Stable, high-performance vertical heterojunction ultraviolet photodetectors with Ga ₂O ₃-protected Ag nanowires window electrode

Abstract

Large-scale ultraviolet photodetectors are highly promising for detection of weak signals and have the potential for widespread applications in high-tech areas such as aerospace detection and wearable devices. However, the commonly used window electrodes lack transparency to ultraviolet light. Although ultraviolet photodetectors based on Ag nanowires exhibit good response due to their broad transparency range, the sharp interface between the Ag nanowires and the semiconductor renders them extremely unstable. Surface protection is considered to enhance the stability and lifespan of these devices. Our research has revealed that amorphous Ga₂O₃ can fully encapsulate the surface of Ag nanowires and securely affix it to the NiO film, resulting in a stable performance with a high responsivity of 48 mA W⁻¹ and detectivity of 6.1 × 10¹¹ Jones for 254 nm light. The unpacked device exhibited a stable photocurrent, showing only 6.8% degradation after 3 months in ambient air. Finally, a large-scale (5 cm × 4 cm, with 12 cm² of active area) ultraviolet photodetector with a Ga₂O₃-protected Ag nanowire electrode was prepared, which demonstrated a milliamp-level photocurrent under weak ultraviolet illumination that can be directly read by a conventional multimeter in practical scenarios, indicating the promising prospects of this device for future commercial applications.

Keywords

UV detector / Large-scale / Window electrode / Silver nanowires / Stability

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Xingyuan Yu: Writing – original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis. Yujie Peng: Formal analysis. Di Zhang: Methodology, Investigation. Fuqiang Zhai: Methodology, Investigation. Hua Tang: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Jiang Cheng: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. Lu Li: Resources, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Xin Yang: Writing – review & editing, Investigation. Feng Cheng: Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB3603202); National Science Foundation of China (62171069); Cooperation projects between universities in Chongqing and institutes affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (HZ2021019); Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0058, CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0022, CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0009); Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN202301315); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (2022AH050116).

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.chphma.2025.02.004.

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