” Particuology 49 (2020):55–64.

[158] S. I. Ngo, Y.-I. Lim, D. Lee, K. S. Go, and M. W. Seo, “Flow Behaviors, Reaction Kinetics, and Optimal Design of Fixed-and Fluidized-Beds for CO₂ Methanation,” Fuels 275 (2020):117886.

[159] J. Lefebvre, N. Trudel, S. Bajohr, and T. Kolb, “A Study on Three-Phase CO₂ Methanation Reaction Kinetics in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Slurry Reactor,” Fuels 217 (2018):151–159.

[160] J. Lefebvre, S. Bajohr, and T. Kolb, “A Comparison of Two-Phase and Three-Phase CO₂ Methanation Reaction Kinetics,” Fuels 239 (2019):896–904.

[161] J. J. Lerou, A. L. Tonkovich, L. Silva, S. Perry, and J. McDaniel, “Microchannel Reactor Architecture Enables Greener Processes,” Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010):380–385.

[162] J. M. Commenge, L. Falk, J. P. Corriou, and M. Matlosz, “Optimal Design for Flow Uniformity in Microchannel Reactors,” AIChE Journal 48 (2002):345–358.

[163] J. Wagner, T. Kirner, G. Mayer, J. Albert, and J. M. Köhler, “Generation of Metal Nanoparticles in a Microchannel Reactor,” Chemical Engineering Journal 101 (2004):251–260.

[164] S. Walter, S. Malmberg, B. Schmidt, and M. A. Liauw, “Mass Transfer Limitations in Microchannel Reactors,” Catalysis Today 110 (2005):15–25.

[165] H. L. Huynh, W. M. Tucho, Q. Shen, and Z. Yu, “Bed Packing Configuration and Hot-Spot Utilization for Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation on Monolithic Reactor,” Chemical Engineering Journal 428 (2022):131106.

[166] D. E. Pérez-Vilela and X. Garcia, “Modeling the Dynamic Operation of a Monolithic CO₂ Methanation Reactor. Evaluation of the Response to H₂ Load Fluctuation,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 77 (2024):769–783.

[167] A. Braha and F. Hafner, “Use of Monod Kinetics on Multi-Stage Bioreactors,” Water Research 19 (1985):1217–1227.

[168] X. Zhu, T. Shen, G. Bollas, and L. Shen, “Design and Operation of a Multi-Stage Reactor System for Chemical Looping Combustion Process,” Fuel Processing Technology 215 (2021):106748.

[169] M. E. E. Abashar and A. A. Al-Rabiah, “Highly Efficient CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol via In-Situ Condensation and Sorption in a Novel Multi-Stage Circulating Fast Fluidized Bed Reactor,” Chemical Engineering Journal 439 (2022):135628.

[170] G. A. Somorjai, “Modern Surface Science and Surface Technologies: An Introduction,” Chemical Reviews 96 (1996):1223–1236.

[171] J. K. Nørskov, T. Bligaard, J. Rossmeisl, and C. H. Christensen, “Towards the Computational Design of Solid Catalysts,” Nature Chemistry 1 (2009):37–46.

[172] O. E. Medina, A. A. Amell, D. López, and A. Santamaría, “Comprehensive Review of Nickel-Based Catalysts Advancements for CO₂ Methanation,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 207 (2025):114926.

[173] F. Tian, X. Wu, J. Chen, X. Sun, X. Yan, and G. Liao, “One-Step Photodeposition of Spatially Separated CuO_x and MnO_x dual Cocatalysts on g-C₃N₄ for Enhanced CO₂ photoreduction,” Dalton Transactions 52 (2023):11934–11940.

[174] Q. Zhang, G. Liao, B. Yang, et al., “Structural Reorganization of Ultrathin g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets for Significantly Boosting Wide-Spectrum-Driven CO₂ Photoreduction,” Applied Surface Science 638 (2023):157989.

[175] Q. Pan, J. Peng, T. Sun, S. Wang, and S. Wang, “Insight into the Reaction Route of CO₂ Methanation: Promotion Effect of Medium Basic Sites,” Catalysis Communications 45 (2014):74–78.

[176] Q. Pan, J. Peng, S. Wang, and S. Wang, “In Situ FTIR Spectroscopic Study of the CO₂ methanation Mechanism on Ni/Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂,” Catalysis Science & Technology 4 (2014):502–509.

[177] P. A. U Aldana, F. Ocampo, K. Kobl, et al., “Catalytic CO₂ Valorization into CH₄ on Ni-Based Ceria-Zirconia. Reaction Mechanism by Operando IR Spectroscopy,” Catalysis Today 215 (2013):201–207.

[178] A. Solis-Garcia, J. F Louvier-Hernandez, A. Almendarez-Camarillo, and J. C. Fierro-Gonzalez, “Participation of Surface Bicarbonate, Formate and Methoxy Species in the Carbon Dioxide Methanation Catalyzed By ZrO₂-supported Ni,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 218 (2017):611–620.

[179] X. Jia, X. Zhang, N. Rui, X. Hu, and C.-j Liu, “Structural Effect of Ni/ZrO₂ Catalyst on CO₂ Methanation With Enhanced Activity,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 244 (2019):159–169.

[180] Y.-x Pan, C.-j Liu, and Q. Ge, “Effect of Surface Hydroxyls on Selective CO₂ Hydrogenation Over Ni₄/γ-Al₂O₃: A Density Functional Theory Study,” Journal of Catalysis 272 (2010):227–234.

[181] S. Eckle, H.-G. Anfang, and R. J. Behm, “Reaction Intermediates and Side Products in the Methanation of CO and CO₂ Over Supported Ru Catalysts in H₂-Rich Reformate Gases,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (2011):1361–1367.

[182] A. Karelovic and P. Ruiz, “Mechanistic Study of Low Temperature CO₂ Methanation Over Rh/TiO₂ Catalysts,” Journal of Catalysis 301 (2013):141–153.

[183] S. Sharma, K. B. Sravan Kumar, Y. M. Chandnani, et al., “Mechanistic Insights Into CO₂ Methanation Over Ru-Substituted CeO₂,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120 (2016):14101–14112.

[184] K. Zhao, L. Wang, M. Calizzi, E. Moioli, and A. Züttel, “In Situ Control of the Adsorption Species in CO₂ Hydrogenation: Determination of Intermediates and Byproducts,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122 (2018):20888–20893.

[185] S. Ma, W. Song, B. Liu, et al., “Elucidation of the High CO₂ Reduction Selectivity of Isolated Rh Supported on TiO₂: a DFT Study,” Catalysis Science & Technology 6 (2016):6128–6136.

[186] S. Kattel, W. Yu, X. Yang, et al., “CO₂ Hydrogenation Over Oxide-Supported PtCo Catalysts: The Role of the Oxide Support in Determining the Product Selectivity,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55 (2016):7968–7973.

[187] K. Deori, D. Gupta, B. Saha, S. K. Awasthi, and S. Deka, “Introducing Nanocrystalline CeO₂ as Heterogeneous Environmental Friendly Catalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of Para-Xylene to Terephthalic Acid in Water,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1 (2013):7091–7099.

[188] A. Shyichuk and E. Zych, “Oxygen Vacancy, Oxygen Vacancy–Vacancy Pairs, and Frenkel Defects in Cubic Lutetium Oxide,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124 (2020):14945–14962.

[189] B. Yang, X. Li, Q. Zhang, et al., “Ultrathin Porous Carbon Nitride Nanosheets With Well-Tuned Band Structures Via Carbon Vacancies and Oxygen Doping for Significantly Boosting H₂ Production,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 314 (2022):121521.

[190] P. Li, X. Chen, Y. Li, and J. W. Schwank, “A Review on Oxygen Storage Capacity of CeO₂-based Materials: Influence Factors, Measurement Techniques, and Applications in Reactions Related to Catalytic Automotive Emissions Control,” Catalysis Today 327 (2019):90–115.

[191] J. M. López, A. L. Gilbank, T. García, B. Solsona, S. Agouram, and L. Torrente-Murciano, “The Prevalence of Surface Oxygen Vacancies Over the Mobility of Bulk Oxygen in Nanostructured Ceria for the Total Toluene Oxidation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 174-175 (2015):403–412.

[192] W. Tanthapanichakoon, J. Chaichanawong, and S. Ratchahat, “Review of Nanomaterials R& D in 21st Century in Thailand With Highlight on Nanoparticle Technology,” Advanced Powder Technology 25 (2014):189–194.

[193] F. Hu, C. Jin, R. Wu, et al., “Enhancement of Hollow Ni/CeO₂-Co₃O₄ for CO₂ Methanation: From CO₂ Adsorption and Activation by Synergistic Effects,” Chemical Engineering Journal 461 (2023):142108.

[194] T. Zhang, W. Wang, F. Gu, et al., “Enhancing the Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation Over Ni/La-CeO₂ Catalyst: The Effects of Surface Oxygen Vacancy and Basic Site on the Catalytic Performance,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 312 (2022):121385.

[195] X. Zou, J. Liu, Y. Li, et al., “Molybdenum-Doping Promoted Surface Oxygen Vacancy of CeO₂ for Enhanced Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation Over Ni-CeO₂ Catalysts,” Applied Surface Science 661 (2024):160087.

[196] R. Zhao, Y. Xie, Z. Li, et al., “Unveiling the Promotion Effect of Ethylenediamine on Preparation of Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst for Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 51 (2024):451–463.

[197] Z. Zhao, Q. Jiang, Q. Wang, et al., “Effect of Rutile Content on the Catalytic Performance of Ru/TiO₂ Catalyst for Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9 (2021):14288–14296.

[198] Z. Hao, J. Shen, S. Lin, et al., “Decoupling the Effect of Ni Particle Size and Surface Oxygen Deficiencies in CO₂ Methanation Over Ceria Supported Ni,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 286 (2021):119922.

[199] T. Zhang, P. Zheng, F. Gu, et al., “The Dual-Active-Site Tandem Catalyst Containing Ru Single Atoms and Ni Nanoparticles Boosts CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 323 (2023):122190.

[200] T. Zhang, P. Zheng, J. Gao, et al., “Single-Atom Ru Alloyed With Ni Nanoparticles Boosts CO₂ Methanation,” Small 20 (2024):2308193.

[201] Z. Li, J. Chen, Y. Xie, et al., “Zonal Activation of Molecular Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Over Dual Sites Ni-Co-Mgo Catalyst for CO₂ Methanation: Synergistic Catalysis of Ni and Co Species,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 91 (2024):213–225.

[202] Y. Du, C. Qin, Y. Xu, S. Tian, J. Bai, and M. Ding, “Deep Understanding Into the Effect of Fe on CO₂ Methanation: A Support-Dependent Phenomenon,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 61 (2022):10357–10364.

[203] H. L. Huynh, J. Zhu, G. Zhang, et al., “Promoting Effect of Fe on Supported Ni Catalysts in CO₂ Methanation by in Situ DRIFTS and DFT Study,” Journal of Catalysis 392 (2020):266–277.

[204] S. Chai, Y. Men, J. Wang, et al., “Boosting CO₂ Methanation Activity on Ru/TiO₂ Catalysts by Exposing (001) Facets of Anatase TiO₂,” Journal of CO₂ Utilization 33 (2019):242–252.

[205] L. Lin, C. A. Gerlak, C. Liu, et al., “Effect of Ni Particle Size on the Production of Renewable Methane From CO₂ Over Ni/CeO₂ Catalyst,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 61 (2021):602–611.

[206] G. Varvoutis, M. Lykaki, S. Stefa, V. Binas, G. E. Marnellos, and M. Konsolakis, “Deciphering the Role of Ni Particle Size and Nickel-Ceria Interfacial Perimeter in the Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation Reaction Over Remarkably Active Ni/CeO₂ Nanorods,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 297 (2021):120401.

[207] Q. Wu, X. Yang, J. Yang, et al., “Size Effect of Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Water Cracking Properties With Different Crystal Planes for Boosting Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 644 (2023):238–245.

[208] H. Zhu, L. Gou, C. Li, et al., “Dual Interfacial Electric Fields in Black Phosphorus/mxene/mbene Enhance Broad-Spectrum Carrier Migration Efficiency of Photocatalytic Devices,” Device 2 (2024):100283.

[209] J. Zhou, T. Shan, F. Zhang, et al., “A Novel Dual-Channel Carbon Nitride Homojunction With Nanofibrous Carbon for Significantly Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production,” Advanced Fiber Materials 6 (2024):387–400.

[210] W. K. Burton and N. Cabrera, “Crystal Growth and Surface Structure. Part I,” Discussions of the Faraday Society 5 (1949):33–39.

[211] H. Zhu, C. Zhang, K. Xie, X. Li, and G. Liao, “Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants Over MoS₂/Ag-ZnFe₂O₄ Z-Scheme Heterojunction: Revealing the Synergistic Effects of Exposed Crystal Facets, Defect Engineering, and Z-Scheme Mechanism,” Chemical Engineering Journal 453 (2023):139775.

[212] Y. Qiao, C. Sun, J. Jian, et al., “Multifunctional Luminescent 3D Ln-MOFs With High Sensitivity for Trace Detection of Micronutrients,” Inorganic Chemistry 63 (2024):2060–2071.

[213] P. G. Vekilov, “Nucleation,” Crystal Growth & Design 10 (2010):5007–5019.

[214] D. M. Kempaiah, S. Yin, and T. Sato, “A Facile and Quick Solvothermal Synthesis of 3D Microflower CeO₂ and Gd:CeO₂ Under Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions for Catalytic Applications,” CrystEngComm 13 (2011):741–746.

[215] D. Vollhardt and U. Retter, “Nucleation in Insoluble Monolayers. 1. Nucleation and Growth Model for Relaxation of Metastable Monolayers,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry 95 (1991):3723–3727.

[216] V. N. Richards, S. P. Shields, and W. E. Buhro, “Nucleation Control in the Aggregative Growth of Bismuth Nanocrystals,” Chemistry of Materials 23 (2011):137–144.

[217] R. Zhang, A. Khalizov, L. Wang, M. Hu, and W. Xu, “Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere,” Chemical Reviews 112 (2012):1957–2011.

[218] F. C. Frank, “The Influence of Dislocations on Crystal Growth,” Discussions of the Faraday Society 5 (1949):48–54.

[219] W. E. Garner, “General Introduction on Crystal Growth,” Discussions of the Faraday Society 5 (1949):7–10.

[220] J. Zhang, S. Ohara, M. Umetsu, T. Naka, Y. Hatakeyama, and T. Adschiri, “Colloidal Ceria Nanocrystals: A Tailor-Made Crystal Morphology in Supercritical Water,” Advanced Materials 19 (2007):203–206.

[221] Q. Wu, F. Zhang, P. Xiao, et al., “Great Influence of Anions for Controllable Synthesis of CeO₂ Nanostructures: From Nanorods to Nanocubes,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (2008):17076–17080.

[222] C.-Y. Cao, Z.-M. Cui, C.-Q. Chen, W.-G. Song, and W. Cai, “Ceria Hollow Nanospheres Produced by a Template-Free Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method for Heavy Metal Ion Removal and Catalysis,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (2010):9865–9870.

[223] X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “A General Strategy for Nanocrystal Synthesis,” Nature 437 (2005):121–124.

[224] S. E. Skrabalak and Y. Xia, “Pushing Nanocrystal Synthesis Toward Nanomanufacturing,” ACS Nano 3 (2009):10–15.

[225] G. Wang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Lanthanide-Doped Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Optical-Magnetic Properties, and Applications,” Accounts of Chemical Research 44 (2011):322–332.

[226] M. C. Cabús-Llauradó, Y. Cesteros, F. Medina, P. Salagre, and J. E. Sueiras, “Microporous High-Surface Area Layered CeO₂,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 100 (2007):167–172.

[227] C. Laberty-Robert, J. W. Long, E. M. Lucas, et al., “Sol–Gel-Derived Ceria Nanoarchitectures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrical Properties,” Chemistry of Materials 18 (2006):50–58.

[228] Z. Yan, B. Song, G. Fang, et al., “Bringing Material Concepts into Conventional Biorefineries: Considerations of Sources, Preparations, and Applications of Lignin Nanomaterials,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9 (2021):10403–10423.

[229] B. Liu, M. Yao, B. Liu, et al., “High-Pressure Studies on CeO₂ Nano-Octahedrons With a (111)-Terminated Surface,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (2011):4546–4551.

[230] H. Imagawa and S. Sun, “Controlled Synthesis of Monodisperse CeO₂ Nanoplates Developed From Assembled Nanoparticles,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 (2012):2761–2765.

[231] X. Lu, T. Zhai, H. Cui, et al., “Redox Cycles Promoting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of CeO₂ Nanorods,” Journal of Materials Chemistry 21 (2011):5569–5572.

[232] G. Liao, L. Zhang, C. Li, S.-Y. Liu, B. Fang, and H. Yang, “Emerging Carbon-Supported Single-Atom Catalysts for Biomedical Applications,” Matter 5 (2022):3341–3374.

[233] T. Jomjaree, P. Sintuya, A. Srifa, et al., “Catalytic Performance of Ni Catalysts Supported on CeO₂ With Different Morphologies for Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation,” Catalysis Today 375 (2021):234–244.

[234] Y. Bian, C. Xu, X. Wen, et al., “CO₂ Methanation Over the Ni-Based Catalysts Supported On Nano-CeO₂ With Varied Morphologies,” Fuels 331 (2023):125755.

[235] Y. Zhang, T. Zhang, F. Wang, Q. Zhu, and Q. Liu, “Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation: Identifying Effect of Support Morphology and Oxygen Vacancy,” Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 11 (2021):1222–1233.

[236] T. W. van Deelen, C. Hernández Mejía, and K. P. de Jong, “Control of Metal-Support Interactions in Heterogeneous Catalysts to Enhance Activity and Selectivity,” Nature Catalysis 2 (2019):955–970.

[237] H. Tang, Y. Su, B. Zhang, et al., “Classical Strong Metal–Support Interactions Between Gold Nanoparticles and Titanium Dioxide,” Science Advances 3 (2017):e1700231.

[238] N. Daelman, M. Capdevila-Cortada, and N. López, “Dynamic Charge and Oxidation State of Pt/CeO₂ Single-Atom Catalysts,” Nature Materials 18 (2019):1215–1221.

[239] J. Liu, “Advanced Electron Microscopy of Metal–Support Interactions in Supported Metal Catalysts,” ChemCatChem 3 (2011):934–948.

[240] M. Li and A. C. van Veen, “Tuning the Catalytic Performance of Ni-Catalysed Dry Reforming of Methane and Carbon Deposition Via Ni-CeO₂-Interaction,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 237 (2018):641–648.

[241] S. Li, Y. Xu, Y. Chen, et al., “Tuning the Selectivity of Catalytic Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Over Iridium/Cerium Oxide Catalysts With a Strong Metal–Support Interaction,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56 (2017):10761–10765.

[242] L. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhu, et al., “Strong Metal–Support Interactions Achieved by Hydroxide-to-Oxide Support Transformation for Preparation of Sinter-Resistant Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts,” ACS Catalysis 7 (2017):7461–7465.

[243] V. Alcalde-Santiago, A. Davó-Quiñonero, D. Lozano-Castelló, et al., “Ni/LnO_x Catalysts (Ln=La, Ce or Pr) for CO₂ methanation,” ChemCatChem 11 (2019):810–819.

[244] Y. Zhang, X. Yang, X. Yang, et al., “Tuning Reactivity of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis by Regulating TiO_x Overlayer Over Ru/TiO₂ Nanocatalysts,” Nature Communications 11 (2020):3185.

[245] A. Parastaev, V. Muravev, E. Huertas Osta, et al., “Boosting CO₂ Hydrogenation via Size-Dependent Metal–Support Interactions in Cobalt/Ceria-Based Catalysts,” Nature Catalysis 3 (2020):526–533.

[246] T. Pu, J. Chen, W. Tu, et al., “Dependency of CO₂ Methanation on the Strong Metal-Support Interaction for Supported Ni/CeO₂ Catalysts,” Journal of Catalysis 413 (2022):821–828.

[247] W. J. Lee, C. Li, H. Prajitno, et al., “Recent Trend in Thermal Catalytic Low Temperature CO₂ Methanation: A Critical Review,” Catalysis Today 368 (2021):2–19.

[248] E. Aneggi, C. de Leitenburg, and A. Trovarelli, “On the Role of Lattice/Surface Oxygen in Ceria–Zirconia Catalysts for Diesel Soot Combustion,” Catalysis Today 181 (2012):108–115.

[249] E. S. Putna, T. Bunluesin, X. L. Fan, et al., “Ceria Films on Zirconia Substrates: Models for Understanding Oxygen-Storage Properties,” Catalysis Today 50 (1999):343–352.

[250] Y. Lv, J. Yu, S. Huang, et al., “Preparation of Ce_0.9Zr_0.1O₂/SnIn₄S₈ Composite Photocatalyst and its Degradation of Typical Antibiotic Pollutants,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (2021):28024–28037.

[251] M. Thammachart, V. Meeyoo, T. Risksomboon, and S. Osuwan, “Catalytic Activity of CeO₂–ZrO₂ Mixed Oxide Catalysts Prepared Via Sol–Gel Technique: CO Oxidation,” Catalysis Today 68 (2001):53–61.

[252] H. S. Potdar, S. B. Deshpande, A. S. Deshpande, et al., “Preparation of Ceria–Zirconia (Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂) Powders by Microwave–Hydrothermal (MH) Route,” Materials Chemistry and Physics 74 (2002):306–312.

[253] H. Zhu, R. Razzaq, C. Li, Y. Muhmmad, and S. Zhang, “Catalytic Methanation of Carbon Dioxide by Active Oxygen Material Ce_xZr_1–xO₂ Supported Ni–Co Bimetallic Nanocatalysts,” AIChE Journal 59 (2013):2567–2576.

[254] N. Kamiuchi, M. Haneda, and M. Ozawa, “Propene Oxidation Over Palladium Catalysts Supported on Zirconium Rich Ceria–Zirconia,” Catalysis Today 241 (2015):100–106.

[255] P. C. Zonetti, S. Letichevsky, A. B. Gaspar, E. F Sousa-Aguiar, and L. G. Appel, “The Ni_xCe_0.75Zr_0.25–xO₂ Solid Solution and the RWGS,” Applied Catalysis, A: General 475 (2014):48–54.

[256] Y. Zhang, M. Cui, H. Wang, Z. Zhao, L. Wang, and Y. Hou, “Effects of Ammonia Concentration in Hydrothermal Treatment on Structure and Redox Properties of Cerium Zirconium Solid Solution,” Journal of Rare Earths 39 (2021):419–426.

[257] Y. Zhou, L. Xiong, J. Deng, et al., “Facile Synthesis of High Surface Area Nanostructured Ceria-Zirconia-Yttria-Lanthana Solid Solutions With the Assistance of Lauric Acid and Dodecylamine,” Materials Research Bulletin 99 (2018):281–291.

[258] Y. Zhang, M. Cui, Y. Hou, X. Huang, Y. Zhang, and Q. Xue, “Effect of Grain Size on Thermal Stability and Oxygen Storage Capacity of Ce_0.17Zr_0.73La_0.02Nd_0.04Y_0.04O₂ Solid Solutions,” Journal of Rare Earths 37 (2019):178–184.

[259] J. Polanski, T. Siudyga, P. Bartczak, et al., “Oxide Passivated Ni-Supported Ru Nanoparticles in Silica: A New Catalyst for Low-Temperature Carbon Dioxide Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 206 (2017):16–23.

[260] Z. Zhang, Z. Yu, K. Feng, and B. Yan, “Eu³⁺ Doping-Promoted Ni-CeO₂ Interaction for Efficient Low-Temperature CO₂ Methanation,” Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental 317 (2022):121800.

[261] C. Sun, P. Beaunier, V. La Parola, L. F. Liotta, and P. Da Costa, “Ni/CeO₂ Nanoparticles Promoted by Yttrium Doping As Catalysts for CO₂ Methanation,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 3 (2020):12355–12368.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). Carbon Neutralization published by Wenzhou University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.