Geology and mineralization of quartz vein-type and altered rock-type gold deposits in the Linglong gold orefield (916 t), Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review

Abstract

The Jiaodong Peninsula in North China Craton as the world’s third largest gold metallogenic region, holding gold deposits primarily of the altered rock type and the quartz vein type. The Linglong gold orefield, with 916 t of proven gold resources presently, is a typical birthplace of quartz vein-type gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula and develops altered rock type gold deposits. This study elaborated on the characteristics of deposits and the spatial distributions of orebodies in the Linglong gold orefield, analyzing control factors, geochemical characteristics, mineralization era, and mineralization mechanism. Comprehensive research has found that: The altered rock-type gold deposits have gentle dip angle and large scale, fine grain size of the gold ore, low average ore grades, low metal sulfide content, which is about 1/3 compared to the quartz vein-type gold deposits. Their gold minerals primarily occur as intercrystalline gold. In contrast, the quartz vein-type gold deposits occur in the steeply dipping tensile fissures in the footwall of main faults. Their orebodies exhibit steep dip angles and small scales but high average ore grades and metal sulfide content, with gold minerals primarily occurring as inclusion gold. The Linglong gold orefield experienced gold mineralization at about 120 Ma, with ore-forming fluids belonging to a moderate- to high-temperature, low-salinity, and reducing H₂O-CO₂-NaCl±CH₄ system. The ore-forming fluid mainly comes from the mixture of magmatic water and meteoric water. The ore- forming materials primarily originated from the lower crust, supplemented by some mantle-derived components. The comprehensive analysis leads to the following conclusions: Extensive crust-mantle mixing provided thermodynamic conditions, migration pathways, and partial fluid sources for ore-forming fluid activity in the Jiaodong region. The rapid magma ascent led to the formation of detachment faults and associated tensile structures in the shallow crust, which create favorable space for fluid migration and the enrichment and precipitation of ore-forming elements. The pressure fluctuation of fluids arising from changes in the dip angles of faults is the main cause of the stepped metallogenic pattern. The quartz vein- and altered rock-type gold deposits are the product of the same metallogenic event under different metallogenic modes and tectonic locations. Based on the deep metallogenic regularity, this study established a geological-geophysical prospecting model for altered rock-type gold deposits, of which the critical factors include ore-hosting faults, high-precision geophysical exploration, and a stepped metallogenic pattern.

Keywords

Giant gold deposit (916 t) / Altered rock-type / Quartz vein-type / Ore-forming fluids / Moderate- to high-temperature / Low-salinity / H₂O-CO₂-NaCl±CH₄ system / Ore-controlling fault / Stepped metallogenic modle / Linglong gold orefield modle / Mineral exploration engineering

References

[1] An JT, Yu DB, Shen K, Zhao ZG, Zhang QC. 1988. Study on Ore Controlling Conditions of Gold Deposits in Mouping Rushan Area, Shandong Province. Collection of Regional Metallogenic Conditions of Main Types of Gold Deposits in China (Jiaodong area). Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 1-120 (in Chinese).

[2] Cai YC, Fan HR, Santosh M, Hu FF, Yang KF, Li XH. 2018. Decratonic gold mineralization: Evidence from the Shangzhuang gold deposit, eastern North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 54, 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2017.09.009.

[3] Chen GY, Sun DS, Zhou XR, Shao W, Gong RT, Shao Y. 1993. Genetic Mineralogy and Gold Mineralization of Guojialing Granodiorite in Jiaodong. Wuhan, China University of Geosciences Press, 1-230 (in Chinese).

[4] Cheng HY. 2019. Comparative Study on Geochemical Characteristics of the Linglong and Jiaojia Gold Deposit in Jiaodong. Beijing, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Master Thesis, 1-60 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[5] Cheng NN, Liu Q, Hou QL, Wei W, Shi MY, He M, Guo QQ. 2018. Discussions on the stress-chemical process of gold precipitation and metallogenic mechanism in shear zone type gold deposits. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 34(7), 2165-2180 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[6] Deng J, Liu XF, Wang QF, Pan RG. 2015. Origin of the Jiaodong-type Xinli gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from fluid inclusion and C-D-O-S-Sr isotope compositions. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 674-686. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.04.018.

[7] Deng J, Yang LQ, Li RH, Groves DI, Santosh M, Wang ZL, Sai SX, Wang SR. 2019. Regional structural control on the distribution of world-class gold deposits: An overview from the Giant Jiaodong Gold Province, China. Geological Journal, 54(1), 378-391. doi: 10.1002/gj.3186.

[8] Deng J, Qiu KF, Wang QF, Goldfarb R, Yang LQ, Zi JW, Geng JZ, Ma Y. 2020a. In situ dating of hydrothermal monazite and implications for the geodynamic controls on ore formation in the Jiaodong gold province, Eastern China. Economic Geology, 115(3), 671-685. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.4711.

[9] Deng J, Yang LQ, Groves DI, Zhang L, Qiu KF, Wang QF. 2020b. An integrated mineral system model for the gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong province, Eastern China. Earth-Science Reviews, 208, 103274. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103274.

[10] Deng J, Wang QF, Zhang L, Xue SC, Liu XF, Yang L, Yang LQ, Qiu KF, Liang YY. 2023. Metallogenetic model of Jiaodong-type gold deposits, Eastern China. Science China Earth Sciences, 66(10), 2287-2310. doi: 10.1007/s11430-022-1136-4.

[11] Ding ZJ, Sun FY, Liu FL, Liu JH, Peng QM, Ji P, Li BL, Zhang PJ. 2015. Mesozoic geodynamic evolution and metallogenic series of major metal deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 31(10), 3045-3080 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[12] Dou JZ, Fu S, Zhang HF. 2015. Consolidation and cooling paths of the guojialing granodiorites in Jiaodong Peninsula: Implication for crustal uplift and exhumation. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 31(8), 2325-2336 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[13] Du XJ. 1988. Study on the technological mineralogy of the ores from the —145 level gold deposit of altered —rock type in Xincheng, Laizhou city. Shandong Land and Resources, 4(2), 69-79 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[14] Fan HR, Hu FF, Yang JH, Shen K, Zhai MG. 2005. Fan HR, Hu FF, Yang JH, Shen K and Zhai MG. 2005. Fluid evolution and large-scale gold metallogeny during Mesozoic tectonic transition in the eastern Shandong province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(5), 1317-1328 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[15] Fan HR, Zhai MG, Xie YH, Yang JH. 2003. Ore-forming fluids associated with granite-hosted gold mineralization at the Sanshandao deposit, Jiaodong gold province, China. Mineralium Deposita, 38(6), 739-750. doi: 10.1007/s00126-003-0368-x.

[16] Fan YX. 1984. A preliminary discussion on the main ways to geological predict of miheral areas of endogenic metallic deposits. Earth Science, 9(4), 107-115 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[17] Feng K, Fan HR, Groves DI, Yang KF, Hu FF, Liu X, Cai YC. 2020. Geochronological and sulfur isotopic evidence for the genesis of the post-magmatic, deeply sourced, and anomalously gold-rich Daliuhang orogenic deposit, Jiaodong, China. Mineralium Deposita, 55(2), 293-308. doi: 10.1007/s00126-019-00882-8.

[18] Feng YC, Deng J, Yu HC, Fu Q, Cui T, Shan W, Li ZS, Li SS. 2023. Gold occurrence and its indicative significance to mineralization process in Linglong gold district, Jiaodong gold province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 39(2), 377-392 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2023.02.06. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[19] Goldfarb RJ, Santosh M. 2014. The dilemma of the Jiaodong gold deposits: Are they unique? Geoscience Frontiers, 5(2), 139-153. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2013.11.001.

[20] Goss SC, Wilde SA, Wu FY, Yang JH. 2010. The age, isotopic signature and significance of the youngest Mesozoic granitoids in the Jiaodong Terrane, Shandong Province, North China Craton. Lithos, 120(3-4), 309-326. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.08.019.

[21] Guo LN, Deng J, Yang LQ, Wang ZL, Wang SR, Wei YJ, Chen BH. 2020. Gold deposition and resource potential of the Linglong gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula: Geochemical comparison of ore fluids. Ore Geology Reviews, 120, 103434. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103434.

[22] He DY, Qiu KF, Simon AC, Pokrovski GS, Yu HC, Connolly JAD, Li SS, Turner S, Wang QF, Yang MF, Deng J. 2024. Mantle oxidation by sulfur drives the formation of giant gold deposits in subduction zones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121(52), e2404731121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2404731121.

[23] Hoefs J. 1997. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1-20. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-03377-7.

[24] Hou ML, Jiang SY, Jiang YH, Ling HF. 2006. S-Pb isotope geochemistry and Rb-Sr geochronology of the Penglai gold field in the eastern Shangdong province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(10), 2525-2533 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[25] Hu HL, Fan HR, Liu X, Cai YC, Yang KF, Ma WD. 2020a. Two-stage gold deposition in response to H₂S loss from a single fluid in the Sizhuang deposit (Jiaodong, China). Ore Geology Reviews, 120, 103450. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103450.

[26] Hu HL, Fan HR, Santosh M, Liu X, Cai YC, Yang KF. 2020b. Ore-forming processes in the Wang’ershan gold deposit (Jiaodong, China): Insight from microtexture, mineral chemistry and sulfur isotope compositions. Ore Geology Reviews, 123, 103600. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103600.

[27] Huang DY. 1994. Study on sulfur isotope of metallogenic series of Jiaodong gold deposit. Mineral Deposits, 13(1), 75-87 (in Chinese).

[28] Li HK, Yu XF, Shen K, Cheng W, Yu LH. 2012. Study on characteristics of fluid inclusions in Linglong quartz vein type gold deposit. Shandong Land and Resources, 28(11), 1-8 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[29] Li HQ. 1994. Rb-Sr isochron dating of quartz fluid inclusions in Jiaodong gold deposit. Ouyang ZY (ed.) New progress in mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry in China. Lanzhou, Lanzhou University Press,1-120 (in Chinese).

[30] Li J, Song MC, Liang JL, Jiang MY, Li SY, Ding ZJ, Su F. 2020. Source of ore-forming fluids of the Jiaojia deeply seated gold deposit: Evidences from trace elements and sulfur-helium-argon isotopes of pyrite. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(1), 297-313 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.01.23. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[31] Li J, Zhang LP, Song MC, Liang JL, Li SY, Song YX, Bao ZY, Ding ZJ. 2021a. Formation mechanism of Shuiwangzhuang gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula: Constraints from S-H-O isotopes and fluid inclusions. Earth Science, 46(5), 1569-1584 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[32] Li J, Li CY, Liang JL, Song MC, Zhang LP, Song YX. 2021b. Mineralization of the Shangjiazhuang Mo deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from S-H-O isotopes and fluid inclusions. Solid Earth Sciences, 6(4), 370-384. doi: 10.1016/j.sesci.2021.08.001.

[33] Li JW, Vasconcelos PM, Zhang J, Zhou MF. 2003. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar constraints on a temporal link between gold mineralization, magmatism, and continental margin transtension in the Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. The Journal of Geology, 111(6), 741-751. doi: 10.1086/378486.

[34] Li JW, Vasconcelos PM, Zhou MF, Zhao XF, Ma CQ. 2006. Geochronology of the Pengjiakuang and Rushan gold deposits, eastern Jiaodong gold province, northeastern China: Implications for regional mineralization and geodynamic setting. Economic Geology, 101(5), 1023-1038. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.101.5.1023.

[35] Li JX, Guo T, Lü GX. 1999. Discussion on the types of gold mineralization in the northwest of Jiaodong and its relationship with structure. Geology and Resources, 8(2), 87-91 (in Chinese).

[36] Li QL, Chen FK, Yang JH, Fan HR. 2008. Single grain pyrite Rb-Sr dating of the Linglong gold deposit, Eastern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 34(3), 263-270. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.10.003.

[37] Li SX, Liu CC, An YH, Wang WC, Huang TL, Yang CH. 2007. Geology of Gold Deposits in Shandong Peninsula. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 59-324 (in Chinese).

[38] Li SY, Li J, Song MC, Ding ZJ, Zhou ML, Fan JM, Xie TC, Liu XD, Wang B, Zhang LL, Yang ZL. 2022. Metallogenic characteristics and mineralization of the Linglong gold field, Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Geologica Sinica, 96(9), 3234-3260 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2022291. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[39] Li XH, Fan HR, Yang KF, Hollings P, Liu X, Hu FF, Cai YC. 2018. Pyrite textures and compositions from the Zhuangzi Au deposit, southeastern North China Craton: Implication for ore-forming processes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 173(9), 73. doi: 10.1007/s00410-018-1501-2.

[40] Li ZL, Yang MZ. 1993. Geology and Geochemistry of Jiaodong Gold Deposit. Tianjin, Tianjin Science and Technology Press, 1-100 (in Chinese).

[41] Li ZL, Zhang LY, Xiao XM, Fan BH. 1990. Geological and geochemical characteristics and genesis of Majiayao gold ore deposit, Shandong province. Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research, 5(3), 36-48 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[42] Lin ZW. 2019. A Comparative study on Pyrite Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Vein Type and Dissemination Type of Gold Mineralization in the Linglong Gold Ore Field, Jiaodong: Implications for Ore Genesis. Wuhan, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Master Thesis, 1-103 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[43] Liu GD, Wen GJ, Liu CJ, Bao ZY, Sun ZQ, Fan JM, Li S, Yan CM, Guo ZF. 2017. Discovery, characteristics and prospecting direction of Shuiwangzhuang deep super-large gold deposit in the northern section of Zhaoping fault. Gold Science and Technology, 25(3), 38-45 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[44] Liu JC, Wang JY, Liu Y, Tian JX, Li XZ, Zhang HD. 2018. Ore genesis of the Xiadian gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, East China: Information from fluid inclusions and mineralization. Geological Journal, 53(S1), 77-95. doi: 10.1002/gj.3042.

[45] Liu LD, Yao FL. 1989. Remelted magnetite granites and the assocoatted gold deposits in the northwest part of the Jiaodong peninsula, Journal of Changchun University of Earth Science, (3), 241-251 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[46] Lü GX, Kong QC. 1993. Geology of Linglong-Jiaojia Type Gold Deposit in Jiaodong. Beijing, Science Press, 1-120 (in Chinese).

[47] Lü GX, Wu JC, Cui SX. 2013. Geology of Linglong Gold Field in Shandong Peninsula. Beijing, Geological Publishing House. 257-448 (in Chinese).

[48] Luo WC, Wu QS. 1987. Determination of metallogenic age of Jiaodong gold deposit by altered minerals. Science Bulletin, 32(16), 1245-1248 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[49] Ma GG. 2011. Genetic Mineralogy and Deep Prospects of Linglong Gold Deposit in Zhaoyuan, East Shandong Province. Beijing, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Master Thesis, 1-105 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[50] Ma L, Jiang SY, Hou ML, Dai BZ, Jiang YH, Yang T, Zhao KD, Pu W, Zhu ZY, Xu B. 2014. Geochemistry of Early Cretaceous calc-alkaline lamprophyres in the Jiaodong Peninsula: Implication for lithospheric evolution of the eastern North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 25(2), 859-872. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.05.012.

[51] Ma WD, Fan HR, Liu X, Pirajno F, Hu FF, Yang KF, Yang YH, Xu WG, Jiang P. 2017. Geochronological framework of the Xiadian gold deposit in the Jiaodong province, China: Implications for the timing of gold mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 86, 196-211. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.02.016.

[52] Mao JW, He Y, Ding TP. 2002. Mantle fluids involved in metallogenesis of Jiaodong (east Shandong) gold district: Evidence of C, O and H isotopes. Mineral Deposits, 21(2), 121-128 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[53] Mao JW, Li HM, Wang YT, Zhang CQ, Wang RT. 2005. The relationship between mantle-derived fluid and gold ore-formation in the eastern Shandong peninsula: Evidences from D-O-C-S isotopes. Acta Geologica Sinica, 79(6), 839-857 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[54] Mao XC, Ren J, Liu ZK, Chen J, Tang L, Deng H, Bayless RC, Yang B, Wang MJ, Liu CM. 2019. Three-dimensional prospectivity modeling of the Jiaojia-type gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China: A case study of the Dayingezhuang deposit. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 203, 27-44. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.04.002.

[55] Qiu KF, Romer RL, Long ZY, Williams-Jones AE, Yu HC, Turner S, Wang QF, Li SS, Zhang JY, Duan HR, Deng J. 2024. The role of an oxidized lithospheric mantle in gold mobilization. Science Advances, 10(41), eado6262. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado6262.

[56] Qiu YS. 1988. Metallogenic Conditions of Gold Ore District in Zhaoyuan-Yexian Area, Shandong Province. Shenyang: Liaoning Science and Technology Press, 1-85 (in Chinese).

[57] Qiu YS. 1992. A preliminary view in minerogenetic characteristics and problems of endogenetic gold deposits in metamorphic rocks areas of China. Journal of Precious Metallic Geology, 1(4), 252-262 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[58] Sai SX, Qiu KF. 2020. Ore-forming processes of the Rushan gold deposit, Jiaodong: Fluid immiscibility induced by episodic fluid pressure fluctuations. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(5), 1547-1566 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.05.14. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[59] Shen YC, Li HM, Liu TB, Zhang LC, Li GM. 2001. Types of gold mineralization of Jiaojia type’s gold deposit in Jiaodong district, Shandong province, and their importance of studying. Geology and Exploration, 37(1), 48-51 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[60] Sheppard SMF. 1986. Chapter 6. characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters. Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes, De Gruyter, 165-184. doi: 10.1515/9781501508936-011.

[61] Shi YC, Liu CC, Yang CH, Wang F, Li AM. 2005. Distribution relation and genesis of alterted and quartz-vein gold deposits in east Shandong. Land and Resources in Shandong Province, 21(8), 19-21 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[62] Song MC, Cui SX, Zhou ML, Jiang HL, Yuang WH, Wei XF, Lü GX. 2010. The deep oversize gold deposit in the Jiaojia field, Shandong Province and its enlightenment for the Jiaojia Gold type. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(9), 1349-1358 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2010.09.009. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[63] Song MC, Yi PH, Xu JX, Cui SX, Shen K, Jiang HL, Yuan WH, Wang HJ. 2012. A step metallogenetic model for gold deposits in the northwestern Shandong Peninsula, China. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(6), 940-948. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4366-7.

[64] Song MC, Song YX, Shen K, Jiang HL, Li SY. 2013. Geochemical features of deeply-seated gold deposit and discussions on some associated problems in Jiaojia gold ore field, Shandong Peninsula, China. Geochimica, 42(3), 274-289 doi: 10.19700/j.0379-1726.2013.03.008. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[65] Song MC, Deng J, Yi PH, Yang LQ, Cui SX, Xu JX, Zhou ML, Huang TL, Song GZ, Song YX. 2014. The kiloton class Jiaojia gold deposit in eastern Shandong Province and its genesis. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition, 88(3), 801-824. doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.12239.

[66] Song MC, Song YX, Ding ZJ, Li SY. 2018a. Jiaodong gold deposits: Essential characteristics and major controversy. Gold Science and Technology, 26(4), 406-422 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[67] Song MC, Li J, Li SY, Ding ZJ, Tan XF, Zhang ZL, Wang SJ. 2018b. Late Mesozoic thermal upwelling-extension structure and its dynamics background in eastern Shandong Province. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 48(4), 941-964 doi: 10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20170145. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[68] Song MC, Lin SY, Yang LQ, Song YX, Ding ZJ, Li J, Li SY, Zhou ML. 2020a. Metallogenic model of Jiaodong peninsula gold deposits. Mineral Deposits, 39(2), 215-236 doi: 10.16111/j.0258-7106.2020.02.002. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[69] Song MC, Zhou JB, Song YX, Wang B, Li SY, Li J, Wang SS. 2020b. Mesozoic Weideshan granitoid suite and its relationship to large-scale gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Geological Journal, 55(8), 5703-5724. doi: 10.1002/gj.3607.

[70] Song MC, Ding ZJ, Zhang JJ, Song YX, Bo JW, Wang YQ, Liu HB, Li SY, Li J, Li RX, Wang B, Liu XD, Zhang LL, Dong LL, Li J, He CY,. 2021a. Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit (1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review. China Geology, 4(4), 1-34. doi: 10.31035/cg2021070.

[71] Song MC, Li J, Yu XF, Song YX, Ding ZJ, Li SY. 2021b. Metallogenic characteristics and tectonic setting of the Jiaodong gold deposit, China. Solid Earth Sciences, 6(4), 385-405. doi: 10.1016/j.sesci.2021.07.002.

[72] Song MC, Xue GQ, Liu HB, Li YX, He CY, Wang HJ, Wang B, Song YX, Li SY. 2021c. A geological-geophysical prospecting model for deep-seated gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Minerals, 11(12), 1393. doi: 10.3390/min11121393.

[73] Song MC, Yang LQ, Fan HR, Yu XF, Ding ZJ, Zhang YW, Qiu KF, Li J, Zhang L, Wang B, Li SY. 2022. Current progress of metallogenic research and deep prospecting of gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peniusula during 10 years for Exploration Breakthrough Strategic Action. Geological Bulletin of China, 41(6), 903-935 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[74] Song MC, Wang L, Song YX, Li J, Wang B, Wei XF, Zhang JJ, Song GZ. 2023a. Geometry and origin of supergiant gold deposits in the Jiaodong gold province, Eastern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 254, 105744. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2023.105744.

[75] Song MC, Ding ZJ, Li SY. 2023b. Metallogenic System and Key Techniques of Deep Prospecting for Gold Deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula. Beijing, Science Press, 1-374 (in Chinese).

[76] Song YX, Song MC, Ding ZJ, Wei XF, Xu SH, Li J, Tan XF, Li SY, Zhang ZL, Jiao XM, Hu H, Cao J. 2017. Major advances on deep prospecting in Jiaodong gold ore cluster and its metallogenic characteristics. Gold Science and Technology, 25(3), 4-18 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[77] Taylor HP. 1974. The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition. Economic Geology, 69(6), 843-883. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843.

[78] Tian JP. 2020. The Mesozoic Gold Polymetallic Regional Metallogeny in Qipengfu Ore Concentration Area, Jiaodong peninsula. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing), PhD Thesis, 1-140 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[79] Wang BC. 1986. Petrochemical and geochemical characteristics of the linglong granites. Shandong Land and Resources, 2(1), 54-73 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[80] Wang DZ, Zhou XM. 2002. Origin of Late Mesozoic Granitic Volcanic Intrusive Complexes in Southeast China and Crustal evolution. Beijing, Science Press, 1-295 (in Chinese).

[81] Wang JC, Xia B, Tang JR. 2003. Recognition on some key geological problems of linglong Jiaojia ore concentrated district in Shandong province. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 27(2), 147-151 doi: 10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2003.02.007. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[82] Wang L. 2010. Characteristics of Fluid Inclusion and Isotope in Linglong Gold Mine, Shandong, China. Beijing, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Master Theis, 1-94 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[83] Wang LG, Qiu YM, McNaugmton NJ, Groves DI, Luo ZK, Huang JZ, Miao LC, Liu YK. 1998. Constraints on crust evolution and gold metallogeny in the northwestern Jiaodong peninsula, China, from SHRIMP U-Pb zircon studies of granitoids. Ore Geology Reviews, 13, 275-291. doi: 10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00022-X.

[84] Wang SR, Yang LQ, Cheng H, Li DP, Shan W, Yuan JJ. 2020. Effect of basement structure on the spatial distribution of gold deposits: Structure stress transfer modeling of Jiaojia fault. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(5), 1529-1546 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.05.13. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[85] Wang Y, Lu ZX. 1988. The zoning of gold deposit of Jiaojia type in Zhao-ye metallogenic belt, Shandong province. Earth Science, 13(2), 137-146 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[86] Wang YW, Zhu FS, Gong RT. 2002. Tectonic isotope geochemistry —Further study on sulphur isotope of Jiaodong Gold Concentration Area. Gold, 23(4), 1-16 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[87] Wang ZY, Lü GX, Wu JC, Zhang XY, Liu WM, Zhang YC, Yang GB, Fan X, Huo QL, Xu YQ, Zhu SZ. 2016. Rb-Sr isotopic geochronology and geological implications of Dongfeng Gold Deposit in Jiaodong Area. Geological review, 62(S11), 347-348 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[88] Wen BJ, Fan HR, Santosh M, Hu FF, Pirajno F, Yang KF. 2015. Genesis of two different types of gold mineralization in the Linglong gold field, China: Constrains from geology, fluid inclusions and stable isotope. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 643-658. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.018.

[89] Xu WG, Fan HR, Yang KF, Hu FF, Cai YC, Wen BJ. 2016. Exhaustive gold mineralizing processes of the Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China: Displayed by hydrothermal alteration modeling. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 129, 152-169. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.08.008.

[90] Xue JL, Pang ZS, Li SR, Chen H, Sun WY, Tao W, Yao L, Zhang YQ. 2019. The genesis of Denggezhuang gold deposit in Jiaodong: Constraints from multigeological chronology and isotope system. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 35(5), 1532-1550 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2019.05.14. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[91] Yang JH, Zhou XH. 2000. Rb-Sr isochron age and metallogenic age of ore and gold-bearing mineral in Linglong gold deposit, Jiaodong area. Chinese Science Bulletin, 45(14), 1547-1553 doi: 10.1360/csb2000-45-14-1547. (in Chinese).

[92] Yang JH, Zhou XH. 2001. Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Pb isotope systematics of pyrite: Implications for the age and genesis of lode gold deposits. Geology, 29(8), 711-714. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)0292.0.co;2.

[93] Yang JH, Chung SL, Zhai MG, Zhou XH. 2004. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of mafic dikes from the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Evidence for vein-plus-peridotite melting in the lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 73(3-4), 145-160. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2003.12.003.

[94] Yang KF, Jiang P, Fan HR, Zuo YB, Yang YH. 2018. Tectonic transition from a compressional to extensional metallogenic environment at ∼120 Ma revealed in the Hushan gold deposit, Jiaodong, North China Craton. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 160, 408-425. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.08.014.

[95] Yang LQ, Deng J, Goldfarb RJ, Zhang J, Gao BF, Wang ZL. 2014a. 40Ar/39Ar geochronological constraints on the formation of the Dayingezhuang gold deposit: New implications for timing and duration of hydrothermal activity in the Jiaodong gold province, China. Gondwana Research, 25(4), 1469-1483. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.001.

[96] Yang LQ, Deng J, Wang ZL, Zhang L, Guo LN, Song MC, Zheng XL. 2014b. Mesozoic gold metallogenic system of the Jiaodong gold province, Eastern China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(9), 2447-2467 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[97] Yang LQ, Deng J, Guo LN, Wang ZL, Li XZ, Li JL. 2016a. Origin and evolution of ore fluid, and gold-deposition processes at the giant Taishang gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 585-602. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.021.

[98] Yang LQ, Deng J, Guo RP, Guo LN, Wang ZL, Chen BH, Wang XD. 2016b. World-class Xincheng gold deposit: An example from the giant Jiaodong gold province. Geoscience Frontiers, 7(3), 419-430. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2015.08.006.

[99] Yang LQ, Guo LN, Wang ZL, Zhao RX, Song MC, Zheng XL. 2017. Timing and mechanism of gold mineralization at the Wang’ershan gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 88, 491-510. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.06.027.

[100] Yang LQ, Dilek Y, Wang ZL, Weinberg RF, Liu Y. 2018. Late Jurassic, high Ba-Sr linglong granites in the Jiaodong Peninsula, East China: Lower crustal melting products in the eastern North China Craton. Geological Magazine, 155(5), 1040-1062. doi: 10.1017/s0016756816001230.

[101] Yang ZF, Xu JK, Zhao LS, Wu YB, Shen YL. 1991. Geochemical studies of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and ore-forming fluid compositions of fluid inclusions in quartz from two types of gold deposits in Jiaodong. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 11(4), 363-369 doi: 10.16461/j.cnki.1000-4734.1991.04.010. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[102] Yang ZF, Xu JK, Zhao LS. 1998. Regional Crustal Evolution and Geochemistry of Gold Mineralization in Eastern Shandong. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 1-100 (in Chinese).

[103] Yuan ZZ, Li ZK, Zhao XF, Sun HS, Qiu HN, Li JW. 2019. New constraints on the genesis of the giant Dayingezhuang gold (silver) deposit in the Jiaodong district, North China Craton. Ore Geology Reviews, 112, 103038. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103038.

[104] Zartman RE, Doe BR. 1981. Plumbotectonics —The model. Tectonophysics, 75(1-2), 135-162. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90213-4.

[105] Zhang C, Liu Y, Liu XD, Feng JQ, Huang T, Zhang Q, Wang XD. 2014. Characteristics of sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Xincheng gold deposit Northwest Jiaodong China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(9), 2495-2506 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[106] Zhang HF, Li SR, Zhai MG, Guo JH. 2006. Crust uplift and its implications in the Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(2), 285-295 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[107] Zhang L, Weinberg RF, Yang LQ, Groves DI, Sai SX, Matchan E, Phillips D, Kohn BP, Miggins DP, Liu Y, Deng J. 2020. Mesozoic orogenic gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A focused event at 120 ± 2 ma during cooling of pregold granite intrusions. Economic Geology, 115(2), 415-441. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.4716.

[108] Zhang LC, Zeng QD, Shen YC, Liu TB. 2002a. Geological features and structure analysis on hongbu gold deposit, northwestern Jiaodong. Geology and Prospecting, 38(3), 18-22 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[109] Zhang LC, Shen YC, Liu TB, Zeng QD, Li GM, Li HM. 2002b. Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr isochron ages and metallogenic ages of gold deposits in the northern margin of Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province, Science in China (series D), 32(9), 727-734 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[110] Zhang LG, Chen ZS, Liu JX, Yu GX, Wang BC, Xu JF, Zheng WS. 1994. Water-rock exchange in the Jiaojia type gold deposit: A study of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of ore-formation fluids. Mineral Deposits, 13(3), 193-200 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[111] Zhang PJ, Song MC, Liu DH, Ding ZJ, Hu PQ, Yang GF, Wang HB. 2015. Features of deep-seated gold orebodies of No. 171 lode and structural ore-controlling action in Linglong gold orefield, Shandong Peninsula. Mineral Deposits, 34(5), 855-873 doi: 10.16111/j.0258-7106.2015.05.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[112] Zhang SG. 1990. The genesis and principal characteristics of the gold deposits in Jinniushan mineralized beltm Shandong. Bulletin of Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. 21, 68-81 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[113] Zhang YQ, Dong SW, Zhao Y, Zhang T. 2007. Jurassic tectonics of North China: A synthetic view. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(11), 1462-1480 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[114] Zhang YW, Hu FF, Fan HR, Liu X, Feng K, Cai YC. 2020. Fluid evolution and gold precipitation in the Muping gold deposit (Jiaodong, China): Insights from in situ trace elements and sulfur isotope of sulfides. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 218, 106617. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106617.

[115] Zhang ZH, Zhang JX, Ye SZ. 1993. Study and determination of Rb-Sr isochron dating on gold mineralization alteration zone in Zhaoyuan-Yexian gold mineralized belt, eastern Shandong. Journal of Precious Metallic Geology, 2(1), 26-34 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[116] Zhang ZQ, Lai Y, Chen YJ. 2007. Fluid inclusion study of the Lingiong gold deposit, Shandong province, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23(9), 2207-2216 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[117] Zhang ZR, Chen SZ. 1999. Superlarge gold deposit exploration perspective in Jiaolai Basin of Jiaodong gold metallogenetic domain. Geochimica, 28(3), 203-212 doi: 10.19700/j.0379-1726.1999.03.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[118] Zhou FY, Li ZL. 1991. A study on inclusions in minerals of Taishang gold deposit, eastern Shandong province. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 11(4), 403-412,444 doi: 10.16461/j.cnki.1000-4734.1991.04.015. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[119] Zhou XH, Yang JH, Zhang LC. 2002. The formation of Jiaodong super large gold deposit and the deep lithospheric process of North China continent in Mesozoic. Science in China (series D), 32(S), 11-20 (in Chinese).

[120] Zhu FS. 1980. Preliminary study on mineralization of migmatized hydrothermal gold deposits-a case study of gold deposits in Zhaoye area. Geology and Prospecting, 16(7), 1-10 (in Chinese).

[121] Zhu RX, Chen L, Wu FY, Liu JL. 2011. Timing, scale and mechanism of the destruction of the North China Craton. Science China (Earth Sciences), 54(6), 789-797. doi: 10.1007/s11430-011-4203-4.