Research progress of low-concentration electrolytes for sodium-based batteries

Abstract

Sodium-based batteries (SBBs) have shown tremendous potential in large-scale energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness and natural abundance of sodium. Conventional views hold that low-concentration electrolytes (LCEs) struggle to achieve stable charge/discharge performance because of reduced ionic conductivity caused by low Na⁺ concentrations. The research progress, performance regulation, and development prospects of low-concentration electrolytes have not been fully summarized. Low-concentration electrolytes (LCEs, typically < 1 M) have presented significant potential for SBBs electrolytes owing to their advantages of cost-effectiveness, low viscosity and wide-temperature tolerance. However, they are confronted with critical challenges, specifically regarding low ionic conductivity and inadequate interfacial stability. This paper presents a systematic review of the recent advances in LCEs for SBBs, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms of solvent engineering, additive design, and salt systems and their concentrations on electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) chemistry, and analyzes the synergistic effect between ion transport and interfacial stability under low-salt concentration. Finally, this paper analyzes the current challenges and prospects the future directions of multifunctional electrolyte design, providing new ideas for the low-cost and high-reliability development of SBBs.

Keywords

Sodium-based batteries / Nonaqueous electrolyte / Low cost / Low salt concentration / Interphasial chemistry

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare the following personal relationships which may be considered as competing interests: Kang Wang is currently employed by Guangzhou Great Power Energy & Technology Company Limited. Other authors declare that there are no competing interests.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Kang Wang: Writing – original draft, Investigation, Conceptualization. Yongyao Feng: Methodology, Investigation. Jiajun Wang: Investigation. Jiaxiang Zeng: Software. Yuxin Guo: Software. Jiayi Wang: Investigation. Fangyuan Deng: Software. Qi Peng: Investigation. Feng Liu: Methodology. Kuirong Deng: Visualization, Supervision. Kai Yang: Visualization, Validation. Yilong Lin: Writing – review & editing, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52402291), Special Project in Key Areas for Ordinary Universities in Guangdong Province (2024ZDZX3075), Advanced Electronic Materials Innovation Team Project for Ordinary Universities in Guangdong Province (2024KCXTD061), Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Special Fund Project (pdjh2024b692).

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