Different processing methods and pharmacological effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma

Abstract

Atractylodis Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicine with an extensive history of treating gastrointestinal disorders and other diseases, undergoes various processing methods in China to enhance its therapeutic efficacy for specific conditions. However, a comprehensive report detailing the changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effects due to these processing methods is currently lacking. This article provides a systematic review of the commonly employed processing techniques for Atractylodis Rhizoma, including raw Atractylodis Rhizoma (SCZ), bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (FCZ), deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (JCZ), and rice water-processed Atractylodis Rhizoma (MCZ). It examines the alterations in chemical constituents and pharmacological activities resulting from these processes and elucidates the mechanisms of action of the primary components in the various processed forms of Atractylodis Rhizoma in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

Keywords

Atractylodis Rhizoma / Processing method / Pharmacological effect / Change in chemical composition / Gastrointestinal disease

References

[1] Jun X, Fu P, Lei Y, et al. Pharmacological effects of medicinal components of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [J]. Chin Med, 2018, 13: 59.

[2] Zhang WJ, Zhao ZY, Chang LK, et al. Atractylodis Rhizoma: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control [J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, 266: 113415.

[3] Wang C, Zhao WY, Xiang Q, et al. Research progress on processing of Atractylodis Rhizoma[J]. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med, 2022, 40(8): 84-88.

[4] Koonrungsesomboon N, Na-Bangchang K, Karbwang J. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2014, 7( 6): 421-428.

[5] Chen WJ, Wu Y, Xu C, et al. Study on therapeutic effects of Ermiao Pill and Ermiao Pill categorized formula in hyperuricemic rats using spectroscopic methods[J]. Spectrosc Spectral Anal, 2015, 35(4): 956-960.

[6] Zhang Z, Cao H, Shen P, et al. Ping Wei San alleviates chronic colitis in mice by regulating intestinal microbiota composition[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2020, 255: 112715.

[7] Han J, Zhu X, Gao Z, et al. Antiviral effects of atractyloside A on the influenza B virus (Victoria strain) infection[J]. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13: 1067725.

[8] Li XM, Kang Y, Li WJ, et al. Comparing the effects of three decoctions for coronavirus disease 2019 on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related toll-like receptors-mediated inflammations[J]. J Tradit Chin Med, 2023, 43(1): 51-59.

[9] Lei L, Ke C, Xiao K, et al. Identification of different bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma and prediction of atractylodin content based on multivariate data mining combined with intelligent color recognition and near-infrared spectroscopy[J]. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2021, 262: 120119.

[10] Shi K, Qu L, Lin X, et al. Deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma protects against spleen deficiency-induced diarrhea through regulating intestinal inflammatory response and gut microbiota[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 21(1): 124.

[11] Yu H, Liu DW, Gong PF, et al. Research progress on processing methods, quality control and pharmacodynamics evaluation for Atractylodis Rhizoma[J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae, 2017, 23(23): 194-200.

[12] Fan ZQ. Effects of different concoctions on the active components in Atractylodis Rhizoma[J]. Agri Sci Tech Equip, 2021, 2: 59-60.

[13] Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Chinese Pharmacopoeia[M]. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, 2020.

[14] Shi K, Tu JY, Xu YY, et al. Optimization of the processing technology of bran-stir-frying atractylodes with multi-index comprehensive score[J]. China Pharm, 2019, 22(3): 394-398.

[15] Sun XJ, Jiang M, Tu JY, et al. Study on processing technology of deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma[J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs, 2015, 46(4): 526-529.

[16] Wang WK, Zhang Z, Weng P, et al. Study on processing technology of rice water processed Atractylodis Rhizoma[J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2015, 26(9): 2157-2159.

[17] Fu M, Zhu D, Fang J, et al. Advances in chemistry, molecular biology and pharmacological of Cangzhu[J]. Chin J Chin Mater Med, 2009, 34(20): 2669-2672.

[18] Kim HY, Kim JH. Sesquiterpenoids isolated from the rhizomes of genus Atractylodes[J]. Chem Biodivers, 2022, 19(12): e202200703.

[19] Sun Z, Zhang Y, Peng X, et al. Diverse sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenes from Atractylodes lancea and their anti-osteoclastogenesis activity[J]. J Nat Prod, 2022, 85(4): 866-877.

[20] Duan JA, Wang L, Qian S, et al. A new cytotoxic prenylated dihydrobenzofuran derivative and other chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC.[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 2008, 31(8): 965-969.

[21] Acharya B, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of β-eudesmol[J]. Chem Biol Drug Des, 2021, 97(4): 984-996.

[22] Yu Y, Yuan Y, Jia TZ, et al. Recent studies on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after concoction[J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2016, 27(1): 189-191.

[23] Khan Z, Nath N, Rauf A, et al. Multifunctional roles and pharmacological potential of β-sitosterol: emerging evidence toward clinical applications[J]. Chem Biol Interact, 2022, 365: 110117.

[24] Jang J, Kim SM, Yee SM, et al. Daucosterol suppresses dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2019, 72: 124-130.

[25] Zhang F, Wang M, Zha Y, et al. Daucosterol alleviates alcohol-induced hepatic injury and inflammation through P38/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway[J]. Nutrients, 2023, 15(1): 223.

[26] Feng S, Sui M, Wang D, et al. Pectin-zein based stigmasterol nanodispersions ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice[J]. Food Funct, 2021, 12(22): 11656-11670.

[27] Ahmad KM, Sarwar A, Rahat R, et al. Stigmasterol protects rats from collagen induced arthritis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 85: 106642.

[28] Du Z, Ma Z, Lai S, et al. Atractylenolide Ι ameliorates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury via the TLR4/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 797499.

[29] Long F, Lin H, Zhang X, et al. Atractylenolide-Ι suppresses tumorigenesis of breast cancer by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4-mediated nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11: 598939.

[30] Deng M, Chen H, Long J, et al. Atractylenolides (I, II, and III): a review of their pharmacology and pharmacokinetics[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 2021, 44(7): 633-654.

[31] Han J, Li W, Shi G, et al. Atractylenolide III improves mitochondrial function and protects against ulcerative colitis by activating AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α[J]. Mediators Inflamm, 2022, 2022: 9129984.

[32] Feng ZM, Xu K, Wang W, et al. Two new thiophene polyacetylene glycosides from Atractylodes lancea[J]. J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2018, 20(6): 531-537.

[33] Kitajima J, Kamoshita A, Ishikawa T, et al. Glycosides of Atractylodes lancea[J]. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2003, 51(6): 673-678.

[34] Liu L, Guan F, Chen Y, et al. Two novel sesquiterpenoid glycosides from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(18): 5753.

[35] Vanaroj P, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Atractylodin and β-eudesmol from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation by downregulating the notch signaling pathway[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2023, 24(2): 551-558.

[36] Xu L, Zhou Y, Xu J, et al. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-virulence roles of atractylodin in attenuating Listeria monocytogenes infection[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 977051.

[37] Cheng Y, Mai JY, Hou TL, et al. Antiviral activities of atractylon from Atractylodis Rhizoma[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2016, 14(4): 3704-3710.

[38] Sun S, Shi J, Wang X, et al. Atractylon inhibits the tumorigenesis of glioblastoma through SIRT3 signaling[J]. Am J Cancer Res, 2022, 12(5): 2310-2322.

[39] Chu SS, Jiang GH, Liu ZL. Insecticidal compounds from the essential oil of Chinese medicinal herb Atractylodes chinensis[J]. Pest Manag Sci, 2011, 67(10): 1253-1257.

[40] Guo W, Liu S, Ju X, et al. The antitumor effect of hinesol, extract from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. by proliferation, inhibition, and apoptosis induction via MEK/ERK and NF-κB pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549 and NCI-H1299[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120(11): 18600-18607.

[41] Zhang H, Gu H, Jia Q, et al. Syringin protects against colitis by ameliorating inflammation[J]. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2020, 680: 108242.

[42] Mao J, Tan L, Tian C, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of syringin combined with costunolide against LPS-induced acute liver injury in L-02 cells via Rac1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway[J]. Aging (Albany NY), 2023, 15(21): 11994-12020.

[43] Wang F, Yuan C, Liu B, et al. Syringin exerts anti-breast cancer effects through PI3K-AKT and EGFR-RAS-RAF pathways[J]. J Transl Med, 2022, 20(1): 310.

[44] Xu K, Yang YN, Feng ZM, et al. Six new compounds from Atractylodes lancea and their hepatoprotective activities[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2016, 26(21): 5187-5192.

[45] Zhou YX, Zhang H, Peng C. Puerarin: a review of pharmacological effects[J]. Phytother Res, 2014, 28(7): 961-975.

[46] Wang C, Zhao WY, Xiang Q, et al. Analysis of volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing by GC-MS[J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2022, 33(02): 357-361.

[47] Huang X, Yan P, Ding W, et al. α-Pinene inhibits the growth of cervical cancer cells through its proapoptotic activity by regulating the miR-34a-5p/Bcl-2 signaling axis[J]. Drug Dev Res, 2022, 83(8): 1766-1776.

[48] Kim DS, Lee HJ, Jeon YD, et al. α-Pinene exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of MAPKs and the NF-κB pathway in mouse peritoneal macrophages[J]. Am J Chin Med, 2015, 43(4): 731-742.

[49] Macedo EM, Santos WC, Sousa BPN, et al. Association of terpinolene and diclofenac presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory synergistic effects in a model of chronic inflammation[J]. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2016, 49(7): e5103.

[50] Chen P, Li X, Zhang R, et al. Combinative treatment of β-elemene and cetuximab is sensitive to KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells by inducing ferroptosis and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation[J]. Theranostics, 2020, 10(11): 5107-5119.

[51] Xu FH, Hu ZC, Yi XY, et al. Application status of in the quality standard of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. China Med Her, 2017, 14(15): 47-50.

[52] Guan D, Li Y, Cui Y, et al. 5-HMF attenuates inflammation and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice by inhibiting the MIF-CD74 interaction[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2023, 55(8): 1222-1233.

[53] Zhang JH, Di Y, Wu LY, et al. 5-HMF prevents against oxidative injury via APE/Ref-1[J]. Free Radic Res, 2015, 49(1): 86-94.

[54] Ke C, Li L. Influence mechanism of polysaccharides induced Maillard reaction on plant proteins structure and functional properties: a review[J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2023, 302: 120430.

[55] Lee B, Weon JB, Yun BR, et al. Simultaneous determination of 11 major components in Palmul-tang by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS-MS[J]. J Chromatogr Sci, 2014, 52(6): 482-492.

[56] Zhou RB, Wu J, Tong QZ, et al. Studies on volatile oil from Atractylodes macrocephala with different distill methods[J]. J Chin Med Mater, 2008, 31(2): 229-232.

[57] Zhao WL, Wiu H, Shan GS, et al. Verification of processing theory of “reducing ketone and dryness, and increasing ester and effect” for bran-fried atractylodes[J]. China J Chin Mater Med, 2013, 38(20): 3493-3497.

[58] Yang D, Chen YM, Wu XL, et al. Changes of HPLC Fingerprint and contents of main compoents in Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing[J]. China Pharm, 2020, 23(12): 2398-2402.

[59] Xu J, Liu C, Shi K, et al. Atractyloside-A ameliorates spleen deficiency diarrhea by interfering with TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation and regulating intestinal flora homeostasis[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2022, 107: 108679.

[60] Chen XS, Liu YJ, Chen HX, et al. Comparison of GC fingerprints of Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after being deep-fried[J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae, 2018, 24(2): 24-28.

[61] Wang C, Zhao WY, Xiang Q, et al. Analysis of volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing by GC-MS[J]. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res, 2022, 33(2): 357-361.

[62] Li H, Wang Y, Tian Y, et al. Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil up-regulated IGF-1 to improve diabetic gastroparesis in rats[J]. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2022, 25(4): 520-526.

[63] Hossen MJ, Amin A, Fu XQ, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, involves Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, 277: 114183.

[64] Yu Y, Jia TZ, Cai Q, et al. Comparison of the anti-ulcer activity between the crude and bran-processed Atractylodes lancea in the rat model of gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2015, 160: 211-218.

[65] Zhang B, Bu L, Tian H, et al. Effects of Atractylodes lancea extracts on intestinal flora and serum metabolites in mice with intestinal dysbacteriosis[J]. Proteome Sci, 2023, 21(1): 5.

[66] Xie Y, Zhan X, Tu J, et al. Atractylodes oil alleviates diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by regulating intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier via SCF/c-kit and MLCK/MLC2 pathways[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2021, 272: 113925.

[67] Lin X, Guo X, Qu L, et al. Preventive effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma extract on DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis through the regulation of the MAPK/NF-κB signals in vivo and in vitro[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2022, 292: 115211.

[68] Gao Y, Chen H, Li W, et al. Chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis inhibit the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella typhimurium[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 154: 113633.

[69] Shi K, Xiao Y, Dong Y, et al. Protective effects of Atractylodes lancea rhizoma on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via TLR4/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(24): 16134.

[70] Tang F, Fan K, Wang K, et al. Atractylodin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4 pathways[J]. J Pharmacol Sci, 2018, 136(4): 203-211.

[71] Qu L, Xu Y, Cao G, et al. Effects of atractylodes oil on inflammatory response and serum metabolites in adjuvant arthritis rats[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 127: 110130.

[72] Qu L, Liu C, Ke C, et al. Atractylodes lancea rhizoma attenuates DSS-induced colitis by regulating intestinal flora and metabolites[J]. Am J Chin Med, 2022, 50(2): 525-552.

[73] Xue DH, Liu YQ, Cai Q, et al. Comparison of bran-processed and crude Atractylodes Lancea effects on spleen deficiency syndrome in rats[J]. Pharmacogn Mag, 2018, 14(54): 214-219.

[74] Ma S, Jiang Y, Zhang B, et al. Comparison of the modulatory effect on intestinal microbiota between raw and bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma in the rat model of spleen-deficiency syndrome[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(17): 3183.

[75] Zhang BX, Qi XJ, Cai Q. Metabolomic study of raw and bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma on rats with spleen deficiency[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020, 182: 112927.

[76] Liu C, Song C, Wang Y, et al. Deep-fried Atractylodes lancea rhizome alleviates spleen deficiency diarrhea-induced short-chain fatty acid metabolic disorder in mice by remodeling the intestinal flora[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2023, 303: 115967.

[77] Gong PF, Yu H, Zhai YY, et al. Evaluation of effect of rice water bleaching Atractylodis Rhizoma on spleen deficiency rats with dampness accumulation in spleen by multiple-indexes[J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae, 2017, 23(24): 36-40.

[78] Xiao CP, Ju YJ, Sun J, et al. Enhancing spleen and preventing diarrhea effect and mechanism of Atractylodis Rhizoma processed with rice water based on intestinal microecology[J]. Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med, 2023, 39(2): 64-71.

[79] Xiao C, Wang M, Yang X, et al. Rice water-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma relieves spleen deficiency diarrhea by regulating the intestinal microbiome[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2023, 2023: 1983616.

[80] Qu L, Lin X, Liu C, et al. Atractylodin attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and inhibiting inflammatory response through the MAPK pathway[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 665376.

[81] Yu C, Xiong Y, Chen D, et al. Ameliorative effects of atractylodin on intestinal inflammation and co-occurring dysmotility in both constipation and diarrhea prominent rats[J]. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol, 2017, 21(1): 1-9.

[82] Heo G, Kim Y, Kim EL, et al. Atractylodin ameliorates colitis via PPARα agonism[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(1): 802.

[83] Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M. Effects of an Atractylodes lancea rhizome extract and a volatile component β-eudesmol on gastrointestinal motility in mice[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2012, 141(1): 530-536.

[84] Qu L, Shi K, Xu J, et al. Atractylenolide-1 targets SPHK1 and B4GALT2 to regulate intestinal metabolism and flora composition to improve inflammation in mice with colitis[J]. Phytomedicine, 2022, 98: 153945.

[85] Li Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, et al. Atractylenolide Ι induces apoptosis and suppresses glycolysis by blocking the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11: 273.

[86] Xu R, Liu X, Tian M, et al. Atractylodes-Ι overcomes the oxidative stress-induced colonic mucosal epithelial cells dysfunction to prevent irritable bowel syndrome via modulating the miR-34a-5p-LDHA signaling pathway[J]. Curr Mol Med, 2023, 23(8): 825-833.

[87] Tian S, Yu H. Atractylenolide ΙΙ inhibits proliferation, motility and induces apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cell lines HGC-27 and AGS[J]. Molecules, 2017, 22(11): 1886.

[88] Ren Y, Jiang W, Luo C, et al. Atractylenolide III ameliorates TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation in mice by reducing oxidative stress and regulating intestinal flora[J]. Chem Biodivers, 2021, 18(8): e2001001.

[89] Gao Y, Wang J, Zhao M, et al. Atractylenolide III attenuates angiogenesis in gastric precancerous lesions through the downregulation of delta-like ligand 4[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 797805.

[90] Kong D, Mai Z, Chen Y, et al. ATL I, act as a SIRT6 activator to alleviate hepatic steatosis in mice via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome formation[J]. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2022, 15(12): 1526.

[91] Tu J, Xie Y, Xu K, et al. Treatment of spleen-deficiency syndrome with atractyloside a from bran-processed Atractylodes lancea by protection of the intestinal mucosal barrier[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11: 583160.

[92] Wang D, Dong Y, Xie Y, et al. Atractylodes lancea rhizome polysaccharide alleviates immunosuppression and intestinal mucosal injury in mice treated with cyclophosphamide[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2023, 71(45): 17112-17129.

[93] Yu KW, Kiyohara H, Matsumoto T, et al. Intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharides from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea[J]. Planta Med, 1998, 64(8): 714-719.

[94] Zhou P, Xiao W, Wang X, et al. A comparison study on polysaccharides extracted from Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. using different methods: structural characterization and anti-SGC-7901 effect of combination with apatinib[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(15): 4727.

[95] Meng XL, Guo XH, Zhang QQ, et al. Analysis and comparison of essential oil of Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing[J]. Mod Tradit Chin Med Mater Med World Sci Technol, 2014, 16(8): 1760-1767.

[96] Shi K, Wang Y, Xiao Y, et al. Therapeutic effects and mechanism of Atractylodis Rhizoma in acute lung injury: investigation based on an integrated approach[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1181951.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304722)

Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023AFD154)