Metallogenic characteristics and mineralization of supergiant gold deposits (223 t) in the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province: A review

Abstract

Since the first discovery of gold deposits on the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin in Shandong Province at the end of the 20^th century, seven medium-sized to large/super-large gold deposits have been identified in this region, with cumulative proven gold resources of 223 t. This study reviewed the metallogenic and geochemical characteristics of various gold deposits in this region, examined the sources of their ore-forming fluids and materials, as well as their gold metallogenic epochs and processes, and developed a gold metallogenic model. The gold deposits in this region are governed by both dense fractures and detachment structural systems along basin margins, primarily categorized into the altered rock type and the pyrite-bearing carbonate vein type. The latter type, a recently discovered mineralization type in the Jiaodong Peninsula, enjoys high gold grade, a large scale, and high gold mineral fineness, suggesting considerable prospecting potential. Both types of gold deposits show metallogenic epochs ranging from 116 Ma to 119 Ma. Their ore-forming fluids are identified as a CO₂-NaCl-H₂O fluid system characterized by moderate to low temperatures, moderate to low salinity, and low density, with the pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type gold deposits manifesting slightly higher salinity. The C-H-O, S, and Pb isotopes of hydrothermal minerals reveal that the ore-forming fluids and materials are characteristic of crust-mantle mixing. Specifically, they were derived from mantle fluids in the early stages, mixed with stratum water and meteoric water in the later stages for mineralization. The gold metallogenic process is identified as follows: During the Early Cretaceous, the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the destruction of the North China Craton led to asthenospheric upwelling. The resulting fluids, after metasomatizing the enriched mantle, differentiated and evolved into C-H-O ore-bearing fluids, which were then mixed with crustal fluids. The mixed fluids migrated to the shallow crust, where they mingled with stratum water and meteoric water. Then, the fluids underwent unloading and final mineralization in detachment fault tectonic systems on basin margins. Due to differences in mixed crustal materials or the surrounding rocks involved in water-rock interactions, altered rock- and pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type gold deposits were formed in acidic and alkaline fluid environments, respectively.

Keywords

Supergiant gold deposit / Pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type / Altered rock type / CO₂-NaCl-H₂O fluid system / C-H-O, S, and Pbisotopes / Mantle fluids / Metallogenic characteristics / Mineralization / Mineral exploration engineering / Jiaolai Basin / Shandong Province

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zheng-jiang Ding, Jun Deng and Feng-yue Sun conceived of the presented idea. Jun-wei Bo and Zheng-jiang Ding wrote the manuscript in consulation. Jun-wei Bo processed the data and drew all the figures. Jun-wei Bo, Zheng-jiang Ding, Fengyue Sun, and Kun-feng Qiu participated in field investigation. Jun Deng and Ming-chun Song reviewed the draft. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41973048, U2006201), the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (No. GPMR202203), the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province (No. 2023CXGC011001), the Taishan Scholars. Program (tstp20240847), and the Open Project of Shandong Engineering Research Center of Application and Development of Big Data for Deep Gold Exploration (No. SDK202207). The authors would like to extend their sincere gratitude to the reviewers of this manuscript for their valuable comments.

References

[1] An W, Kuang HW, Liu YQ, Peng N, Xu KM, Xu H, Zhang P, Wang KB, Chen SQ, Zhang YX. 2016. Detrital zircon dating and tracing the provenances of dinosaur bone beds from the late Cretaceous Wangshi Group in Zhucheng, Shandong. Geological Review, 62(2), 453-471 doi: 10.16509/j.georeview.2016.02.017. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[2] Bo JW, Ding ZJ, Song MC, Qiu KF, Sun FY, Ji P, Xu H, Zhang R. 2021. C,O,S and Pb isotopic compositions and genesis of the Liaoshang gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 40(2), 321-336 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[3] Cai YC, Fan HR, Santosh M, Hu FF, Yang KF. 2018. Decratonic gold mineralization: Evidence from the Shangzhuang gold deposit, eastern North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 54, 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2017.09.009.

[4] Chai P, Hou ZQ, Zhang ZY. 2017. Geology, fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on the fluid evolution and resource potential of the Xiadian Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula. Resource Geology, 67(3), 341-359. doi: 10.1111/rge.12134.

[5] Chen CX. 2015. Study on the geological characteristics and ore genesis of Tudui-Shawang gold deposit, Guocheng City, Shandong Province. Changchun, Jilin University, Master thesis, 1-86 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[6] Chen GJ, Sun FY, Li YC, Liu K. 2014. U-Pb dating, geochemical characteristics and geological significance of Guojialing grandiorite in Jiaodong Peninsula. Global Geology, 33(1), 39-47 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2014.01.004. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[7] Chen JF, Xie Z, Li HM, Zhang XD, Zhou TX, Park YS, Ahn KS, Chen DG, Zhang X. 2003. U-Pb zircon ages for a collision-related K-rich complex at Shidao in the Sulu ultrahigh pressure terrane, China. Geochemical Journal, 37(1), 35-46. doi: 10.2343/geochemj.37.35.

[8] Chen JZ, Jiang N. 2011. Petrogenesis of the Late-Triassic alkaline magmatism in the Jiaodong area: Evidence from U-Pb age, Hf-O isotopes of zircons. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(12), 3557-3574 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[9] Chen Y. 2015. The geological characteristics and genesis research of Songjiagou gold deposit, Muping, Shandong Province. Changchun, Jilin University, Master thesis, 1-88 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[10] Chen YJ, Franco P, Lai Y, Li C. 2004. Metallogenic time and tectonic setting of the Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 20(4), 907-922 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[11] Chu H, Lu SN, Wang HC, Xiang ZQ, Liu H. 2011. U-Pb age spectrum of detrital zircons from the Fuzikuang Formation, Penglai Group in Changdao, Shandong Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(4),1017-1028 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[12] Deines P, Gold DP. 1973. The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0.

[13] Deng J, Wang CM, Bages L, Carranza EJM. 2015a. CretaceousCenozoic tectonic history of the Jiaojia Fault and gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from zircon U-Pb, illite K-Ar, and apatite fission track thermochronometry. Miner Deposita, 50, 987-1006. doi: 10.1007/s00126-015-0584-1.

[14] Deng J, Liu XF, Wang QF, Pan RG. 2015b. Origin of the Jiaodong-type Xinli gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from fluid inclusion and C-D-O-S-Sr isotope compositions. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 674-686. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.04.018.

[15] Deng J, Wang CM, Bages L, Santosh M, Yao EY. 2018. Crustal architecture and metallogenesis in the south-eastern North China Craton. Earth-Science Reviews, 182, 251-272. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.001.

[16] Deng J, Yang LQ, Li RH, Groves DI, Santosh M, Wang ZL, Sai SX, Wang SR. 2019. Regional structural control on the distribution of world-class gold deposits: An overview from the Giant Jiaodong Gold Province, China. Geological Journal, 54(1), 378-391. doi: 10.1002/gj.3186.

[17] Deng J, Qiu KF, Wang QF, Goldfarb R, Yang LQ, Zi JW, Geng JZ, Ma Y. 2020a. In situ dating of hydrothermal monazite and implications for the geodynamic controls on ore formation in the Jiaodong Gold Province, Eastern China. Economic Geology, 115(3), 671-685. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.4711.

[18] Deng J, Yang LQ, Groves DI, Zhang L, Wang QF. 2020b. An integrated mineral system model for the gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong province, eastern China. Earth-Science Reviews, 208(2), 1-24. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103274.

[19] Deng J, Wang QF, Santosh M, Liu XF, Liang YY, Yang LQ, Zhao R, Yang L. 2020c. Remobilization of metasomatized mantle lithosphere: A new model for the Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. Mineralium Deposita, 55(2), 257-274. doi: 10.1007/s00126-019-00925-0.

[20] Deng J, Wang QF, Zhang L, Xue SC, Liu XF, Yang L, Yang LQ, Qiu KF, Liang YY. 2023. Metallogenetic model of Jiaodong-type gold deposits, eastern China. Science China Earth Sciences, 66(10), 2287-2310. doi: 10.1007/s11430-022-1136-4.

[21] Deng JF, Su SG, Zhao HL, Mo XX, Xiao QH, Zhou S, Liu C, Zhao CG. 2003. Deep processes of Mesozoic Yanshanian lithosphere thinning in north China. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(3), 41-50 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[22] Deng YH, Hu QH, Xu HQ, Yan YK, Qian MP. 1984. Study on Penglai Group and Fenzishan Group in eastern Shandong Province. Bulletin Nanjing Institute Geology Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy Geology Sciences, 5(2), 1-80 (in Chinese).

[23] Ding ZJ, Sun FY, Liu FL, Liu JH, Liu DH, Zhang PJ, Du SX, Li B. 2013. U-Pb dating of zircons from the Weideshan molybdenum copper polymetallic deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula, China, and its geological significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(2), 607-618 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[24] Ding ZJ, Sun FY, Liu FL, Liu JH, Peng QM, Ji P, Li BL, Zhang PJ. 2015. Mesozoic geodynamic evolution and metallogenic series of major metal deposits in Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 31(10), 3045-3080 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[25] Ding ZJ, Bo JW, Song MC, Wei XF, Li Y, Li GH. 2019. Rb-Sr and SmNd isotopic ages and their geological significance for the pyrite carbonate vein type gold deposit in Guocheng gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Kunming, Proceedings of the 2019 Annual Conference, Geological Society of China, 880 (in Chinese).

[26] Ding ZJ, Song MC, Deng J, Qiu KF, Chen J, Bo JW. 2021. Geological characteristics and Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic chronology of a new type of gold deposit: the Liaoshang pyrite carbonate vein type gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Hefei, Proceedings of the first National Mineral Exploration Conference of China, Topic 8, Gold mineralization models and exploration techniques, 15-16 (in Chinese).

[27] Ding ZJ, Sun FY, Bo JW. 2022. Gold deposits in the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 1-156 (in Chinese).

[28] Dong LL, Yang ZM, Liu YH, Song MC. 2023. Possible source of Au in the Jiaodong area from lower crustal sulfide cumulates: Evidence from oxygen states and chalcophile elements contents of Mesozoic magmatic suites. Ore Geology Reviews, 153, 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105268.

[29] Duan LA, Zhao MC, Wang ZJ. 2009. Metallogenic regularities and prospecting analysis of Xilaokou ore area in Rushan. Gold Science and Technology, 17(3), 31-34 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[30] Duan LA, Guo YC, Han XM, Wang JT, Zhao PF, Wang LP, Wei YF. 2021. New understanding guiding the discovery of a medium-scale tectonic altered rock type gold deposit on the northeastern margin of Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province, China. China Geology, 4(3), 1-3. doi: 10.31035/cg2021050.

[31] Dunai TJ, Porcelli D. 2002. Storage and transport of noble gases in the subcontinental lithosphere. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 47(1), 371-409. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2002.47.10.

[32] Fan HR, Zhai MG, Xie YH, Yang JH. 2003. Ore-forming fluids associated with granite-hosted gold mineralization at the Sanshandao deposit, Jiaodong gold province, China. Mineralium Deposita, 38(6), 739-750. doi: 10.1007/s00126-003-0368-x.

[33] Fan HR, Hu FF, Yang JH, Shen K, Zhai MG. 2005. Fluid eveolution and large-scale gold metallogeny during Mesozoic tectonic transition in the eastern Shandong Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(5), 1317-1328 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[34] Fan HR, Feng K, Li XH, Hu FF, Yang KF. 2016. Mesozoic gold mineralization in the Jiaodong and Korean peninsulas. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 32(10), 3225-3238 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[35] Feng K, Fan HR, Groves DI, Yang KF, Hu FF, Liu X, Cai YC. 2020. Geochronological and sulfur isotopic evidence for the genesis of the post-magmatic, deeply sourced, and anomalously gold-rich Daliuhang orogenic deposit, Jiaodong, China. Mineralium Deposita, 55(2), 293-308. doi: 10.1007/s00126-019-00882-8.

[36] Gao YJ, Zhang YM, Yan PK. 2006. Study of ore-controlling conditions and ore-forming type of Tudui gold deposit in Haiyang Shandong. Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology, 26(4), 239-242 doi: 10.15916/j.issn1674-3261.2006.04.009. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[37] Geng K, Wang RJ, Li HK, Liang TT, Zhang YB. 2016. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of Congjia granodiorite from northwest Jiaodong area. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 37(1), 90-100 doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2016.01.09. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[38] Geng K, Li DP, Hu BQ, Yan JY, Zou SY, Zhang Y, Wei PF, Liu Q, Cai N, Zhang C. 2020. 110 Ma hornblende gabbro dyke in deep part of Xilaokou gold deposit, Jiaodong and its constraints on metallogenic time. Mineral Deposits, 39(6), 974-994 doi: 10.16111/j.0258-7106.2020.06.002. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[39] Guo CY. 2009. Tectonic setting, magmatic sequence and fluid of gold metallogenic system of the Sanshandao-Cangshang fault in Jiaodong, China. Beijing, China University of Geosciences, Ph. D. thesis, 1-196 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[40] Guo JH, Chen FK, Zhang XM, Siebel W, Zhai MG. 2005. Evolution of syn- to post-collisional magmatism from north Sulu UHP belt, eastern China: Zircon U-Pb geochronology. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(4), 1281-1301 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[41] Guo LN, Deng J, Yang LQ, Wang ZL, Wang SR, Wei JH, Chen BH. 2020. Gold deposition and resource potential of the Linglong gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula: Geochemical comparison of ore fluids. Ore Geology Reviews, 120, 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103434.

[42] Han XM, Guo YC, Duan LA, Wang JT, Zhao PF, Wang LP, Yu GM. 2023. S and Pb isotopic compositions of the Qianchuiliu gold deposit on the north-eastern margin of the Jiaolai basin: implication on the source of ore-forming material. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 42(3), 210-221 doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220659. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[43] He DY, Qiu KF, Yu HC, Huang YQ, Ding ZJ, Shen Y. 2020. Petrogenesis of the early Cretaceous trachy-dacite from Mashan in the Jiaolai basin, North China Craton. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(12), 3705-3720 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.12.09. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[44] Hou ML, Jiang SY, Jiang YH, Ling HF. 2006. S-Pb isotope geochemistry and Rb-Sr geochronology of the Penglai gold field in the eastern Shandong province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(10), 2525-2533 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[45] Hu FF. 2006. Magmatism, ore fluid evolution and gold mineralization of the Kunyushan area in the Jiaodong peninsula during the Mesozoic tectonic regime inversion in eastern China. Beijing, Institute of Geology and Geopgysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ph. D. thesis, 1-183 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[46] Hu FF, Fan HR, Jiang XH, Li XC, Yang KF, Mernagh T. 2013. Fluid inclusions at different depths in the Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Geofluids, 13, 528-541. doi: 10.1111/gfl.12065.

[47] Hoefs J. 1997. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1-260.

[48] Huang DY. 1994. Sulfur isotope studies of the metallogenic series of gold deposits in Jiaodong (eastern Shandong) area. Mineral Deposits, 13(1), 75-87 doi: 10.16111/j.0258-7106.1994.01.008. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[49] Huo TF, Yang DB, Xu WL, Wang F, Liu HB, Shi JP. 2015. U-Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of detrital zircons from the Sanshandao in the early Cretaceous Wawukuang formation in the Jiaolai basin, Shandong Province and its tectonic implications. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 39(2), 355-368 doi: 10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2015.02.015. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[50] Ji P. 2016. On geological characteristics and metallogenesis of Liaoshang gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong Province. Changchun, Jilin University, Master thesis, 1-86 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[51] Ji P, Ding ZJ, Li GH, Song MC, Qian Y. 2016. Geological characteristics of Liaoshang oversize gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula. Shandong Land and Resources, 32(6), 9-13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[52] Jiang XH, Fan HR, Hu FF, Yang KF, Lan TG, Zheng XL, Jin NX. 2011. Comparative studies on fluid inclusion in different depths and ore genesis of the Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(5), 1327-1340 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[53] Jiang YH, Du FG, Qing L, Ni CY. 2020. Elemental and multiple isotopic evidences of enriched lithospheric mantle origin of the Xiadian gold deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula, East China. Ore Geology Reviews, 127, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103824.

[54] Kong XC, Cheng RR, Sun JY, Lu WJ, Lu H. 2022. Zircon U-Pb age, geochemical characteristics and the geological significance of volcanic rocks of Cretaceous Qingshan Group at the Southwest margin of Jiaolai basin. Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research, 37(1), 84-85 doi: 10.6053/j.issn.1001-1412.2022.01.012. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[55] Kuang YS, Pang CJ, Luo ZY, Hong LB, Zhong YT, Qiu HN, Xu YG. 2012. ⁴⁰ Ar- ³⁹ Ar geochronology and geochemistry of mafic rocks from Qingshan group, Jiaodong area: Implications for the destruction of the North China Craton. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 38(4), 1073-1091 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[56] Li GH, Ding ZJ, Ji P, Li Y, Tang JZ, Liu LS. 2016. Features and prospecting direction of the gold deposits in the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin. Geology and Exploration, 52(6), 1029-1036 doi: 10.13712/j.cnki.dzykt.2016.06.003. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[57] Li GH, Ding ZJ, Song MC, Li JJ, Li XZ, Ji P, Zhang PJ, Wang ZX. 2017. The Liaoshang pyrite-carbonate veined deposit: A new type of gold deposit in Jiaodong peninsula. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 38(3), 423-429 doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2017.03.12. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[58] Li HK, Li DP, Geng K, Guo BK, Zhuo CY, Liang TT. 2017. The Mesozoic magmaticactivities framework in Jiaodong area: SHRIMP chronology recording of single particle zircon. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(1), 163-179 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2017.01.010. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[59] Li HM, Wei JH, Wang Q, Yu HT, Liu GC, Huang XZ. 2010. Isotopic composition features and ore-forming mechanism of the TuduiShawang gold deposit in Shandong Province. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 31(6), 791-802 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[60] Li J. 2012. The study on metallization and metallogenetic model of Mo- Cu-Pb-Zn complex deposits and comparison with gold metallization in Jiaodong area. Chengdu, Chengdu University Technology, PhD thesis, 1-142 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[61] Li J, Zhang LP, Li CY, Jiang MY. 2020. Rb-Sr isochron age of the Guocheng gold deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong. Geology in China, 47(3), 894-895 doi: 10.12029/gc20200330. (in Chinese).

[62] Li J, An MY, Song MC, Wang MY, Ding ZJ, Bao ZY, Wang SS. 2022. Sulfur isotopic composition and its source of Jiadong gold deposit. Geological Bulletin of China, 41(6), 993-1009 doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2022.06.008. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[63] Li JJ, Zhang PP, Li GH, Liu WG, Zhao ZL, Li XZ, Ding ZJ, Fu C, Tang WL, Dang ZC, Tian JP. 2020. Formation of the Liaoshang gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China: Evidence from geochronology and geochemistry. Geological Journal, 55(8), 5903-5913. doi: 10.1002/gj.3718.

[64] Li MQ, Tang B. 2001. The geologic-geochemical characteristics of the ore-bearing rock series of Pengjiakuang gold deposit in east Shandong. Gold, 22(9), 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[65] Li SR, Santosh M, Zhang HF, Luo JY, Zhang JQ, Li CL, Song JY, Zhang XB. 2014. Metallogeny in response to lithospheric thinning and craton destruction: Geochemistry and U-Pb zircon chronology of the Yixingzhai gold deposit, central North China Craton. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 457-471. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.10.008.

[66] Li SX, Liu CC, An YH. 2007. Geology of gold deposits in Jiaodong. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 1-423 (in Chinese).

[67] Li XF. 2011. The ore genesis and prospecting direction of Jinqingding gold deposit of the Muping-Rushan gold ore belt in Eastern Shandong. Xi'an, Chang'an University, Ph. D. thesis, 1-173 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[68] Li XH, Chen FK, Guo JH, Li QL, Xie LW, Siebel W. 2007. South China provenance of the lower-grade Penglai Group north of the Sulu UHP orogenic belt, eastern China: Evidence from detrital zircon ages and Nd-Hf isotopic composition. Geochemical Journal, 41(1), 21-45. doi: 10.2343/geochemj.41.29.

[69] Li ZL, Yang MZ, Li ZP. 1993. Geological geochemistry of Jiaodong gold deposit. Tianjin, Tianjin Science & Technology Press, 1-300 (in Chinese).

[70] Li ZP. 1992. The genesis of the Rushan gold deposit in east Shandong. Mineral Deposits, 11(2), 165-178 doi: 10.16111/j.0258-7106.1992.02.008. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[71] Liang H, Han ZZ, Wang LG, Tian RC, Wang LM, Wang JH, Zhi YB, Zhang W, Liu HD. 2022. The fluid inclusions, H-O-C-S-Pb isotopic characteristics and genesis of the Liaoshang gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula. Geological Bulletin of China, 41(6), 1053-1067 doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2022.06.012. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[72] Ling WL, Xie XJ, Liu XM, Cheng JP. 2006. Zircon U-Pb age and its tectonic implication of Qingshan Group volcanic rock for Mesozoic standard section in eastern Shandong. Science in China (Series D), 36(5), 401-411 (in Chinese).

[73] Liu JC, Wang JY, Liu Y, Tian JX, Li XZ, Zhang HD. 2017. Ore genesis of the Xiadian gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, East China: Information from fluid inclusions and mineralization. Geological Journal, 53(51), 77-95. doi: 10.1002/gj.3042.

[74] Liu JF, Tang ZL, Liu XH, Liu CX, Zhang ZC, Xie L, Zhao ZP. 2011. Test on different occurrence states of gold pyrite and its significance: An example of pyrite from gold mines in the Jiaolai basin. Geology and Exploration, 47(5), 823-827 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[75] Liu JH, Liu FL, Liu PH, Wang F, Ding ZJ. 2011. Polyphase magmatic and metamorphic events from Early Precambrian metamorphic basement in Jiaobei area: Evidence from the zircon U-Pb dating of TTG and granitic gneisses. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(4), 943-960 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[76] Liu JM, Liu JJ, Gu XX. 1997. Basin fluids and their related ore deposits. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 16(4), 341-352 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[77] Liu JY, Duan LA. 2006. The north edge of Jiao-Lai basin gold deposit fratures and analysis on ore-prospecting prospect. Gold Science and Technology, 14(2), 30-35 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[78] Liu JY, Liu SL, Gao CX, Dun MX. 2012. Study on geochemical characteristics of Xilaokou gold deposit in Shandong Province. Gold Science and Technology, 20(4), 16-20 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[79] Liu PH, Liu FL, Wang F, Liu JH. 2011a. U-Pb dating of zircons from Al-rich paragneisses of Jingshan Group in Shandong peninsula and its geological significance. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 30(5), 829-843 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[80] Liu PH, Liu FL, Wang F, Liu JH. 2011b. In-situ U-Pb dating of zircons from high-pressure granulites in Shandong Peninsula, Eastern China and its geological significance. Earth Science Frontiers, 18(1), 123-156 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[81] Liu PH, Liu FL, Wang F, Liu JH. 2011c. Genetic characteristcs of the ultramafic rocks from the Early Precambrian high-grade metamorphic basement in Shandong Peninsula, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(4), 922-942 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[82] Liu XD, Ding ZJ, Song MC, Zhou ML, Xu SH, Yang ZL, Xie TC, Cui T, Song YX, Gao XK, Li RX, Zhang LL, Zhang QB, Wang SS, Wang B. 2022. Geoloy and mineralization of the Dayin'gezhuang supergiant gold deposit ( 180 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review. China Geology, 5, 1-26. doi: 10.31035/cg2022058.

[83] Liu XH, Sun XL, Zhu DQ. 2002. Elementary analysis of the mineralizing mechanism of the gold deposits in the northeast fringe of Jiaolai basin. Gold, 23(1), 10-13 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[84] Liu Y, Deng J, Wang ZL, Zhang L, Zhang C, Liu XD, Zheng XL, Wang XD. 2014. Zircon U-Pb age, Lu-Hf isotopes and petrogeochemistry of the monzogranites from Xincheng gold deposit, northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(9), 2559-2573 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[85] Liu YQ, Liu DH, Yu ZC, Yu DB. 2000. Major types and propecting future of gold deposits in northeast Jiaolai basin. Shandong Geology, 16(1), 29-38 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[86] Liu YW, Li HJ. 2002. Interlayer gliding structure and mineralization of Xilaokou gold fild, East Shandong. Gold, 23(10), 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[87] Luo XD, Yang XY, Duan LA, Sun WD. 2014. Geochemical and geochronological study of the gold-related Guojialing Pluton and Shangzhuang Pluton in Jiaobei block. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(10), 1874-1888 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2014.10.008. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[88] Luo ZK, Miao LC. 2002. Granite and gold deposits in Zhaolai area, Jiaodong. Beijing, Metallurgical Industry Press, 1-157 (in Chinese).

[89] Ma L, Jiang SY, Hofmann AW, Dai BZ, Hou ML, Zhao KD, Chen LH, Li JW, Jiang YH. 2014. Lithospheric and asthenospheric sources of lamprophyres in the Jiaodong Peninsula: A consequence of rapid lithospheric thinning beneath the North China Craton? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 124, 250-271. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2013.09.035.

[90] Mao JW, Li HM, Wang YT, Zhang CQ, Wang RT. 2005. The relationship between mantle-derived fluid and gold ore-formation in the eastern Shandong Peninsula: Evidences from D-O-C-S isotopes. Acta Geologica Sinica, 79(6), 839-857 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[91] Mamyrin BA, Tolstikhin IN. 1984. Helium Isotopes in Nature. Developments in Geochemistry. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1-248.

[92] Mao JW, Wang YT, Li HM, Franco. 2008. The relationship of mantlederived fluids to gold metallogenesis in the Jiaodong Peninsula: Evidence from D-O-C-S isotope systematics. Ore Geology Reviews, 33, 361-381. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.01.003.

[93] Men YK, Wang ED, Wu MG, Zhao CF. 2013. The ore-controlling mechanism of lattice structures in Guocheng goldfield of Eastern China. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 34(6), 880-883 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[94] Meng FC, Li TF, Xue HM, Liu FL, Xu ZQ. 2006. Two serials of basic magmas from different mantle sources of Late Cretaceous in east Shandong procince, China: A comparative study on basalts from Zhucheng and Jiaozhou. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(6), 1644-1656 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[95] Qi JJ, Yu BB. 2009. Preliminary analysis types and genesis of typical gold deposit in peripheral of Jiao-Lai basin. Gold Science and Technology, 17(4), 25-30 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[96] Ren TL, Wang LM, Zhu XQ, Yu XW, Yang ZY, Liu HD, Guo RP, Tao YB. 2021. Early Cretaceous Weideshan Period granite in Jiaodong area. Shandong Land and Resources, 37(10), 1-12 doi: 10.12128/j.issn.1672-6979.2021.10.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[97] Shen JF, Li SR, Santosh M, Meng K, Dong GC, Wang YJ, Yin N, Ma GG, Yu HJ. 2013. He-Ar isotope geochemistry of iron and gold deposits reveals heterogeneous lithospheric destruction in the North China Craton. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 78(15), 237-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.004.

[98] Shen YC, Zeng QD, Liu TB, Li GM, Zhang LC, Zou WL, Yang JZ. 2002. Ore-forming isotope chronology studies on interlayer sliding breccia gold deposits along north margin of Jiaolai basin. Mineral Deposits, 21(s1), 658-661 doi: 10.16111/j.02587106.2002.s1.173. (in Chinese).

[99] Shen YK, Guo T, Yang YQ, Chen ZL, Wei CS, Sun HS. 2016. Discovery of biotite monzolite and Ar-Ar thermochronology significance in Linglong gold field. Journal of Geomechanics, 22(3), 778-793 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[100] Shui P. 2019. Study on geological characteristics and genetic mechanism of the Guocheng-Liaoshang gold deposits in northeast margin of the Jiaolai basin. Beijing, China University of Geosciences, Master thesis, 1-88 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[101] Song MC, Yi PH, Cui SX, Xue JX, Zhou ML, Jiang HL, Huang TL, Jiao XM, Wang GP, Cao CG. 2013. Thermal uplifting-extension oreforming theory and its prospecting significance in Jiaodong gold deposit. Shandong Land and Resources, 29(7), 1-12 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[102] Song MC, Song YX, Li J, Li SY. 2015. Metallogenic series of gold and nonferrous metal deposits related to Cretaceous granites in eastern Shandong Peninsula, China. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 39(5), 828-843 doi: 10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.2017145. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[103] Song MC, Li J, Li SY, Ding ZJ, Tan XF, Zhang ZL, Wang SJ. 2018. Late Mesozoic thermal upwelling-extension structure and its dynamics background in eastern Shandong province. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 48(4), 941-946 doi: 10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20170145. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[104] Song MC, Zhou JB, Song YX, Wang B, Li SY, Li J, Wang SS. 2020a. Mesozoic Weideshan granitoid suite and its relationship to largescale gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Geological Journal, 55(8), 5703-5724. doi: 10.1002/gj.3607.

[105] Song MC, Li J, Zhou JB, Song YX, Li SY, Wang B, Ding ZJ, Zhang ZL. 2020b. The discovery and tectonic setting of the Early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(1), 279-296 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2020.01.22. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[106] Song MC, Ding ZJ, Zhang JJ, Song YX, Bo JW, Wang YQ, Liu HB, Li SY, Li J, Li RX, Wang B, Liu XD, Zhang LL, Dong LL, Li J, He CY. 2021. Geoloy and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit ( 1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review. China Geology, 4(4), 686-719. doi: 10.31035/cg2021070.

[107] Song MC, Song YX, Li J, Liu HB, Li J, Dong LL, He CY, Wang RS. 2023. Thermal doming-extension metallogenic system of Jiaodong type gold deposits. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 39(5), 1241-1260 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2023.05.02. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[108] Stuart FM, Turner G, Duckworth RC, Fallick AE. 1994. Helium isotopes as tracers of trapped hydrothermal fluids in ocean-floor sulfides. Geology, 22(9), 823-826. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0823:HIATOT>2.3.CO;2.

[109] Stuart FM, Burnard PG, Taylor RP, Turner G. 1995. Resolving mantle and crustal contributions on ancient hydrothermal fluids: He-Ar isotopes in fluid inclusions from Dae Hwa W-Mo mineralization, South Korea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(22), 4663-4673. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00300-2.

[110] Sun FY, Shi ZL, Feng BZ. 1995. Gold ore geology, lithogenesis and metallogenesis related to the differentiaion of mantle-derived C-H-O fluids in Jiaodong peninsula, Eastern China. Changchun, Jilin People's Publishing House, 1-184 (in Chinese).

[111] Sun LW. 2015. The study of the geological characteristics and enrichment regularities of mineralization of Pengjiakuang deposit in Rushan County, Shandong province. Changchun, Jilin University, Master thesis, 1-86 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[112] Sun XL. 2013. Geological characteristics and genesis of the Xilaokou gold deposit in the margin of the Jiaolai basin, Jiaddong Gold Province. Beijing, China University of Geosciences, Ph. D. thesis, 1-168 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[113] Tam PY, Zhao GC, Liu FL, Zhou XW, Sun M, Li SZ. 2011. Timing of metamorphism in the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of granulites, gneisses and marbles of the Jiaobei massif in the North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 19(1), 150-162. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2010.05.007.

[114] Tan J, Wei JH, Guo LL, Zhang KQ, Yao CL, Lu JP, Li HM. 2008. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and phenocryst EPMA of dikes, Guocheng, Jiaodong Peninsula: Implications for North China Craton lithosphere evolution. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 51(10), 1483-1500. doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0079-3.

[115] Tan J. 2009. Magmatic evolution process of dikes in Guocheng fault zone, Jiaodong peninsula: Implications for North China craton lithosphere thinning and gold ore formation. Wuhan, China University of Geosciences, Ph. D. thesis, 1-138 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[116] Tan J, Wei J H, Audeta A, Pettke T. 2012. Source of metals in the Guocheng gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, North China Craton: Link to early Cretaceous mafic magmatism originating from Paleoproterozoic metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Ore Geology Reviews, 48, 70-87. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.02.008.

[117] Tan J, Wei JH, Li YJ, Fu LB, Li HM, Shi WJ, Tian N. 2015. Origin and geodynamic significance of fault-hosted massive sulfide gold deposits from the Guocheng-Liaoshang metallogenic belt, eastern Jiaodong Peninsula: Rb-Sr dating, and H-O-S-Pb isotopic constraints. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 687-700. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.06.007.

[118] Tan J, Wei JH, He HY, Su F, Li YJ, Fu LB, Zhao SQ, Xiao GL, Zhang F, Xu JF, Liu Y, Stuart FM, Zhu RX. 2018. Noble gases in pyrites from the Guocheng-Liaoshang gold belt in the Jiaodong province: For a mantle source of gold. Chemical Geology, 480, 105-115. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.09.027.

[119] Tang J, Zheng YF, Wu YB, Zha XP, Zhou JB. 2004. Zircon U-Pb ages and oxygen isotope of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the eastern part of the Shandong Peninsula. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 20(5), 1039-1062 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[120] Wan YS, Song B, Liu D Y, Simon A Wilde, Wu J S, Shi Y R, Yin X Y, Zhou HY. 2006. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the North China Craton: Eidence for a major Late Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal event. Precambrian Research, 149(3-4), 249-271. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.06.006.

[121] Wang B, Song MC, Huo G, Zhou ML, Xu ZH, Jiang L, Song YX, Li J. 2021. Source characteristics and tectonic evolution of Late Mesozoic granites in Jiaodong and their implications of gold mineralization. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 40(2), 288-320 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[122] Wang CM, Deng J, Santosh M, Carranza EJM, Gong QJ, Guo CY, Xia R, Lai XR. 2015. Timing, tectonic implications and genesis of gold mineralization in the Xincheng gold deposit, China: C-H-O isotopes, pyrite Rb-Sr and zircon fission track thermochronometry. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 65,659-673. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.04.022.

[123] Wang DR, Wang L, Chen Y. 2015. Study on fluid inclusions of Songjiagou gold deposit in Muping, Shandong province. Gold, 36(5), 21-26 doi: 10.11792/hj20150506. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[124] Wang HC, Xiang ZQ, Ren YW, Kang JL, Chu H, Wang Z, Teng F, Tong X. 2022. The northern margin of the Yangtze Craton or the southeastern margin of the North China Craton: New insights on the tectonic attribution of Neoproterozoic granitic gneisses in Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Geologica Sinica, 96(9), 3012-3033 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2022167. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[125] Wang LM, Ren TL, Liu HD, Ning ZG, Yu XW, Guo RP, Hou JH, Zhu XQ. 2021. Division of mesozoic granites in Jiaodong area. Shandong Land and Resources, 37(8), 1-14 doi: 10.12128/j.issn.1672-6979.2021.08.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[126] Wang M, Sun FY, Wang L, Chen CX, Wang XY. 2016. Study on oreforming fluid inclusions of Tudui gold deposit in Haiyang, Shandong. Gold, 37(6), 24-30 doi: 10.11792/hj20160606. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[127] Wang QF, Yang L, Zhao HS, Groves DI, Weng WJ, Xue SC, Li HJ, Dong CY, Yang LQ, Li DP, Deng J. 2022. Towards a universal model for orogenic gold systems: A perspective based on Chinese examples with geodynamic, temporal, and deposit-scale structural and geochemical diversity. Earth-Science Reviews, 224, 1-31. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103861.

[128] Wang SJ, Wang LM, Wan YS, Zhang CJ, Song ZY, Wang JG. 2009. Study on intrusive rocks forming period and stages division in Ludong area. Shandong Land and Resources, 25(12), 8-20,25 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[129] Wang SJ, Wan YS, Wang W, Song ZY, Wang JG, Dong CY, Xie HQ, Liu QD. 2010. Forming ages of granites in Laoshan area of Shandong province: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating. Shandong Land and Resources, 26(10), 1-5,10 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[130] Wang YW, Zhu FS, Gong RT. 2002. Tectonic isotope geochemistry: Further study on Sulphur isotope of Jiaodong gold concentration area. Gold, 23(4), 1-16 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[131] Wang ZC, Cheng H, Zong K, Geng X, Liu Y, Yang J, Wu F, Becker H, Foley S, Wang CY. 2020. Metasomatized lithospheric mantle for Mesozoic giant gold deposits in the North China Craton. Geology, 48(2), 169-173. doi: 10.1130/G46662.1.

[132] Wang ZC, Xu Z, Cheng H, Zou Y, Guo JH, Liu YH, Yang JH, Zong KQ, Xiong L, Hu Z. 2021. Precambrian metamorphic crustal basement cannot provide much gold to form giant gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Precambrian Research, 354, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106045.

[133] Wang ZJ, He YH. 2009. The analysis of geological characteristics and metallogenic potential of Xilaokou gold deposit. Gold Science and Technology, 17(1), 29-33 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[134] Wang ZX, Jiao XM, Ding ZJ, Liu XM, Li GH, Ji XB, Tang JZ. 2017. Feature of ore-controlling structure and prospecting direction for the Liaoshang-type gold deposit in the northeast margin of Jiaolai basin, Shandong Province. Gold Science and Technology, 25(3), 61-69 doi: 10.11872/j.issn.10052518.2017.03.061. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[135] Wei YJ, Yang LQ, Feng JQ, Wang H, Lv GY, Li WC, Liu SG. 2019. Ore-fluid evolution of the Sizhuang orogenic gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Minerals, 9(3), 1-20. doi: 10.3390/min9030190.

[136] Wen BJ, Fan HR, Hu FF, Liu X, Yang KF, Sun ZF, Sun ZF. 2016. Fluid evolution and ore genesis of the giant Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong gold Province, China: Constrains from geology, fluid inclusions and H-O-S-He-Ar isotopic compositions. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 171, 96-112. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.01.007.

[137] Wu FY, Ge WC, Sun DY, Guo CL. 2003. Discussions on the lithospheric thinning in eastern China. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(3), 51-60 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[138] Xie SW, Wu YB, Zhang ZM, Qin YC, Liu XC, Wang H, Qin ZW, Liu Q, Yang SH. 2012. U-Pb ages and trace elements of detrital zircons from Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the Jiaolai Basin, north margin of the Sulu UHP terrane: Provenances and tectonic implications. Lithos, 154, 346-360. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.08.002.

[139] Xiong L, Zhao XF, Wei JH, Jin XY, Fu LB, Lin ZW. 2020. Linking Mesozoic lode gold deposits to metal-fertilized lower continental crust in the North China Craton: Evidence from Pb isotope systematics. Chemical Geology, 533, 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119440.

[140] Xu WL, Wang QH, Wang DY, Pei FP, Gao S. 2004. Processes and mechanism of Mesozoic lithospheric thinning in eastern North China Craton: Evidence from Mesozoic igneous rocks and deep-seated xenoliths. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(3), 309-317 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[141] Xu YG, Huang XL, Ma ZL, Wang YB, Lizuka Y, Xu JF, Wang Q, Wu XY. 2004. Crust-mantle interaction during the tectono-thermal reactivation of the North China Craton: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons from western Shandong. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 147(6), 750-767. doi: 10.1007/s00410-004-0594-y.

[142] Xu YW, Mao GZ, Geng HY, He TL, Xu QL, Meng YK, Cao MP, Yang FJ, An PR, Song LG, Dou YX, Wang Y, Yu XW, Shen Y. 2023. Ore-forming materials and fluids and ore-conteolling factors of the Liaoshang gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula, NE China. Ore Geology Reviews, 154, 105330. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105330.

[143] Xu ZQ, Liu FL, Qi XX, Zhang ZM, Zeng LS, Liang FH. 2006. Deep subbuction erosion model for continent-continent collision of the Sulu HP-UHP metamorphic terrain. Earth Science, 31(4), 427-436 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[144] Xue JL, Li SR, Sun WY, Zhang YQ, Zhang X, Liu CL. 2013. Helium and argon isotopic composition in fluid inclusions and the source of ore-forming materials of Denggezhuang gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 43(2), 400-414 doi: 10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.2013.02.003. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[145] Yan J, Chen JF, Xie Z, Gao S, Foland KA, Zhang XD, Liu MW. 2005. Studies on petrology and geochemistry of the later Cretaceous basalts and mantle-derived xenoliths from eastern Shandong. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(1), 99-112 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[146] Yan J, Chen JF. 2007. Geochemistry of Qingshan formation volcanic rocks from Jiaolai basin, eastern Shandong province: petrogenesis and geological significance. Geochimica, 36(1), 1-10 doi: 10.19700/j.0379-1726.2007.01.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[147] Yan YT. 2012. Genetic and prospecting mineralogy studies of quartztype and altered-type gold deposit in Jiaodong Region. Beijing, China University of Geosciences, Ph. D. thesis, 1-232 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[148] Yang CF. 2010. Mineralization characteristics of gold deposit in the Guocheng region, Haiyang, Shandong province. Geology and Exploration, 46(3), 462-469 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[149] Yang JH, Chung SL, Wilde SA, Wu FY, Chu MF, Lo CH, Fan HR. 2005. Petrogenesis of post-orogenic syenites in the Sulu Orogenic Belt, East China: Geochronological, geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic evidence. Chemical Geology, 214(1-2), 99-125. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.053.

[150] Yang JZ, Shen YC, Liu TB, Zhang LC, Zou WL, Li GM, Zeng QD. 2001. Geological and geochemical characteristics of Pengjiakuang gold deposit, east Shandong. Chinese Journal of Geology, 36(1), 51-63 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[151] Yang LQ, Deng J, Wang ZL, Zhang L, Guo LN, Song MC, Zheng XL. 2014. Mesozoic gold metallogenic system of the Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. Acta Petrological Sinica, 30(9), 2447-2467 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[152] Yang MZ, Lv GX. 1996. The Geology and Geochemistry of Gold Deposits in Jiaodong Greenstone Belt. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 1-228 (in Chinese).

[153] Yang QY, Santosh M. 2015. Early Cretaceous magma flare-up and its implication on gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 65(3), 626-642. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.01.004.

[154] Yang Y, Fu WZ, Yu JF, Ning ZG, Cui JJ, Li Q, Zhuo XZ, Chen JP. 2021. Cyclostratigraphical analysis of continental red beds below K/Pg boundary in the Jiaolai basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 942-952 doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.046. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[155] Ying HL. 1994. Isotopic compositions and their geological significance of Jinqingding and Denggezhuang gold depsoits, Jiaodong. Journal of Precious Metallic Geology, 3(3), 201-207 doi: 10.13686/j.cnki.dzyzy.1994.03.06. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[156] Yu XF, Yang DP, Li DP, Shan W, Xiong YX, Chi NJ, Liu PR, Yu LH. 2019. Mineralization charcateristics and geological significance in 3000 m depth of Jiaojia gold metallogenic belt, Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 35(9), 2893-2910 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2019.09.18.doi:10.18654/10000569/2019.09.18. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[157] Zartman RE, Doe BR. 1981. Plumbotectonics: The model. Tectonophysics, 75(1-2), 135-162. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90213-4.

[158] Zeng QD, Shen YC, Liu TB, Zhang LC. 2002. Sulfur and lead isotopic studies of Fayunkuang gold deposit in north-east margin of Jiaolai basin, eastern Shandong. Mineral Deposits, 21(s1), 759-762 doi: 10.16111/j.0258-7106.2002.s1.199. (in Chinese).

[159] Zhai MG, Zhu RX, Liu JM, Meng QR, Hou QL, Hu SB, Li Z, Zhang HF, Liu W. 2003. Key time limits for the transition of the mesozoic structural system in eastern north China. Science in China (Series D), 33(10), 913-920 (in Chinese).

[160] Zhai MG, Fan HR, Yang JH, Miao LC. 2004. Large-Scale cluster of gold deposits in east Shandong: Anorogenic metallogenesis. Earth Sciences Frontiers, 11(1), 85-98 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[161] Zhang C, Liu Y, Liu XD, Feng JQ, Huang T, Zhang Q, Wang XD. 2014. Characteristics of sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Xincheng gold deposit, Northwest Jiaodong, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(9), 2495-2506 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[162] Zhang HF, Lu FX, Zhao L, Menzies MA, Mattey DP, Liang SY. 2009. Carbon isotopes in China natural diamonds. Earth Science, 3(1), 37-42 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[163] Zhang HQ, Zhu HL. 2006. Geological features and its prospecting direction of Xilaokou gold deposit in Yushan City, Shandong Province. Gold Science and Technology, 14(6), 24-28 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[164] Zhang L, Weinberg RF, Yang LQ, Groves DI, Sai SX, Matchan E, Phillips D, Kohn BP, Miggins DP, Liu Y, Deng J. 2020. Mesozoic orogenic gold mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A focused event at 120±2Ma during cooling of pregold granite intrusions. Economic Geology, 115(2), 415-441. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.4716.

[165] Zhang LC, Shen YC, Zeng QD, Zou WL. 2001. Sulfur and lead isotopic geochemistry of gold deposits at the northern margin of Jiaolai basin, east Shandong. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 20(4), 380-384 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[166] Zhang LC, Shen YC, Liu TB, Zeng QD, Li GM, Li HM. 2002a. ⁴⁰ Ar/ ³⁹ Ar and Rb -Sr isochron dating of the gold deposits on northern margin of the Jiaolai basin, Shandong, China. Science in China (Series D), 46(7), 708-718.

[167] Zhang LC, Shen YC, Liu TB, Yang JZ, Zou WL, Li HM. 2002b. Sulfur lead, carbon, and oxygen isotope geochemistry of Pengjiakuang gold deposit in Shandong Province. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 22(3), 255-260 doi: 10.16461/j.cnki.1000-4734.2002.03.012. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[168] Zhang LC, Liu TB, Shen YC, Zeng QD, Li GM. 2003. Structure, Isotopes, and ⁴⁰ Ar/ ³⁹ Ar Dating of the Pengjiakuang Gold Deposit, Mesozoic Jiaolai Basin, Eastern China. International Geology Review, 45(8), 691-711. doi: 10.2747/0020-6814.45.8.691.

[169] Zhang LX, Liu PH, Wang YL, Zhou WP, Zhang YJ, Zhang CH. 2021. Depositional timing and provenance characteristics of the Cretaceous Linsishan formation in the Shewopo area, Jiaolai basin: New evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb Dating and REE composition. Earth Science, 46(3), 1119-1132 doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.403. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[170] Zhang PJ, Liu DH, Li GH, Ding ZJ, Li Y, Yang GF, Li P. 2015. Gold metallogenic features and prospecting in the margin of the Mesozoic basins, Jiaodong peninsula. Geological Survey and Research, 38(4), 273-283 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[171] Zhang PP, Li JJ, Tian JP, Tang WL, Dang ZC, Fu C, He JT. 2018. Geological and geochemical characteristics of gold deposits in the Guocheng region, Jiaodong. Gold, 39(3), 7-14 doi: 10.11792/hj20180303. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[172] Zhang RZ, Wang ZL, Wang SR, Liu Y, Qin WK. 2016. Metallognic mechanism of Dayingezhuang gold deposit northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula: Geochemistry constrains from the gold bearing pyrite typomorph and sulfur isotope. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 32(8), 2451-2464 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[173] Zhang T, Zhang YQ. 2007. Geochronological sequence of Mesozoic intrusive magmatism in Jiaodong peninsula and its tectonic constraints. Geological Journal of China Universities, 13(2), 323-336 doi: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2007.02.015. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[174] Zhang YQ, Li JL, Zhang T, Yuan JY. 2007. Late Mesozoic kinematic history of the Muping-Jimo fault zone in Jiaodong peninsula, Shandong province, east China. Geological Review, 53(3), 289-300 doi: 10.16509/j.georeview.2007.03.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[175] Zhang YQ, Li JL, Zhang T, Dong SW, Yuan JY. 2008. Cretaceous to Paleocene tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Jiaolai basin and the contiguous areas of the Shandong peninsula (North China) and its geodynamic implications. Acta Geologica Sinica, 82(9), 1229-1257 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[176] Zhang YQ, Li SR, Chen HY, Zhang XB, Zhou QF, Cui JC, Song YB, Guo J. 2012. Trace element and He-Ar isotopic evidence of pyrite for the source of ore-forming fluids in the Jinqingding gold deposit, eastern Shandong province. Geology in China, 39(1), 195-204 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[177] Zhang ZC, Liu XH, Liu JF, Fan LQ, Zhang RS, Liu SL. 2012. Characteristics of pyrites in Jiaolai basin gold deposits and its prospecting significance. Gold, 33(12), 14-19 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[178] Zhang ZR, Chen SZ. 1999. Superlarge gold deposit exploration perspective in Jiaolai basin of Jiaodong gold metallogenetic domain. Geochimica, 28(3), 203-212 doi: 10.19700/j.0379-1726.1999.03.001. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[179] Zhao YL, Yang JZ, Shen YC. 2000. The geological and geochemical characteristics of Pengjiakuang gold deposit, Shandong Province. Journal Mineral Petrol, 20(4), 19-24 doi: 10.19719/j.cnki.1001-6872.2000.04.004. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[180] Zhou JB, Han W, Song MC. 2016. The exhumation of the Sulu Terrane and the forming of the Tancheng-Lujiang Fault: Evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb dating of the sediments of the Laiyang Basin, Central China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 32(4), 1171-1181 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[181] Zhou XH. 2006. Major transformation of subcontinental lithosphere beneath eastern China in the Cenozoic-Mesozoic: Review and prospect. Earth Science Frontiers, 13(2), 50-64 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[182] Zhou XW, Zhao GC, Wei CJ, Geng YS, Sun M. 2008. EPMA U-Th-Pb monazite and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of high-pressure politic granulites in the Jiaobei massif of the North China Craton. American Journal of Science, 308(3), 328-350. doi: 10.2475/03.2008.06.

[183] Zhou YQ, Zhou TF, Ma CQ, Zhang ZK, Dong SH, Gu YJ, Yin XC, Li MJ, Liang WD. 2018. Transcrustal magmatic system of early Cretaceous (Qingshan stage) in eastern Shandong and the basin formation related to "thermal upwelling-detachment". Earth Science, 43(10), 3373-3390 doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.998. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[184] Zhu FS. 1980. Preliminary study on mineralization of migmatitization hydrothermal gold deposits: A case study of gold deposits in Zhaoye Area. Geology and Exploration, (7), 1-10 (in Chinese).

[185] Zhu G, Xu JW, Fitches WR, Fletcher CJN. 1994. Isotopic ages of the Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt and their geotectonic implications. Acta Geologica Sinica, 68(2), 158-172 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.1994.02.005. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[186] Zou J, Tang WL, Ding ZJ, Bo JW, Li ZQ, Yu S. 2021. Zircon U-Pb dating of the Yuangezhuang pluton in Muping of Shandong Province and its constraints on mineralization of Cu-Mo deposits. Geology in China, 48(3), 883-889 doi: 10.12029/gc20210316. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[187] Zou WL, Yang JZ, Zeng QD, Li GM, Zhang LC. 2010. Geological characteristics and metallogenic geodynamic setting of interlayersliding tectonic breccia-type gold deposit in the margin of the Jiaolai basin, Shandong province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(4), 508-517 doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2010.04.008. (in Chinese with English abstract).