Comprehensive review of sodium-ion battery materials: Advances and performance challenges

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries for sustainable energy storage. Its widespread availability and lower cost make it an attractive option for future energy storage solutions. This review provides an analysis of the key materials in SIBs, including cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and separators, highlighting recent advancements and existing challenges. The anode materials reviewed in this article include carbonaceous materials, metal alloys, and organic materials. These anode materials face constraints such as significant volume expansion and poor ionic conductivity. The cathode materials discussed include transition metal oxides, polyanionic compounds, and Prussian Blue analogues, which encounter challenges related to structural stability and ionic conductivity. Exploring the combination of these materials presents a promising strategy for producing high-performance sodium-ion batteries with the potential for future energy storage. The review also discusses electrolyte and separator materials, examining the advantages and disadvantages of liquid, solid, and semi-solid electrolytes. Finally, it addresses the packaging and safety challenges of SIBs.

Keywords

Batteries / Sodium-ion / Electrochemistry / Materials / Energy storage

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Akda Zahrotul Wathoni: Writing – original draft, Visualization. Kartika A. Madurani: Validation, Supervision. Chin Wei Lai: Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Fredy Kurniawan: Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Centre for Higher Education Funding and Assessment (PPAPT), the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, for providing the Indonesia Education Scholarship (BPI) funded by the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education Agency (LPDP).

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