Geology, geochemistry and mineralization of the Taishang-Shuiwangzhuang supergiant gold deposit (>700 t Au), northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review

Abstract

The Taishang-Shuiwangzhuang gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of Linglong gold field in the northern part of the Zhaoping Fault metallogenic belt of the Jiaodong gold province—the world's third-largest gold metallogenic area. Major prospecting breakthroughs have been made at the depth of 600-2500 m in recent years, with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 700 t. Based on a large number of exploration data, the main characteristics of the deposit are described in detail, and the spatial coupling relationship between ore-controlling fault and main orebodies is discussed. The main orebodies occur as regular large veins, exhibiting branching and combination, expansion and contraction, and pinchout and reoccurrence. They extend in a gentle wave pattern along their strikes and dip directions and generally have a pitch direction of NEE and a plunge direction of NEE. As the ore-controlling fault, the Zhaoping Fault has the characteristics of wave-like fluctuation, with its dip angle presenting three steps of steep - slow transition within the depth range of 2500 m. The gold mineralization enrichment area is mainly distributed in the step parts where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently. The ore-forming age, ore-forming fluid and ore-forming material sources and the genesis of the ore deposit are analyzed based on the research results of ore deposit geochemistry. The ore-forming fluids were H₂O-CO₂-NaCltype hydrothermal solutions with a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity. The H-O isotopic characteristics indicate that the fluids in the early ore-forming stage were possibly formed by degassing of basic magma and that meteoric water gradually entered the ore-forming fluids in the late ore-forming stage. The S and Pb isotopes indicate that the ore-forming materials mainly originate from the lower crust and contain a small quantity of mantle-derived components. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Taishang-shuiwangzhuang gold deposit was a typical “Jiaodong type” gold deposit. The strong crustmantle interactions, large-scale magmatism, and the material exchange arising from the transformation from the ancient lower crust to the juvenile lower crust during the Early Cretaceous provided abundant fluids and material sources for mineralization. Moreover, the detachment faults formed by the rapid magmatic uplift and the extensional tectonism created favorable temperature and pressure conditions and space for fluid accumulation and gold precipitation and mineralization.

Keywords

Geochemistry / Mineralization / Super giant gold deposit / Ore-forming age / Ore-forming fluids / H₂O-CO₂-NaCl-type hydrothermal solutions / Crust-mantle interactions / Basic magma / Metallogenic prediction / Mineral exploration engineering / Taishang-Shuiwangzhuang / Jiaodong Peninsula

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zheng-jiang Ding, Zhong-yi Bao and Xiang-dong Liu conceived and designed the ideas. Xiang-dong Liu and Chunming Yan prepared the manuscript. Jia-meng Fan and Tian-ci Xie drew all the figures. Xiang-dong Liu, Chun-ming Yan and Hao-cheng Yu participated in field investigation. Xiangdong Liu, Tian-ci Xie, and Zhi-ning Liu performed the data processing. Xiang-dong Liu and Hao-cheng Yu reviewed and edited the draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Taishan Scholars Talent Project (TSTP 20240847), The Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining, Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant No. SDK202211, SDK202214) and Science and Technology Project of Shandong Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development (Grant No. KY202208)

Acknowledgment

Professors Li-qiang Yang and Kun-feng Qiu reviewed the entire manuscript and proposed valuable comments. The authors hereby would like to extend their sincere gratitude to them. This paper was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC2906900), Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2023CXGC011001), The

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