A review of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalytic materials for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction

Abstract

Currently, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has exceeded 400 ppm in the atmosphere. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore CO₂ reduction and utilization technologies. Photocatalytic technology can convert CO₂ to valuable hydrocarbons (CH₄, CH₃OH, and C₂H₅OH, etc.), realizing the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy as well as solving the problems of fossil fuel shortage and global warming. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), as a two-dimensional nonmetallic semiconductor material, shows great potential in the field of CO₂ photoreduction due to its moderate bandgap, easy synthesis method, low cost, and visible light response properties. This review elaborates the research progress of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. The modification strategies (e.g., morphology engineering, elemental doping, crystallinity modulation, cocatalyst modification, and constructing heterojunction) of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction application have been discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalytic materials for CO₂ reduction are presented.

Keywords

CO ₂ reduction / energy conversion / g-C ₃N ₄ / photocatalysis

References

[1] H. Yu, F. Chen, X. Li, H. Huang, Q. Zhang, S. Su, K. Wang, E. Mao, B. Mei, G. Mul, T. Ma, Y. Zhang, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4594.

[2] T. Wang, L. Miao, S. Zheng, H. Qin, X. Cao, L. Yang, L. Jiao, ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 4091.

[3] S. N. Talapaneni, G. Singh, I. Y. Kim, K. AlBahily, A. H Al-Muhtaseb, A. S. Karakoti, E. Tavakkoli, A. Vinu, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1904635.

[4] M. Sayed, F. Xu, P. Kuang, J. Low, S. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Yu, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4936.

[5] C. Bie, B. Zhu, F. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Yu, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1902868.

[6] W. Zhang, A. R. Mohamed, W.-J. Ong, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 22894.

[7] J. Fu, P. Li, Y. Lin, H. Du, H. Liu, W. Zhu, H. Ren, Eco-Environ. Health 2022, 1, 259.

[8] L. Wang, D. Wang, Y. Li, Carbon Energy 2022, 4, 1021.

[9] A. Rafiee, K. Rajab Khalilpour, D. Milani, M. Panahi, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 5771.

[10] H. Yang, Z. Xu, M. Fan, R. Gupta, R. B. Slimane, A. E. Bland, I. Wright, J. Environ. Sci. 2008, 20, 14.

[11] M. Aresta, A. Dibenedetto, Dalton Trans. 2007, 28, 2975.

[12] R. Zhai, L. Zhang, M. Gu, X. Zhao, B. Zhang, Y. Cheng, J. Zhang, Small 2023, 19, 2207840.

[13] S. Xie, C. Deng, Q. Huang, C. Zhang, C. Chen, J. Zhao, H. Sheng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202216717.

[14] L. Zeng, J.-W. Chen, L. Zhong, W. Zhen, Y. Y. Tay, S. Li, Y.-G. Wang, L. Huang, C. Xue, Appl. Catal. B 2022, 307, 121154.

[15] J. Liang, H. Yu, J. Shi, B. Li, L. Wu, M. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209814.

[16] T. Inoue, A. Fujishima, S. Konishi, K. Honda, Nature 1979, 277, 637.

[17] X. Wang, K. Maeda, A. Thomas, K. Takanabe, G. Xin, J. M. Carlsson, K. Domen, M. Antonietti, Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 76.

[18] L. Jing, Y. Xu, M. Xie, Z. Li, C. Wu, H. Zhao, N. Zhong, J. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Yan, H. Li, J. Hu, Small 2023, 20, 2304404.

[19] X. Zhao, Q. Liu, X. Li, H. Ji, Z. Shen, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2023, 34, 108306.

[20] F. Li, X. Yue, D. Zhang, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Appl. Catal. B 2021, 292, 120179.

[21] N. Wang, L. Cheng, Y. Liao, Q. Xiang, Small 2023, 19, 2300109.

[22] T. Xu, J. Hur, P. Niu, S. Wang, S. Lee, S.-E. Chun, L. Li, Green Energy Environ. 2022, unpublished.

[23] G. Fang, K. Liu, M. Fan, J. Xian, Z. Wu, L. Wei, H. Tian, H. Jiang, W. Xu, H. Jin, J. Wan, Carbon Neutralization 2023, 2, 709.

[24] B. Zhao, W. Zhong, F. Chen, P. Wang, C. Bie, H. Yu, Chin. J. Catal. 2023, 52, 127.

[25] Y. Zhang, B. Xia, J. Ran, K. Davey, S. Z. Qiao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903879.

[26] K. Chen, J. Xiao, J. J. M. Vequizo, T. Hisatomi, Y. Ma, M. Nakabayashi, T. Takata, A. Yamakata, N. Shibata, K. Domen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 3839.

[27] U. Ghosh, A. Majumdar, A. Pal, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 104631.

[28] X. Kong, J. Fan, B. Feng, J. Li, G. Yang, C. Xue, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 476, 146774.

[29] S. M Abu-Sari, W. M. A. W. Daud, M. F. A. Patah, B. C. Ang, Adv. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2022, 307, 102722.

[30] A. Balakrishnan, M. Chinthala, R. K. Polagani, D.-V. N. Vo, Environ. Res. 2023, 216, 114660.

[31] D. Ma, Z. Zhang, Y. Zou, J. Chen, J.-W. Shi, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 500, 215489.

[32] J.-J. Li, S.-C. Cai, E.-Q. Yu, B. Weng, X. Chen, J. Chen, H.-P. Jia, Y.-J. Xu, Appl. Catal. B 2018, 233, 260.

[33] L. Wang, Y. Dong, T. Yan, Z. Hu, F. M. Ali, D. M. Meira, P. N. Duchesne, J. Y. Y. Loh, C. Qiu, E. E. Storey, Y. Xu, W. Sun, M. Ghoussoub, N. P. Kherani, A. S. Helmy, G. A. Ozin, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2432.

[34] D. Marxer, P. Furler, M. Takacs, A. Steinfeld, Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 1142.

[35] L. Li, X. Li, Y. Sun, Y. Xie, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51, 1234.

[36] A. Liu, M. Gao, X. Ren, F. Meng, Y. Yang, L. Gao, Q. Yang, T. Ma, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 3541.

[37] X. Huang, Y.-B. Zhang, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2021, 427, 213564.

[38] G. Wang, J. Chen, Y. Ding, P. Cai, L. Yi, Y. Li, C. Tu, Y. Hou, Z. Wen, L. Dai, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 4993.

[39] D. Gao, R. M. Arán-Ais, H. S. Jeon, B. Roldan Cuenya, Nature Catalysis 2019, 2, 198.

[40] B. Kumar, M. Llorente, J. Froehlich, T. Dang, A. Sathrum, C. P. Kubiak, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2012, 63, 541.

[41] W. Zhang, Z. Jin, Z. Chen, Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2105204.

[42] Y. Li, S. Li, H. Huang, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 457, 141179.

[43] S. Verma, S. Lu, P. J. A. Kenis, Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 466.

[44] B. Tang, F.-X. Xiao, ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 9023.

[45] H. Cao, Y. Li, Q. Hu, J. Wu, M. Zhong, L. Ji, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 481, 148551.

[46] J. Gao, S. Choo Sze Shiong, Y. Liu, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 472, 145033.

[47] Y. Fang, X. Liu, Z. Liu, L. Han, J. Ai, G. Zhao, O. Terasaki, C. Cui, J. Yang, C. Liu, Z. Zhou, L. Chen, S. Che, Chem 2023, 9, 460.

[48] F. Guo, Y. Wu, H. Chen, Y. Liu, L. Yang, X. Ai, X. Zou, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 684.

[49] W. Zhu, Y. Yue, H. Wang, B. Zhang, R. Hou, J. Xiao, X. Huang, A. Ishag, Y. Sun, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 110164.

[50] X.-L. Song, L. Chen, L.-J. Gao, J.-T. Ren, Z.-Y. Yuan, Green Energy Environ. 2024, 9, 166.

[51] E. Karamian, S. Sharifnia, J. CO2 Utilization 2016, 16, 194.

[52] J. Wu, Y. Huang, W. Ye, Y. Li, Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1700194.

[53] Z. Sun, N. Talreja, H. Tao, J. Texter, M. Muhler, J. Strunk, J. Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 7610.

[54] N.-N. Vu, S. Kaliaguine, T.-O. Do, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1901825.

[55] S. Yao, J. He, F. Gao, H. Wang, J. Lin, Y. Bai, J. Fang, F. Zhu, F. Huang, M. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 12539.

[56] C. Prasad, N. Madkhali, V. Govinda, H. Y. Choi, I. Bahadur, S. Sangaraju, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 109727.

[57] L. Lu, B. Wang, S. Wang, Z. Shi, S. Yan, Z. Zou, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1702447.

[58] D. M. Teter, R. J. Hemley, Science 1996, 271, 53.

[59] E. Kroke, M. Schwarz, E. Horath-Bordon, P. Kroll, B. Noll, A. D. Norman, New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 508.

[60] T. Sano, S. Tsutsui, K. Koike, T. Hirakawa, Y. Teramoto, N. Negishi, K. Takeuchi, J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 6489.

[61] C. Hu, Y.-C. Chu, M.-S. Wang, X.-H. Wu, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2017, 348, 8.

[62] W.-J. Ong, L.-L. Tan, Y. H. Ng, S.-T. Yong, S.-P. Chai, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 7159.

[63] T. K. A Nguyena, T.-T. Phamb, B. Gendensurena, E.-S. Oha, E. W. Shin, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 103, 232.

[64] S. Tragl, K. Gibson, J. Glaser, V. Duppel, A. Simon, H.-J. Meyer, Solid State Commun. 2007, 141, 529.

[65] O. Iqbal, H. Ali, N. Li, A. I Al-Sulami, K. F. Alshammari, H. S. M. Abd-Rabboh, Y. Al-Hadeethi, I. U. Din, A. I. Alharthi, R. Altamimi, A. Zada, Z. Wang, A. Hayat, M. Zahid Ansari, Materials Today Physics 2023, 34, 101080.

[66] M. I. Chebanenko, L. A. Lebedev, V. L. Ugolkov, N. D. Prasolov, V. N. Nevedomskiy, V. I. Popkov, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 600, 154079.

[67] M. Shalom, S. Inal, C. Fettkenhauer, D. Neher, M. Antonietti, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 7118.

[68] Y.-S. Jun, E. Z. Lee, X. Wang, W. H. Hong, G. D. Stucky, A. Thomas, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 3661.

[69] M. Shalom, M. Guttentag, C. Fettkenhauer, S. Inal, D. Neher, A. Llobet, M. Antonietti, Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 5812.

[70] Q. Yang, C. Chen, Q. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Fang, Carbon 2020, 164, 337.

[71] Q. Xu, Z. Xia, J. Zhang, Z. Wei, Q. Guo, H. Jin, H. Tang, S. Li, X. Pan, Z. Su, S. Wang, Carbon Energy 2023, 5, e205.

[72] L. Shao, X. Han, L. Shi, T. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Z. Yin, X. Zheng, J. Li, X. Han, Y. Deng, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2303261.

[73] B.-X. Zhou, S.-S. Ding, B.-J. Zhang, L. Xu, R.-S. Chen, L. Luo, W.-Q. Huang, Z. Xie, A. Pan, G.-F. Huang, Appl. Catal. B 2019, 254, 321.

[74] Y. Zheng, L. Lin, X. Ye, F. Guo, X. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 11926.

[75] Z. Mo, X. Zhu, Z. Jiang, Y. Song, D. Liu, H. Li, X. Yang, Y. She, Y. Lei, S. Yuan, H. Li, L. Song, Q. Yan, H. Xu, Appl. Catal. B 2019, 256, 117854.

[76] X. Zhang, X. Yuan, L. Jiang, J. Zhang, H. Yu, H. Wang, G. Zeng, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 390, 124475.

[77] J. Shi, H. Wang, J. Nie, T. Yang, C. Ju, K. Pu, J. Shi, T. Zhao, H. Li, J. Xue, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2023, 643, 47.

[78] P. Xia, B. Zhu, J. Yu, S. Cao, M. Jaroniec, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 3230.

[79] M. Liu, S. Wageh, A. A Al-Ghamdi, P. Xia, B. Cheng, L. Zhang, J. Yu, Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 14023.

[80] J. Zhang, X. Tang, Y. Hong, G. Chen, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, W. Gao, Y. Zhou, B. Sun, Eco-Environ. Health 2023, 2, 47.

[81] J. Yuan, N. Tian, Z. Zhu, W. Yu, M. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Huang, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 467, 143379.

[82] G. Liu, G. Dong, Y. Zeng, C. Wang, Chin. J. Catal. 2020, 41, 1564.

[83] S. Wan, M. Ou, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Zeng, J. Ding, S. Zhang, Q. Zhong, Dalton Trans. 2019, 48, 12070.

[84] J. Fu, K. Liu, K. Jiang, H. Li, P. An, W. Li, N. Zhang, H. Li, X. Xu, H. Zhou, D. Tang, X. Wang, X. Qiu, M. Liu, Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900796.

[85] M. Arumugam, M. Tahir, P. Praserthdam, Chemosphere 2022, 286, 131765.

[86] S. Wang, J. Zhan, K. Chen, A. Ali, L. Zeng, H. Zhao, W. Hu, L. Zhu, X. Xu, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 8214.

[87] K. Wang, J. Fu, Y. Zheng, Appl. Catal. B 2019, 254, 270.

[88] J. Liu, W. Fu, Y. Liao, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2021, 91, 224.

[89] F. Guo, B. Hu, C. Yang, J. Zhang, Y. Hou, X. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2101466.

[90] Y. Liang, X. Wu, X. Liu, C. Li, S. Liu, Appl. Catal. B 2022, 304, 120978.

[91] L. Lin, Z. Yu, X. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 6164.

[92] Y. Li, D. Zhang, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Chin. J. Catal. 2021, 42, 627.

[93] G. Zhang, G. Li, T. Heil, S. Zafeiratos, F. Lai, A. Savateev, M. Antonietti, X. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 3433.

[94] P. Xia, M. Antonietti, B. Zhu, T. Heil, J. Yu, S. Cao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1900093.

[95] Z. Sun, Y. Jiang, L. Zeng, L. Huang, ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 1325.

[96] X.-T. Xu, L. Pan, X. Zhang, L. Wang, J.-J. Zou, Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801505.

[97] Y. An, X. Hu, X. Wang, J. Tian, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2023, 649, 426.

[98] J. Ran, M. Jaroniec, S.-Z. Qiao, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704649.

[99] J. Yang, D. Wang, H. Han, C. Li, Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1900.

[100] G. Gao, Y. Jiao, E. R. Waclawik, A. Du, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 6292.

[101] C. He, L. Yu, N. Lu, W. Wang, W. Chen, S. Lu, Y. Yang, D. Ma, S. Huang, Nano Res. 2020, 13, 646.

[102] N. Sun, Y. Zhu, M. Li, J. Zhang, J. Qin, Y. Li, C. Wang, Appl. Catal. B 2021, 298, 120565.

[103] F. Li, H. Zhou, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2020, 570, 11.

[104] P. Liu, Z. Huang, X. Gao, X. Hong, J. Zhu, G. Wang, Y. Wu, J. Zeng, X. Zheng, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2200057.

[105] Z. Wang, H. Lee, J. Chen, M. Wu, D. Y. C. Leung, C. A. Grimes, Z. Lu, Z. Xu, S.-P. Feng, J. Power Sources 2020, 466, 228306.

[106] Q. Li, Z. Sun, H. Wang, Z. Wu, J. CO2 Utilization 2018, 28, 126.

[107] L. Cheng, H. Yin, C. Cai, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Small 2020, 16, 2002411.

[108] X. Zhang, J. Yan, F. Zheng, J. Zhao, L. Y. S. Lee, Appl. Catal. B 2021, 286, 119879.

[109] K. Li, S. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Fan, K. Lv, Chin. J. Catal. 2021, 42, 3.

[110] W. Lei, T. Zhou, X. Pang, S. Xue, Q. Xu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 114, 143.

[111] R. Tang, S. Xiong, D. Gong, Y. Deng, Y. Wang, L. Su, C. Ding, L. Yang, C. Liao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 56663.

[112] C. Yang, Q. Tan, Q. Li, J. Zhou, J. Fan, B. Li, J. Sun, K. Lv, Appl. Catal. B 2020, 268, 118738.

[113] Y.-Y. Chai, D.-P. Qu, D.-K. Ma, W. Chen, S. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 450(30 August 2018), 1.

[114] N. Kim, J. Lee, M. Gu, B.-S. Kim, Carbon Energy 2021, 3, 590.

[115] J. Yu, J. Jin, B. Cheng, M. Jaroniec, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 3407.

[116] W.-J. Ong, L.-L. Tan, S.-P. Chai, S.-T. Yong, A. R. Mohamed, Nano Energy 2015, 13, 757.

[117] Y. Wang, X. Liu, X. Han, R. Godin, J. Chen, W. Zhou, C. Jiang, J. F. Thompson, K. B. Mustafa, S. A. Shevlin, J. R. Durrant, Z. Guo, J. Tang, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2531.

[118] M. J. Molaei, Sol. Energy 2020, 196, 549.

[119] L. Tian, Z. Li, P. Wang, X. Zhai, X. Wang, T. Li, J. Energy Chem. 2021, 55, 279.

[120] W. Liu, Q. Wang, Z. Liu, G. Ding, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2022, 622, 21.

[121] Q. Li, S. Wang, Z. Sun, Q. Tang, Y. Liu, L. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Wu, Nano Res. 2019, 12, 2749.

[122] H. Li, S. Gan, H. Wang, D. Han, L. Niu, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 6906.

[123] M. Ubaidullah, A. M Al-Enizi, A. Nafady, S. F. Shaikh, K. Y. Kumar, M. K. Prashanth, L. Parashuram, B.-H. Jeon, M. S. Raghu, B. Pandit, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 109675.

[124] Y. Baghdadi, F. Temerov, J. Cui, M. Daboczi, E. Rattner, M. S. Sena, I. Itskou, S. Eslava, Chem. Mater. 2023, 35, 8607.

[125] J. Zhang, J. Jiang, Y. Lei, H. Liu, X. Tang, H. Yi, X. Huang, S. Zhao, Y. Zhou, F. Gao, Sep. Purif. Technol. 2024, 328, 125056.

[126] M. Li, L. Zhang, X. Fan, M. Wu, M. Wang, R. Cheng, L. Zhang, H. Yao, J. Shi, Appl. Catal. B 2017, 201, 629.

[127] J. Tang, R. Guo, W. Zhou, C. Huang, W. Pan, Appl. Catal. B 2018, 237, 802.

[128] Y. Xu, Y. You, H. Huang, Y. Guo, Y. Zhang, J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 381, 121159.

[129] S. Tonda, S. Kumar, M. Bhardwaj, P. Yadav, S. Ogale, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 2667.

[130] L. Yang, J. Huang, L. Shi, L. Cao, H. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Li, H. Song, Y. Jie, J. Ye, Appl. Catal. B 2018, 221, 670.

[131] Y. Yang, J. Wu, T. Xiao, Z. Tang, J. Shen, H. Li, Y. Zhou, Z. Zou, Appl. Catal. B 2019, 255, 117771.

[132] G. Zhang, X. Zhu, D. Chen, N. Li, Q. Xu, H. Li, J. He, H. Xu, J. Lu, Environ. Sci.: Nano 2020, 7, 676.

[133] H. A. E Omr, R. Putikam, S.-P. Feng, M.-C. Lin, H. Lee, Appl. Catal. B 2023, 339, 123103.

[134] S. Cheng, Z. Sun, K. H. Lim, A. A. Wibowo, T. Zhang, T. Du, L. Liu, H. T. Nguyen, G. K. Li, Z. Yin, S. Kawi, ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 7221.

[135] L. Sun, Z. Zhang, J. Bian, F. Bai, H. Su, Z. Li, J. Xie, R. Xu, J. Sun, L. Bai, C. Chen, Y. Han, J. Tang, L. Jing, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2300064.

[136] M. Tahir, B. Tahir, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 106, 195.

[137] L.-W. Wei, S.-H. Liu, H. P. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 25473.

[138] Y.-L. Li, Q. Zhao, X.-J. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.-J. Hao, X.-J. Wang, X.-Y. Liu, D. Hildebrandt, F.-Y. Li, F.-T. Li, Small Struct. 2023, 4, 2300177.

[139] L. Pei, Z. Luo, X. Wang, Z. Ma, Y. Nie, J. Zhong, D. Yang, S. Bandaru, B.-L. Su, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2023, 652, 636.

[140] R. Chen, L. Wang, J. Ding, J. Zhang, H. Wan, G. Guan, J. Alloys Compd. 2023, 960, 170605.

[141] J. Fu, J. Yu, C. Jiang, B. Cheng, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1701503.

[142] Q. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Yu, S. Wageh, A. A Al-Ghamdi, M. Jaroniec, Mater. Today 2018, 21, 1042.

[143] R. Bhosale, S. Jain, C. P. Vinod, S. Kumar, S. Ogale, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 6174.

[144] B. Hu, M. Xiao, C. Liu, G. Che, J. Jia, L. Yan, H. Dong, Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 315, 123726.

[145] W.-K. Jo, S. Kumar, S. Eslava, S. Tonda, Appl. Catal. B 2018, 239, 586.

[146] J. Fu, Q. Xu, J. Low, C. Jiang, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B 2019, 243, 556.

[147] Q. Xu, L. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. Fan, J. Yu, Chem 2020, 6, 1543.

[148] J. Wang, Y. Yu, J. Cui, X. Li, Y. Zhang, C. Wang, X. Yu, J. Ye, Appl. Catal. B 2022, 301, 120814.

[149] X. Chang, T. Wang, J. Gong, Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 2177.

[150] S. Fang, Y. H. Hu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51, 3609.

[151] S. Bhattacharjee, M. Rahaman, V. Andrei, M. Miller, S. Rodríguez-Jiménez, E. Lam, C. Pornrungroj, E. Reisner, Nature Synthesis 2023, 2, 182.

[152] J. Fu, K. Jiang, X. Qiu, J. Yu, M. Liu, Mater. Today 2020, 32, 222.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 The Authors. Carbon Neutralization published by Wenzhou University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.