Distributions and influencing factors of selenium in soils and edible wild mushrooms and the development and utilization of high-quality wild mushrooms (Boletus, Ramaria botrytoides, Russula virescens)

Abstract

Selenium (Se) serves as a trace element essential for the human body owing to its significant physiological functions and extensive pharmacological effects. The Se required by the human body is primarily obtained from soil-derived foods. This study revealed Se-rich soils covering a certain area and Se-rich edible wild mushrooms with high Se accumulation rates in Chuxiong, central Yunnan Province, China through a geochemical survey of soil quality. Furthermore, this study investigated the Se migration and transformation mechanisms in the soil-wild mushroom system, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the development and planning of Se-rich green foods in the study area. Using the geochemical data of samples collected from topsoils, deep soils, and wild mushrooms and their root soils in Nanhua County, Chuxiong, this study analyzed the Se contents in soils and wild mushrooms and their root soils and explored the mechanisms and influencing factors of Se enrichment in wild mushrooms. The results indicate that the topsoils in the study area exhibit Se contents ranging from 0.07 mg/kg to 0.95 mg/kg, with an arithmetic average of 0.25 mg/kg. The Se-rich soils cover an area of 356 km², which accounts for 13.07% of the total topsoil area. The wild mushrooms in the study area display Se contents varying from 0.004 mg/kg to 47.10 mg/kg, with a median of 0.977 mg/kg. The analyses of Moran’s index and semivariogram indicate that the Se content distributions in both topsoils and deep soils in the study area exhibit distinct spatial structures. Specifically, the semivariogram model for the Se content in the deep soils emerges as a Gaussian model, and the Se content exhibits a nugget-to-sill ratio of 21.72%, suggesting that the Se content in deep soils is primarily influenced by structural factors such as parent materials. Se in the soils originates primarily from soil-forming parent rocks, with the origin of the Se-rich soils closely related to Triassic black shales, thin coal seams, and metamorphic rocks in the Ailao Mountain area. The wild mushrooms in the study area enjoy significantly higher Se content than other reported naturally Se-rich agricultural products, with a Se accumulation rate of up to 92.31% and an overall over-limit ratio of Pb and Cd of merely 11.54%, suggesting that the study area has substantial potential for the development of naturally Se-rich green foods. The wild mushrooms in the study area exhibit bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of Se ranging from 0.02 to 157.00 (median: 4.26), with Se bioavailability decreasing in the order of Boletus edulis, Boletus aereus, Leccinum nigrescens, Ramaria botrytoides, and Russula virescens. For the Se absorption and enrichment in the wild mushrooms, the primary controlling factor is identified as the wild mushroom species. Furthermore, they are significantly influenced by the Se content in soils but are minimally affected by the physicochemical indicators of soils.

Keywords

Selenium / Wild mushroom / Boletus / Ramaria botrytoides / Russula virescens / Soil / Bioconcentration factor / Influencing factor / Nanhua County / Geochemical geological survey engineering / Sustainable Development Goals No.1 (No Poverty) / Sustainable Development Goals No.2 (Zero Hunger)

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