Advances in Organic Porous Polymeric-Supported Photothermal Phase Change Materials

Abstract

The urgent demand for renewable energy solutions, propelled by the global energy crisis and environmental concerns, has spurred the creation of innovative materials for solar thermal storage. Photothermal phase change materials (PTPCMs) represent a novel type of composite phase change material (PCM) aimed at improving thermal storage efficiency by incorporating photothermal materials into traditional PCMs and encapsulating them within porous structures. Various porous encapsulation materials have been studied, including porous carbon, expanded graphite, and ceramics, but issues like brittleness hinder their practical use. To overcome these limitations, flexible PTPCMs using organic porous polymers—like foams, hydrogels, and porous wood—have emerged, offering high porosity and lightweight characteristics. This review examines recent advancements in the preparation of PTPCMs based on porous polymer supports through techniques like impregnation and in situ polymerization, assessing the impact of different porous polymer materials on PCM performance and clarifying the mechanisms of photothermal conversion and heat storage. Subsequently, the most recent advancements in the applications of porous polymer-based PTPCMs are systematically summarized, and future research challenges and possible solutions are discussed. This review aims to foster awareness about the potential of PTPCMs in promoting environmentally friendly energy practices and catalyzing further research in this promising field.

Keywords

functional composite materials / multifunctional application / photothermal conversion efficiency / photothermal phase change materials / porous polymers / thermal energy storage

References

[1] S. Jin, Y. Feng, J. Jia, et al., “Three-Dimensional N-Doped Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Composite Aerogel Anode to Develop High-Power Microbial Fuel Cell,” Energy & Environmental Materials 6, no. 3 (2023): e12373.

[2] L. Dong, Y. Feng, L. Wang, and W. Feng, “Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: Design, Properties, and Applications,” Chemical Society Reviews 47, no. 19 (2018): 7339-7368.

[3] F. Zhang, Z. Li, and F. Zhao, “Editorial: Advanced Micro/Nano Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Application,” Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (2023): 1047160.

[4] A. Liu, H. Xie, Z. Wu, and Y. Wang, “Advances and Outlook of TE-PCM System: A Review,” Carbon Neutrality 1, no. 1 (2022): 20.

[5] P. Xi, X. Gu, B. Cheng, and Y. Wang, “Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Polymeric Based Solid-Solid Phase Change Heat Storage Material,” Energy Conversion and Management 50, no. 6 (2009): 1522-1528.

[6] P. Xi, L. Xia, P. Fei, D. Zhang, and B. Cheng, “Preparation and Performance of a Novel Thermoplastics Polyurethane Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 102 (2012): 36-43.

[7] P. Xi, F. Zhao, P. Fu, X. Wang, and B. Cheng, “Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Energy Storage Properties of a Novel Thermoplastic Polyurethane Phase Change Material,” Materials Letters 121 (2014): 15-18.

[8] G. Yin, X. Jia, Z. Miao, and R. Ni, “A Brief Analysis of Spectral Technology for Effective Utilization of Full Spectrum of Solar Energy,” Clean Energy Science and Technology 2, no. 4 (2024): 240.

[9] H. Liu, J. Tang, L. Dong, et al., “Optically Triggered Synchronous Heat Release of Phase-Change Enthalpy and Photo-Thermal Energy in Phase-Change Materials at Low Temperatures,” Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 6 (2021): 2008496.

[10] J. Tang, Y. Feng, and W. Feng, “Photothermal Storage and Controllable Release of a Phase-Change Azobenzene/Aluminum Nitride Aerogel Composite,” Composites Communications 23 (2021): 100575.

[11] X. Chen, P. Cheng, Z. Tang, X. Xu, H. Gao, and G. Wang, “Carbon-Based Composite Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage, Transfer, and Conversion,” Advanced Science 8, no. 9 (2021): 2001274.

[12] Y. Li, Z. Liao, P. Liu, et al., “Phase Change Microcage for Multienergy Capture and Microwave Absorption,” Renewables 2, no. 3 (2024): 183-193.

[13] F. Cao, Z. Li, Y. Zhang, et al., “Double-Network Aerogel-Based Eutectic Composite Phase Change Materials for Efficient Solar Energy Storage and Building Thermal Management,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 276 (2024): 113083.

[14] G. Xu, H. Zhang, F. Xu, et al., “Poly-Dopamine Coated-Cellulose/Chitosan Hybrid Carbon Aerogel Composite Phase Change Materials With Efficient Photothermal Conversion and Storage,” Journal of Energy Storage 101 (2024): 113978.

[15] J. Wang, Q. Li, S. Tao, et al., “Improving the Reflectance and Color Contrasts of Phase-Change Materials by Vacancy Reduction for Optical-Storage and Display Applications,” Optics Letters 45, no. 1 (2020): 244-247.

[16] M. Q. Wu, S. Wu, Y. F. Cai, R. Z. Wang, and T. X. Li, “Form-Stable Phase Change Composites: Preparation, Performance, and Applications for Thermal Energy Conversion, Storage and Management,” Energy Storage Materials 42 (2021): 380-417.

[17] Y. Yang, X. Cai, and W. Kong, “A Novel Intrinsic Photothermal and Flexible Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials With Super Mechanical Toughness and Multi-Recyclability,” Applied Energy 332 (2023): 120564.

[18] Z. Chai, M. Fang, and X. Min, “Composite Phase-Change Materials for Photo-Thermal Conversion and Energy Storage: A Review,” Nano Energy 124 (2024): 109437.

[19] L. Gao, “A Brief Introduction to the New Application of Temperature Instrument From Dubai Solar Thermal + Photovoltaic Integrated Power Station Project,” Fluid Measurement & Control 5, no. 03 (2024): 64-67.

[20] J. Zhu, L. Huang, F. Bao, et al., “Carbon Materials for Enhanced Photothermal Conversion: Preparation and Applications on Steam Generation,” Materials Reports: Energy 4, no. 2 (2024): 100245.

[21] Y. Huo, T. Yan, X. Chang, and W. Pan, “Expanded Graphite@Octadecanol Composite Phase Change Material With Photothermal Conversion Interface,” Solar Energy 263 (2023): 111922.

[22] Y. Chang, X. Yao, Y. Chen, L. Huang, and D. Zou, “Review on Ceramic-Based Composite Phase Change Materials: Preparation, Characterization and Application,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 254 (2023): 110584.

[23] J. Shi, H. Du, Z. Chen, and S. Lei, “Review of Phase Change Heat Transfer Enhancement by Metal Foam,” Applied Thermal Engineering 219 (2023): 119427.

[24] J. Ma, T. Ma, J. Cheng, and J. Zhang, “Polymer Encapsulation Strategy Toward 3D Printable, Sustainable, and Reliable Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Advanced Thermal Energy Storage,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 3 (2022): 4251-4264.

[25] C. Chen, Y. Kuang, and L. Hu, “Challenges and Opportunities for Solar Evaporation,” Joule 3, no. 3 (2019): 683-718.

[26] G. Wang, Z. Tang, Y. Gao, et al., “Phase Change Thermal Storage Materials for Interdisciplinary Applications,” Chemical Reviews 123, no. 11 (2023): 6953-7024.

[27] H. Bark, G. Thangavel, R. J. Liu, D. H. C. Chua, and P. S. Lee, “Effective Surface Modification of 2D MXene Toward Thermal Energy Conversion and Management,” Small Methods 7, no. 8 (2023): e2300077.

[28] Y. Lin, G. Alva, and G. Fang, “Review on Thermal Performances and Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems With Inorganic Phase Change Materials,” Energy 165 (2018): 685-708.

[29] X. Jiang, Z. Liu, Y. Tan, et al., “N-Doped Flexible Triazine-Based Porous Polymer for Thermal Energy Storage,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 140, no. 37 (2023): e54400.

[30] F. Wei, C. P. Feng, J. Yang, et al., “Scalable Flexible Phase Change Materials With a Swollen Polymer Network Structure for Thermal Energy Storage,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 49 (2021): 59364-59372.

[31] J. Li, Z. Cheng, M. Zhu, A. Thomas, and Y. Liao, “Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen-Rich Porous Organic Polymers for Latent Heat Energy Storage,” ACS Applied Energy Materials 1, no. 11 (2018): 6535-6540.

[32] Z. Guo, F. Lin, J. Qiao, et al., “A Modified Kapok Fiber Based Phase Change Composite for Highly-Efficient Solar-Thermal Conversion,” Nano Energy 108 (2023): 108205.

[33] C. Song, Z. Wang, Z. Yin, D. Xiao, and D. Ma, “Principles and Applications of Photothermal Catalysis,” Chem Catalysis 2, no. 1 (2022): 52-83.

[34] M. Gao, L. Zhu, C. K. Peh, and G. W. Ho, “Solar Absorber Material and System Designs for Photothermal Water Vaporization Towards Clean Water and Energy Production,” Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 3 (2019): 841-864.

[35] Y. Fu, G. Wang, X. Ming, et al., “Oxygen Plasma Treated Graphene Aerogel as a Solar Absorber for Rapid and Efficient Solar Steam Generation,” Carbon 130 (2018): 250-256.

[36] L. Cui, P. Zhang, Y. Xiao, et al., “High Rate Production of Clean Water Based on the Combined Photo-Electro-Thermal Effect of Graphene Architecture,” Advanced Materials 30, no. 22 (2018): e1706805.

[37] Y. Wang, L. Zhang, and P. Wang, “Self-Floating Carbon Nanotube Membrane on Macroporous Silica Substrate for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 3 (2016): 1223-1230.

[38] C. Chen, Y. Li, J. Song, et al., “Highly Flexible and Efficient Solar Steam Generation Device,” Advanced Materials 29, no. 30 (2017): 1701756.

[39] Y. Liu, J. Chen, D. Guo, M. Cao, and L. Jiang, “Floatable, Self-Cleaning, and Carbon-Black-Based Superhydrophobic Gauze for the Solar Evaporation Enhancement at the Air-Water Interface,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 24 (2015): 13645-13652.

[40] W. Shao, F. Zhao, J. Xue, and L. Huang, “NIR-II Absorbing Organic Nanoagents for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy,” BMEMat 1, no. 1 (2023): e12009.

[41] Q. Chen, Z. Pei, Y. Xu, et al., “A Durable Monolithic Polymer Foam for Efficient Solar Steam Generation,” Chemical Science 9, no. 3 (2018): 623-628.

[42] P. Koli, “Increasing Photogalvanic Solar Power Generation and Storage Capacity of Brilliant Cresyl Blue by Employing Surfactant and Natural Sunlight,” Battery Energy 3, no. 6 (2024): 20240018.

[43] Z. Dai, C. Duan, Q. Guo, et al., “Fluorine Substitutions Engineering of Benzotriazole-Based Hole Transport Polymers Toward High-Performance CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Solar Cells,” Battery Energy 3, no. 4 (2024): 20230065.

[44] J. Xin, W. Li, Y. Zhang, et al., “A Review of Nonfullerene Solar Cells: Insight Into the Correlation Among Molecular Structure, Morphology, and Device Performance,” Battery Energy 2, no. 2 (2022): 20220040.

[45] W. Luo, M. Zou, L. Luo, et al., “Efficient Enhancement of Photothermal Conversion of Polymer-Coated Phase Change Materials Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Polyethylene Glycol,” Journal of Energy Storage 78 (2024): 109950.

[46] Z.-Y. Ma, D.-Y. Li, X. Jia, R.-L. Wang, and M.-F. Zhu, “Recent Advances in Bio-Inspired Versatile Polydopamine Platforms for ‘Smart’ Cancer Photothermal Therapy,” Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 41, no. 5 (2023): 699-712.

[47] Z.-F. Yao, J.-Y. Wang, and J. Pei, “Control of π-π Stacking via Crystal Engineering in Organic Conjugated Small Molecule Crystals,” Crystal Growth & Design 18, no. 1 (2018): 7-15.

[48] C. Han, B. K. Kundu, Y. Liang, and Y. Sun, “Near-Infrared Light-Driven Photocatalysis With an Emphasis on Two-Photon Excitation: Concepts, Materials, and Applications,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 5 (2024): e2307759.

[49] Y. Chen, Z. Wang, D. Zhang, et al., “Construction of Diene-Extended Meso-CF₃-BODIPY for Spectroscopic Study and Photothermal Exploration,” Dyes and Pigments 218 (2023): 111500.

[50] Y. Zhang, S. Li, J. Wang, et al., “Monophenylboryl Aza-BODIPY With Free Rotation of the B-Phenyl Group for Enhanced Photothermal Conversion,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 12, no. 5 (2024): 1372-1378.

[51] H. Xu, P. Han, A. Qin, and B. Z. Tang, “Recent Advances and Application Prospects in Photothermal Materials,” Acta Chimica Sinica 81, no. 10 (2023): 1420-1437.

[52] L. Fu, J. Yang, L. Dong, et al., “Solar Thermal Storage and Room-Temperature Fast Release Using a Uniform Flexible Azobenzene-Grafted Polynorborene Film Enhanced by Stretching,” Macromolecules 52, no. 11 (2019): 4222-4231.

[53] L. Dong, Y. Chen, F. Zhai, et al., “Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Energy Storage Enhanced by Gold Nanoparticles for Rapid, Optically-Triggered Heat Release at Room Temperature,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 36 (2020): 18668-18676.

[54] B. Zhang, Y. Feng, and W. Feng, “Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review,” Nano-Micro Letters 14, no. 1 (2022): 138.

[55] J. Li, J. Rao, and K. Pu, “Recent Progress on Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging and Cancer Phototherapy,” Biomaterials 155 (2018): 217-235.

[56] G. Feng, G. Q. Zhang, and D. Ding, “Design of Superior Phototheranostic Agents Guided by Jablonski Diagrams,” Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 22 (2020): 8179-8234.

[57] F. L. Buguis, N. S. Y. Hsu, S. A. Sirohey, M. C. Adam, L. V. Goncharova, and J. B. Gilroy, “Dyads and Triads of Boron Difluoride Formazanate and Boron Difluoride Dipyrromethene Dyes,” Chemistry - A European Journal 29, no. 71 (2023): e202302548.

[58] Q. Zheng, G. Xu, and P. N. Prasad, “Conformationally Restricted Dipyrromethene Boron Difluoride (BODIPY) Dyes: Highly Fluorescent, Multicolored Probes for Cellular Imaging,” Chemistry - A European Journal 14, no. 19 (2008): 5812-5819.

[59] B. Lü, Y. Chen, P. Li, B. Wang, K. Müllen, and M. Yin, “Stable Radical Anions Generated From a Porous Perylenediimide Metal-Organic Framework for Boosting Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion,” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019): 767.

[60] D. Wang, L. Niu, Z. Y. Qiao, et al., “Synthesis of Self-Assembled Porphyrin Nanoparticle Photosensitizers,” ACS Nano 12, no. 4 (2018): 3796-3803.

[61] A. Thorat, S. Behera, A. A. Boopathi, and C. Kulkarni, “Structural Fine-Tuning to Achieve Highly Fluorescent Organic and Water-Soluble Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole Chromophores,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 38 (2024): e202409725.

[62] Y. Li, W. Wu, Y. Wang, et al., “Multi-Selenophene Incorporated Thiazole Imide-Based n-Type Polymers for High-Performance Organic Thermoelectrics,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 3 (2024): e202316214.

[63] J. Meiss, A. Merten, M. Hein, et al., “Fluorinated Zinc Phthalocyanine as Donor for Efficient Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Functional Materials 22, no. 2 (2011): 405-414.

[64] S. Zhou, N. Zheng, H. Li, and K. Zheng, “Phthalocyanine-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Antibacterial Therapy,” ChemistrySelect 9, no. 15 (2024): e202400451.

[65] S. Ma, W. Xu, Y. Fei, et al., “Mn²⁺/Ir³⁺-Doped and CaCO₃-Covered Prussian Blue Nanoparticles With Indocyanine Green Encapsulation for Tumor Microenvironment Modulation and Image-Guided Synergistic Cancer Therapy,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 12, no. 28 (2023): e2301413.

[66] J. Hu, H. Lu, M. Li, et al., “Cobalt Valence Modulating in Coo Incorporated Carbon Nanofiber for Enhanced Glucose Electrooxidation,” Materials Reports: Energy 2, no. 2 (2022): 100091.

[67] Y. Guari, M. Cahu, G. Félix, et al., “Nanoheterostructures Based on Nanosized Prussian Blue and Its Analogues: Design, Properties and Applications,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews 461 (2022): 214497.

[68] P. Shou, Z. Yu, Y. Wu, et al., “Zn²⁺ Doped Ultrasmall Prussian Blue Nanotheranostic Agent for Breast Cancer Photothermal Therapy Under MR Imaging Guidance,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 9, no. 1 (2020): 1900948.

[69] L. Jing, X. Liang, Z. Deng, et al., “Prussian Blue Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Photoacoustic/CT Bimodal Imaging and Photothermal Ablation of Cancer,” Biomaterials 35, no. 22 (2014): 5814-5821.

[70] Z. Yu, W. Hu, H. Zhao, et al., “Generating New Cross-Relaxation Pathways by Coating Prussian Blue on NaNdF₄ to Fabricate Enhanced Photothermal Agents,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 25 (2019): 8536-8540.

[71] Y. Wang and Y. Liu, “Insight Into Conjugated Polymers for Organic Electrochemical Transistors,” Trends in Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2023): 279-294.

[72] L. Zhang, B. Tang, J. Wu, R. Li, and P. Wang, “Hydrophobic Light-to-Heat Conversion Membranes With Self-Healing Ability for Interfacial Solar Heating,” Advanced Materials 27, no. 33 (2015): 4889-4894.

[73] X. Wang, Q. Liu, S. Wu, B. Xu, and H. Xu, “Multilayer Polypyrrole Nanosheets With Self-Organized Surface Structures for Flexible and Efficient Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion,” Advanced Materials 31, no. 19 (2019): e1807716.

[74] X. Li, P. Li, Z. Wu, D. Luo, H.-Y. Yu, and Z.-H. Lu, “Review and Perspective of Materials for Flexible Solar Cells,” Materials Reports: Energy 1, no. 1 (2021): 100001.

[75] W. Bai, P. Xiang, H. Liu, et al., “Molecular Hyperpolarization-Directed Photothermally Enhanced Melanin-Inspired Polymers,” Macromolecules 55, no. 15 (2022): 6426-6434.

[76] J. Li, W. Liu, X. Qiu, et al., “Lignin: A Sustainable Photothermal Block for Smart Elastomers,” Green Chemistry 24, no. 2 (2022): 823-836.

[77] J. Chen, J. Qi, J. He, et al., “Biobased Composites With High Lignin Content and Excellent Mechanical Properties Toward the Ingenious Photoresponsive Actuator,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 10 (2022): 12748-12757.

[78] H. Wang, J. Huang, W. Liu, et al., “Tough and Fast Light-Controlled Healable Lignin-Containing Polyurethane Elastomers,” Macromolecules 55, no. 19 (2022): 8629-8641.

[79] Y. Shi, F. Zhang, and R. J. Linhardt, “Porphyrin-Based Compounds and Their Applications in Materials and Medicine,” Dyes and Pigments 188 (2021): 109136.

[80] C.-M. Lan, H.-P. Wu, T.-Y. Pan, et al., “Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance With Co-Sensitization of Porphyrin and an Organic Dye in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 4 (2012): 6460.

[81] F. Lu, J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhao, B. Zhang, and Y. Feng, “Novel D-π-A Porphyrin Dyes With Different Alkoxy Chains for Use in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” Dyes and Pigments 125 (2016): 116-123.

[82] L. Guan, F. Liu, C. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Zhang, and Q. Liang, “Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Cancer Theranostics,” Advanced Sensor and Energy Materials 3, no. 4 (2024): 100123.

[83] T. Chen, Y. Zhao, L.-L. Dang, et al., “Self-Assembly and Photothermal Conversion of Metalla-Russian Doll and Metalla[2]catenanes Induced via Multiple Stacking Interactions,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 145, no. 32 (2023): 18036-18047.

[84] H. Hu, Y.-Y. Zhang, H. Ma, et al., “A Supramolecular Naphthalene Diimide Radical Anion With Efficient NIR-II Photothermal Conversion for E. coli-Responsive Photothermal Therapy,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62, no. 41 (2023): e202308513.

[85] P. K. Jain, K. S. Lee, I. H. El-Sayed, and M. A. El-Sayed, “Calculated Absorption and Scattering Properties of Gold Nanoparticles of Different Size, Shape, and Composition: Applications in Biological Imaging and Biomedicine,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, no. 14 (2006): 7238-7248.

[86] J. Yao, T. Li, S. Ma, et al., “Highly Thermally Stable and Flexible Conductive Film Electrodes Based on Photo-Responsive Shape Memory Polyimide,” Smart Materials and Structures 29, no. 11 (2020): 115040.

[87] L. Zhou, Y. Tan, J. Wang, et al., “3D Self-Assembly of Aluminium Nanoparticles for Plasmon-Enhanced Solar Desalination,” Nature Photonics 10, no. 6 (2016): 393-398.

[88] P. Zhou, I. A. Navid, Y. Xiao, et al., “Metal-Support Interaction-Promoted Photothermal Catalytic Methane Reforming Into Liquid Fuels,” Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 13, no. 34 (2022): 8122-8129.

[89] J. Liu, W. Shi, and X. Wang, “Cluster-Nuclei Coassembled Into Two-Dimensional Hybrid CuO-PMA Sub-1 nm Nanosheets,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, no. 47 (2019): 18754-18758.

[90] Z. Chen, J. Zhang, S. Deng, et al., “Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Cu₂O Encapsulated Phase Change Materials: Photothermal Conversion and Storage Performance in Visible Light Regime,” Chemical Engineering Journal 454 (2023): 140089.

[91] S. Shen, S. Wang, R. Zheng, et al., “Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters for Photothermal Therapy With Near-Infrared Irradiation,” Biomaterials 39 (2015): 67-74.

[92] S. Feng, Y. Mao, X. Wang, et al., “Triple Stimuli-Responsive ZnO Quantum Dots-Conjugated Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanoplatform for NIR-Induced Dual Model Antitumor Therapy,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 559 (2020): 51-64.

[93] Z. Huang, Y. Qi, D. Yu, and J. Zhan, “Radar-Like MoS₂ Nanoparticles as a Highly Efficient 808 Nm Laser-Induced Photothermal Agent for Cancer Therapy,” RSC Advances 6, no. 37 (2016): 31031-31036.

[94] Y. Gu, W. Wang, C. Gao, L. Feng, J. Wu, and L. Zhao, “Chiral Cus Nanoparticles and Their Photothermal Properties,” CrystEngComm 24, no. 27 (2022): 4955-4961.

[95] G. Zhou, M. Hou, Y. Ren, Z. Jiang, and N.-C. Lai, “Full-Spectrum Photo-Thermal Conversion Enabled by Plasmonic Titanium Carbide Modified Phase Change Microcapsules,” Journal of Energy Storage 72 (2023): 108458.

[96] W. Jiang, Q. Fu, H. Wei, and A. Yao, “TiN Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application as Near-Infrared Photothermal Agents for Cancer Therapy,” Journal of Materials Science 54, no. 7 (2019): 5743-5756.

[97] X. Hu, W. Xu, L. Zhou, et al., “Tailoring Graphene Oxide-Based Aerogels for Efficient Solar Steam Generation Under One Sun,” Advanced Materials 29, no. 5 (2017): 1604031.

[98] S. M. Sajadi, N. Farokhnia, P. Irajizad, M. Hasnain, and H. Ghasemi, “Flexible Artificially-Networked Structure for Ambient/High Pressure Solar Steam Generation,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 13 (2016): 4700-4705.

[99] Z. Tang, H. Gao, X. Chen, Y. Zhang, A. Li, and G. Wang, “Advanced Multifunctional Composite Phase Change Materials Based on Photo-Responsive Materials,” Nano Energy 80 (2021): 105454.

[100] J. Bian, L. Liao, and G. Lv, “Preparation Strategy of Photo-Thermal Composite Phase Change Materials: A Review,” Journal of Energy Storage 102 (2024): 114155.

[101] K. Zhao, J. Wang, H. Xie, and Z. Guo, “Enhanced Photothermal Conversion and Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change N-Octadecane Microcapsules Shelled With Nano-SiC Doped Crosslinked Polystyrene,” Energy Storage and Saving 1, no. 4 (2022): 284-292.

[102] K. Soni and N. L. Panwar, “Revolutionizing Thermal Energy Storage: An Overview of Porous Support Materials for Advanced Composite Phase Change Materials (PCMs),” Progress in Engineering Science 1, no. 4 (2024): 100023.

[103] T. Yang, W. P. King, and N. Miljkovic, “Phase Change Material-Based Thermal Energy Storage,” Cell Reports Physical Science 2, no. 8 (2021): 100540.

[104] S. Wu, T. Yan, Z. Kuai, and W. Pan, “Thermal Conductivity Enhancement on Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review,” Energy Storage Materials 25 (2020): 251-295.

[105] Z.-R. Li, N. Hu, and L.-W. Fan, “Nanocomposite Phase Change Materials for High-Performance Thermal Energy Storage: A Critical Review,” Energy Storage Materials 55 (2023): 727-753.

[106] Z. Huang, C. Wang, L. Zhou, and C. Wu, “Thermal Conductivity Enhancement and Shape Stability of Phase-Change Materials Using High-Strength 3D Graphene Skeleton,” Surfaces and Interfaces 26 (2021): 101338.

[107] Y. Chu, Y. Wang, S. Min, et al., “One-Way Freezing Method to Construct MWCNTs/BC Framework in Melamine Foam for Composite Phase Change Materials Applied in Thermal Management and Energy Conversion,” Cellulose 30, no. 3 (2022): 1567-1584.

[108] H. Yang, W. Chao, X. Di, et al., “Multifunctional Wood Based Composite Phase Change Materials for Magnetic-Thermal and Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Energy Conversion and Management 200 (2019): 112029.

[109] M. Maleki, P. T. Ahmadi, H. Mohammadi, H. Karimian, R. Ahmadi, and H. B. M. Emrooz, “Photo-Thermal Conversion Structure by Infiltration of Paraffin in Three Dimensionally Interconnected Porous Polystyrene-Carbon Nanotubes (PS-CNT) polyHIPE Foam,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 191 (2019): 266-274.

[110] F. Shao, L. Wang, R. Luo, W. Yu, H. Xu, and H. Xie, “Optimized on Melamine Sponges for Highly Stable and Efficient Hydrated Salt-Based Solar Thermal Energy Storage,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 34, no. 16 (2023): 1268.

[111] Y. Liu, Z. Tang, Z. Huang, et al., “Flexible Phase Change Composites Based on Hierarchically Porous Polypyrrole Scaffold for Broad-Band Solar Absorption and Efficient Solar-Thermal-Electric Energy Conversion,” Composites Science and Technology 250 (2024): 110519.

[112] H. Wu, X. Hu, X. Li, et al., “Large-Scale Fabrication of Flexible EPDM/MXene/PW Phase Change Composites With Excellent Light-to-Thermal Conversion Efficiency via Water-Assisted Melt Blending,” Composites, Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 152 (2022): 106713.

[113] H. Lei, X. Wang, Y. Li, H. Xie, and W. Yu, “Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Phase Change Materials With High Energy Storage Density Based on Porous Shaped Paraffin/Hydrated Salt/Expanded Graphite Composites,” Energy 304 (2024): 132169.

[114] G. Wu, N. Bing, Y. Li, H. Xie, and W. Yu, “Three-Dimensional Directional Cellulose-Based Carbon Aerogels Composite Phase Change Materials With Enhanced Broadband Absorption for Light-Thermal-Electric Conversion,” Energy Conversion and Management 256 (2022): 115361.

[115] J. Zhang, Y. Xu, X. Li, et al., “Leak-Free, High Latent Heat and Self-Cleaning Phase Change Materials Supported by Layered Cellulose/Fe₃O₄ Skeleton for Light-to-Thermal Energy Conversion,” Energy Conversion and Management 256 (2022): 115357.

[116] H. Xie, W.-H. Xu, Y. Du, et al., “Cost-Effective Fabrication of Micro-Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Polyethylene/Graphene Foam With Self-Floating, Optical Trapping, Acid-/Alkali Resistance for Efficient Photothermal Deicing and Interfacial Evaporation,” Small 18, no. 17 (2022): 2200175.

[117] J. Wang, Z. Wu, H. Xie, et al., “Graphene Oxide/Polyurethane-Based Composite Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials With Enhanced Energy Storage Capacity and Photothermal Performance,” International Journal of Energy Research 46, no. 15 (2022): 22744-22756.

[118] X. Du, J. Qiu, S. Deng, Z. Du, X. Cheng, and H. Wang, “Ti₃C₂T_x@PDA-Integrated Polyurethane Phase Change Composites With Superior Solar-Thermal Conversion Efficiency and Improved Thermal Conductivity,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 14 (2020): 5799-5806.

[119] Q. Xiao, J. Fan, L. Li, T. Xu, and W. Yuan, “Solar Thermal Energy Storage Based on Sodium Acetate Trihydrate Phase Change Hydrogels With Excellent Light-to-Thermal Conversion Performance,” Energy 165 (2018): 1240-1247.

[120] Y. Zhang, F. Wang, J. Duvigneau, et al., “Highly Stable and Nonflammable Hydrated Salt-Paraffin Shape-Memory Gels for Sustainable Building Technology,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 46 (2021): 15442-15450.

[121] F. Shao, L. Wang, R. Luo, W. Yu, and H. Xie, “Shape-Stable Hybrid Emulsion Gel With Sodium Acetate Trihydrate and Paraffin Wax for Efficient Solar Energy Storage and Building Thermal Management,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 32 (2023): 38474-38484.

[122] Q. Wei, W. Sun, Z. Zhang, G. Zhou, and Z. Zhang, “High Thermal Conductive and Photothermal Phase Change Material Microcapsules via Cellulose Nanocrystal Stabilized Pickering Emulsion for Solar Harvesting and Thermal Energy Storage,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 284 (2025): 138162.

[123] A. M. Pornea and H. Kim, “Synthesis of Hybrid Dual-MOF Encapsulated Phase-Changing Material for Improved Broadband Light Absorption and Photothermal Conversion Enabling Efficient Solar Energy Storage,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 244 (2022): 111817.

[124] H. Huang, T. Shi, R. He, J. Wang, P. K. Chu, and X. F. Yu, “Phase-Changing Microcapsules Incorporated With Black Phosphorus for Efficient Solar Energy Storage,” Advanced Science 7, no. 23 (2020): 2000602.

[125] X. Wang, C. Zhang, K. Wang, Y. Huang, and Z. Chen, “Highly Efficient Photothermal Conversion Capric Acid Phase Change Microcapsule: Silicon Carbide Modified Melamine Urea Formaldehyde,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 582 (2021): 30-40.

[126] Q. Zhao, W. Yang, Y. Li, et al., “Multifunctional Phase Change Microcapsules Based on Graphene Oxide Pickering Emulsion for Photothermal Energy Conversion and Superhydrophobicity,” International Journal of Energy Research 44, no. 6 (2020): 4464-4474.

[127] L. Song, C. Yang, S. Zhang, et al., “Multifunctional Photothermal Phase-Change Superhydrophobic Film With Excellent Light-Thermal Conversion and Thermal-Energy Storage Capability for Anti-Icing/De-Icing Applications,” Langmuir 38, no. 49 (2022): 15245-15252.

[128] P. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Qiu, H. Yan, Z. Wang, and Q. Li, “Novel Composite Phase Change Materials Supported by Oriented Carbon Fibers for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Applied Energy 358 (2024): 122546.

[129] P. Liu, M. Huang, X. Chen, et al., “Polypyrrole-Boosted Photothermal Energy Storage in MOF-Based Phase Change Materials,” Interdisciplinary Materials 2, no. 3 (2023): 423-433.

[130] X. Liu, L. Wang, P. Lin, Z. Huang, and Y. Chen, “Self-Healing Sodium Acetate Trihydrate Phase Change Material Gel Demonstrating Solar Energy Conversion and Storage for Personal Thermal Management Under Static and Dynamic Modes,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 268 (2024): 112754.

[131] S. Suresh, V. G. Krishnan, D. Dasgupta, K. P. Surendran, and E. B. Gowd, “Directional-Freezing-Enabled MXene Orientation Toward Anisotropic PVDF/MXene Aerogels: Orientation-Dependent Properties of Hybrid Aerogels,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 42 (2023): 49567-49582.

[132] K. Zhou, Y. Sheng, W. Guo, et al., “Biomass Porous Carbon/Polyethylene Glycol Shape-Stable Phase Change Composites for Multi-Source Driven Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 6, no. 1 (2023): 34.

[133] Y. Du, H. Huang, X. Hu, et al., “Melamine Foam/Polyethylene Glycol Composite Phase Change Material Synergistically Modified by Polydopamine/MXene With Enhanced Solar-to-Thermal Conversion,” Renewable Energy 171 (2021): 1-10.

[134] R. Fan, M. Wan, N. Zheng, and Z. Sun, “Simultaneously Enhanced Light Absorption and Heat Transfer Capability of Melamine Foam Stabilized Phase Change Composites by Carbon Black and Metal Fins for Photothermal Conversion and Storage,” Journal of Energy Storage 54 (2022): 105278.

[135] W. Wu, Z. Dong, and M. Chen, et al., “Metal-Salen-Incorporated Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Robust Artificial Leaves for Solar-Driven Reduction of Atmospheric CO₂ With H₂O,” Carbon Energy 7, no. 1 (2025): e646.

[136] Z. Li, L. Kong, C. Peng, and W. Feng, “Gas-Phase Fluorination of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Microspheres for Effective Interfacial Stabilization in Lithium Metal Anodes,” Carbon Energy 5, no. 10 (2023): e354.

[137] H. Zhang, Q. Dong, Y. Tang, et al., “Sodium Acetate Trihydrate/Melamine Foam Composite PCM Encapsulated by CuS/rGO Modified Epoxy Resin and Endowed With Light-to-Heat Conversion Properties,” Chemical Engineering Journal 471 (2023): 144462.

[138] W. Chen, X. Liang, W. Fu, et al., “Phase Change Composite With Core-Shell Structure for Photothermal Conversion and Thermal Energy Storage,” ACS Applied Energy Materials 5, no. 7 (2022): 9109-9117.

[139] W. Cui, X. Li, X. Li, et al., “Thermal Performance of Modified Melamine Foam/Graphene/Paraffin Wax Composite Phase Change Materials for Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Journal of Cleaner Production 367 (2022): 133031.

[140] Z. Hu, Y. Zou, C. Xiang, et al., “Stabilized Multifunctional Phase Change Materials Based on Carbonized Cu-Coated Melamine Foam/Reduced Graphene Oxide Framework for Multiple Energy Conversion and Storage,” Carbon Energy 4, no. 6 (2022): 1214-1227.

[141] Y. Shao, W. Hu, M. Gao, et al., “Flexible MXene-Coated Melamine Foam Based Phase Change Material Composites for Integrated Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion/Storage, Shape Memory and Thermal Therapy Functions,” Composites, Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 143 (2021): 106291.

[142] J. Li, Q. Chang, C. Xue, J. Yang, and S. Hu, “Carbon Dots Efficiently Enhance Photothermal Conversion and Storage of Organic Phase Change Materials Through Interfacial Interaction,” Carbon 203 (2023): 21-28.

[143] H. Wu, S. Deng, Y. Shao, J. Yang, X. Qi, and Y. Wang, “Multiresponsive Shape-Adaptable Phase Change Materials With Cellulose Nanofiber/Graphene Nanoplatelet Hybrid-Coated Melamine Foam for Light/Electro-to-Thermal Energy Storage and Utilization,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 50 (2019): 46851-46863.

[144] L. Kong, Z. Wang, X. Kong, et al., “Large-Scale Fabrication of Form-Stable Phase Change Nanotube Composite for Photothermal/Electrothermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 25 (2021): 29965-29974.

[145] J. Ma, T. Ma, W. Duan, W. Wang, J. Cheng, and J. Zhang, “Superhydrophobic, Multi-Responsive and Flexible Bottlebrush-Network-Based Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage and Sprayable Coatings,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 42 (2020): 22315-22326.

[146] Z. Mo, P. Mo, M. Yi, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x@Polyvinyl Alcohol Foam-Supported Phase Change Materials With Simultaneous Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Solar-Thermal Conversion Performance,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 219 (2021): 110813.

[147] Y. Cao, Y. Meng, Y. Jiang, et al., “Healable Supramolecular Phase Change Polymers for Thermal Energy Harvesting and Storage,” Chemical Engineering Journal 433 (2022): 134549.

[148] Y. Li, K. Sun, Y. Kou, et al., “One-Step Synthesis of Graphene-Based Composite Phase Change Materials With High Solar-Thermal Conversion Efficiency,” Chemical Engineering Journal 429 (2022): 132439.

[149] M. Song, L. Wang, F. Shao, H. Xie, H. Xu, and W. Yu, “Thermally Induced Flexible Phase Change Hydrogels for Solar Thermal Storage and Human Thermal Management,” Chemical Engineering Journal 464 (2023): 142682.

[150] Y. Li, B. Wang, W. Zhang, et al., “Processing Wood Into a Phase Change Material With High Solar-Thermal Conversion Efficiency by Introducing Stable Polyethylene Glycol-Based Energy Storage Polymer,” Energy 254 (2022): 124206.

[151] X. Shi, Y. Meng, R. Bi, Z. Wan, Y. Zhu, and O. J. Rojas, “Enabling Unidirectional Thermal Conduction of Wood-Supported Phase Change Material for Photo-to-Thermal Energy Conversion and Heat Regulation,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 245 (2022): 110231.

[152] S. Yuan, H. Wang, X. Li, Z. Du, X. Cheng, and X. Du, “Flame Retardant and Form-Stable Phase Change Composites Based on Phytic Acid/Dopamine-Decorated Delignified Wood for Efficient Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Composites, Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 160 (2022): 107048.

[153] H. Yue, J. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Du, X. Cheng, and X. Du, “Flame-Retardant and Form-Stable Phase-Change Composites Based on Phytic Acid/ZnO-Decorated Surface-Carbonized Delignified Wood With Superior Solar-Thermal Conversion Efficiency and Improved Thermal Conductivity,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 6 (2023): 8093-8104.

[154] Z. Zhang, H. Mao, Y. Kong, et al., “Re-Designing Cellulosic Core-Shell Composite Fibers for Advanced Photothermal and Thermal-Regulating Performance,” Small 20, no. 12 (2023): e2305924.

[155] X. Du, J. Qiu, S. Deng, Z. Du, X. Cheng, and H. Wang, “Alkylated Nanofibrillated Cellulose/Carbon Nanotubes Aerogels Supported Form-Stable Phase Change Composites With Improved n-Alkanes Loading Capacity and Thermal Conductivity,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 5 (2020): 5695-5703.

[156] Z. Tao, M. Yang, L. Wu, et al., “Phase Change Material Based on Polypyrrole/Fe₃O₄-Functionalized Hollow Kapok Fiber Aerogel Matrix for Solar/Magnetic-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Chemical Engineering Journal 423 (2021): 130180.

[157] T. Yang, H. Zhang, C. Huang, C. Cai, C. Gerhard, and K. Zhang, “Sustainable Porous Scaffolds With Retained Lignin as an Effective Light-Absorbing Material for Efficient Photothermal Energy Conversion,” Small Methods 7, no. 11 (2023): e2300913.

[158] D. Yan and M. Li, “Stearic Acid-Modified MOF-Based Composite Phase Change Materials for Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Solar Energy 262 (2023): 111843.

[159] A. Li, M. Huang, D. Hu, et al., “Polydopamine-Coated Metal-Organic Framework-Based Composite Phase Change Materials for Photothermal Conversion and Storage,” Chinese Chemical Letters 34, no. 8 (2023): 107916.

[160] T. Hu, S. Chang, H. Wu, L. Li, and W. Yuan, “Construction of High Thermal Conductivity MOFs Composite Phase Change Materials With Reinforced Light-to-Thermal Conversion,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 232 (2021): 111339.

[161] T. Xiao, X. Shi, L. Gen, Y. Dai, J. Zhao, and C. Liu, “Synergistic Enhancement of Phase Change Materials Through Three-Dimensional Macropore Lamellar Structured MOF/EG Composite for Solar Energy Storage and Beyond,” Applied Thermal Engineering 235 (2023): 121378.

[162] R. Yang, N. Zheng, Z. Yu, et al., “Nickel Foam/Covalent-Organic Frameworks for Composite Phase Change Materials With Enhanced Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage Capacity,” Applied Thermal Engineering 230 (2023): 120808.

[163] L. Geng, J. Wang, X. Yang, et al., “Synergistic Enhancement of Phase Change Materials Through Three-Dimensional Porous Layered Covalent Triazine Framework/Expanded Graphite Composites for Solar Energy Storage and Beyond,” Chemical Engineering Journal 487 (2024): 150749.

[164] Y. Pang, Y. Cao, W. Zheng, and C. B. Park, “A Comprehensive Review of Cell Structure Variation and General Rules for Polymer Microcellular Foams,” Chemical Engineering Journal 430 (2022): 132662.

[165] Y. Li, Y. Shi, H. Wang, et al., “Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for Solar-Driven Interfacial Photothermal Conversion Water Evaporation: Assemblies, Structures, Applications, and Prospective,” Carbon Energy 5, no. 11 (2023): e331.

[166] W. Wang, X. Yan, J. Geng, et al., “Engineering a Copper@Polypyrrole Nanowire Network in the Near Field for Plasmon-Enhanced Solar Evaporation,” ACS Nano 15, no. 10 (2021): 16376-16394.

[167] D. Hao, Y. Yang, B. Xu, and Z. Cai, “Efficient Solar Water Vapor Generation Enabled by Water-Absorbing Polypyrrole Coated Cotton Fabric With Enhanced Heat Localization,” Applied Thermal Engineering 141 (2018): 406-412.

[168] L. Zong, M. Li, and C. Li, “Intensifying Solar-Thermal Harvest of Low-Dimension Biologic Nanostructures for Electric Power and Solar Desalination,” Nano Energy 50 (2018): 308-315.

[169] A. Islam, A. K. Pandey, R. Saidur, B. Aljafari, and V. V. Tyagi, “Advancements in Foam-Based Phase Change Materials: Unveiling Leakage Control, Enhanced Thermal Conductivity, and Promising Applications,” Journal of Energy Storage 74 (2023): 109380.

[170] C. Liu, T. Xiao, J. Zhao, et al., “Polymer Engineering in Phase Change Thermal Storage Materials,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 188 (2023): 113814.

[171] P. Ray, P. Moitra, and D. Pan, “Emerging Theranostic Applications of Carbon Dots and Its Variants,” View 3, no. 2 (2021): 20200089.

[172] H. Wu, W. Su, H. Xu, et al., “Applications of Carbon Dots on Tumour Theranostics,” View 2, no. 2 (2021): 20200061.

[173] H. Wang, S. Sun, Y. Zhao, et al., “Carbon Dots With Integrated Photothermal Antibacterial and Heat-Enhanced Antioxidant Properties for Diabetic Wound Healing,” Small 20, no. 45 (2024): 2403160.

[174] F. Zhao, “Thioindigo Photoswitches Available for the Modulation of Hydrogels' Stiffness by Visible Light,” Clean Energy Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (2023): 101.

[175] J. Yang, L. Rong, W. Huang, et al., “Flame-Retardant, Flexible, and Breathable Smart Humidity Sensing Fabrics Based on Hydrogels for Respiratory Monitoring and Non-Contact Sensing,” View 4, no. 4 (2023): 20220060.

[176] F. Chandra, M. Bykova, V. Poulose, et al., “Alginate Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Viologen and Cucurbit[8]uril: Host-Induced Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis to White Blood Cancer Cells,” View 4, no. 6 (2023): 20230058.

[177] Z. Li, Y. Zhou, T. Li, J. Zhang, and H. Tian, “Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: Fabrication and Biomedical Applications,” View 3, no. 2 (2022): 20200112.

[178] Z. Du, L. Li, and G. Shen, “Proton-Conducting Hydrogel Electrolytes With Tight Contact to Binder-Free MXene Electrodes for High-Performance Thermally Chargeable Supercapacitor,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 11 (2024): e562.

[179] Y. Wang, Y. Yu, F. Zhao, Y. Feng, and W. Feng, “Multi-Functional and Multi-Responsive Layered Double Hydroxide-Reinforced Polyacrylic Acid Composite Hydrogels as Ionic Skin Sensors,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 6, no. 2 (2023): 65.

[180] K. Yu, Y. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Review on Form-Stable Inorganic Hydrated Salt Phase Change Materials: Preparation, Characterization and Effect on the Thermophysical Properties,” Applied Energy 292 (2021): 116845.

[181] X. Man, H. Lu, Q. Xu, C. Wang, and Z. Ling, “Review on the Thermal Property Enhancement of Inorganic Salt Hydrate Phase Change Materials,” Journal of Energy Storage 72 (2023): 108699.

[182] X. Qi, T. Zhu, W. Hu, et al., “Multifunctional Polyacrylamide/Hydrated Salt/MXene Phase Change Hydrogels With High Thermal Energy Storage, Photothermal Conversion Capability and Strain Sensitivity for Personal Healthcare,” Composites Science and Technology 234 (2023): 109947.

[183] T. Zhu, W. Jiang, X. Shi, et al., “MXene/Ag Doped Hydrated-Salt Hydrogels With Excellent Thermal/Light Energy Storage, Strain Sensing and Photothermal Antibacterial Performances for Intelligent Human Healthcare,” Composites, Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 170 (2023): 107526.

[184] P. Bishnoi, S. S. Siwal, V. Kumar, and V. K. Thakur, “Cellulose-Based Smart Materials: Novel Synthesis Techniques, Properties, and Applications in Energy Storage and Conversion Devices,” Electron 2, no. 2 (2024): e42.

[185] T. Wu, Y. Lu, X. Tao, et al., “Superelastic Wood-Based Nanogenerators Magnifying the Piezoelectric Effect for Sustainable Energy Conversion,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 11 (2024): e561.

[186] L. Wei, D. Ji, F. Zhao, X. Tian, Y. Guo, and J. Yan, “A Review of Carbon Nanofiber Materials for Dendrite-Free Lithium-Metal Anodes,” Molecules 29, no. 17 (2024): 4096.

[187] X. Fan, Y. Zhou, X. Jin, R. B. Song, Z. Li, and Q. Zhang, “Carbon Material-Based Anodes in the Microbial Fuel Cells,” Carbon Energy 3, no. 3 (2021): 449-472.

[188] Q. Lu, Y. Jie, X. Meng, et al., “Carbon Materials for Stable Li Metal Anodes: Challenges, Solutions, and Outlook,” Carbon Energy 3, no. 6 (2021): 957-975.

[189] C. Chen, Y. Kuang, S. Zhu, et al., “Structure-Property-Function Relationships of Natural and Engineered Wood,” Nature Reviews Materials 5, no. 9 (2020): 642-666.

[190] X. Ma, R. Su, Z. Zeng, L. Li, H. Wang, and S. Wang, “Wood-Based Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporators: Design and Application,” Chemical Engineering Journal 471 (2023): 144517.

[191] D. Zhang, S. Zhang, Q. Liang, et al., “One-Step Synthesis of Multifunctional Bacterial Cellulose Film-Based Phase Change Materials With Cross-Linked Network Structure for Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion, Storage, and Utilization,” Small 20, no. 12 (2024): 2307259.

[192] J. Jin, G. Cao, Y. Liu, et al., “Metal-Organic-Frameworks Passivated CuBi₂O₄ Photocathodes Boost CO₂ Reduction Kinetics,” Materials Reports: Energy 3, no. 4 (2023): 100229.

[193] X. Wang, G. Zhang, W. Yin, et al., “Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Phosphide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Applications,” Carbon Energy 4, no. 2 (2022): 246-281.

[194] F. Li, Y. An, J. Xue, et al., “Cellulose Acetate Membranes: Antibacterial Strategy and Application—A Review,” Small 21, no. 5 (2025): 2409728.

[195] Y. Li, X. Han, J. Zhu, Y. Feng, P. Liu, and X. Chen, “MOF-Derived Co/C-Anchored MoS₂-Based Phase Change Materials Toward Thermal Management and Microwave Absorption,” Electron 2, no. 4 (2024): e56.

[196] X. Wang, S. Song, and H. Zhang, “CeO₂ Modified Ni-MOF as an Efficient Catalyst for Electrocatalytic Urea Oxidation,” Materials Lab 1 (2022): 220009.

[197] J. Zhou, Z. Zhu, W. Shi, et al., “Design Strategies and Recent Advancements of Solid-State Supercapacitor Operating in Wide Temperature Range,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 6 (2024): e504.

[198] Z. Chen, G. Zhang, S. Cao, et al., “Advanced Semiconductor Catalyst Designs for the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂,” Materials Reports: Energy 3, no. 2 (2023): 100193.

[199] C. Kim, S. N. Talapaneni, and L. Dai, “Porous Carbon Materials for CO₂ Capture, Storage and Electrochemical Conversion,” Materials Reports: Energy 3, no. 2 (2023): 100199.

[200] B. Song, L. Su, X. Liu, et al., “An Examination and Prospect of Stabilizing Li Metal Anode in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Review of Latest Progress,” Electron 1, no. 2 (2023): e13.

[201] K. Srinivas, Z. Chen, H. Yu, et al., “Recent Advances in Fe-N-C Single-Atom Site Coupled Synergistic Catalysts for Boosting Oxygen Reduction Reaction,” Electron 2, no. 1 (2024): e26.

[202] D. Hu, M. Pan, Y. Yu, et al., “Application of Nanotechnology for Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy via Ameliorating, Neglecting, or Exploiting Tumor Hypoxia,” View 1, no. 1 (2020): e6.

[203] H. G. Jin, P. C. Zhao, Y. Qian, J. D. Xiao, Z. S. Chao, and H. L. Jiang, “Metal-Organic Frameworks for Organic Transformations by Photocatalysis and Photothermal Catalysis,” Chemical Society Reviews 53, no. 18 (2024): 9378-9418.

[204] M. E. Matter, C. Tagnon, and E. E. Stache, “Recent Applications of Photothermal Conversion in Organic Synthesis,” ACS Central Science 10, no. 8 (2024): 1460-1472.

[205] W. Shang, C. Zeng, Y. Du, et al., “Core-Shell Gold Nanorod@Metal-Organic Framework Nanoprobes for Multimodality Diagnosis of Glioma,” Advanced Materials 29, no. 3 (2017): 1604381.

[206] K. P. Carter, A. M. Young, and A. E. Palmer, “Fluorescent Sensors for Measuring Metal Ions in Living Systems,” Chemical Reviews 114, no. 8 (2014): 4564-4601.

[207] Z.-Q. Yao, K. Wang, R. Liu, et al., “Dynamic Full-Color Tuning of Organic Chromophore in a Multi-Stimuli-Responsive 2D Flexible MOF,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 61, no. 17 (2022): e202202073.

[208] L.-H. Xu, S.-H. Li, H. Mao, et al., “Highly Flexible and Superhydrophobic MOF Nanosheet Membrane for Ultrafast Alcohol-Water Separation,” Science 378, no. 6617 (2022): 308-313.

[209] L. Shu, Y. Peng, R. Yao, H. Song, C. Zhu, and W. Yang, “Flexible Soft-Solid Metal-Organic Framework Composite Membranes for H₂/CO₂ Separation,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 61, no. 14 (2022): e202117577.

[210] Z. Li, Z. W. Liu, Z. Li, et al., “Defective 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Postfunctionalization,” Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 10 (2020): 1909267.

[211] G. Yang, Q. Xu, and G. Zeng, “Developments of Photo-/Electro-Catalysis Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Review,” Electron 2, no. 4 (2024): e39.

[212] Z. Hou, S. Xia, C. Niu, et al., “Tailoring the Interaction of Covalent Organic Framework With the Polyether Matrix Toward High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries,” Carbon Energy 4, no. 4 (2022): 506-516.

[213] L. Bi, J. Xiao, Y. Song, et al., “Sulfhydryl-Functionalized COF-Based Electrolyte Strengthens Chemical Affinity Toward Polysulfides in Quasi-Solid-State Li-S Batteries,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 9 (2024): e544.

[214] D. Zhu, L. Sheng, J. Wang, L. Wang, H. Xu, and X. He, “Boosting Sulfur-Based Cathode Performance via Confined Reactions in Covalent Organic Frameworks With Polarized Sites,” Battery Energy 2, no. 4 (2023): 20230002.

[215] J. Yu, L. Yuan, S. Wang, et al., “Phosphonate-Decorated Covalent Organic Frameworks for Actinide Extraction: A Breakthrough Under Highly Acidic Conditions,” CCS Chemistry 1, no. 3 (2019): 286-295.

[216] Y. Shi, Y. Wang, N. Meng, and Y. Liao, “Photothermal Conversion Porous Organic Polymers: Design, Synthesis, and Applications,” Small Methods 8, no. 10 (2024): 2301554.

[217] Z. Fu, C. Shu, X. Wang, et al., “Fluorinated Covalent Organic Frameworks Coupled With Molecular Cobalt Cocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction,” CCS Chemistry 5, no. 10 (2023): 2290-2300.

[218] J. Sun, Y. Xu, Y. Lv, Q. Zhang, and X. Zhou, “Recent Advances in Covalent Organic Framework Electrode Materials for Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries,” CCS Chemistry 5, no. 6 (2023): 1259-1276.

[219] Z. Zheng, H. Liu, D. Wu, and X. Wang, “Polyimide/MXene Hybrid Aerogel-Based Phase-Change Composites for Solar-Driven Seawater Desalination,” Chemical Engineering Journal 440 (2022): 135862.

[220] Z. Lin, Y. H. Zhong, L. Zhong, et al., “Minimalist Design for Solar Energy Conversion: Revamping the π-Grid of an Organic Framework Into Open-Shell Superabsorbers,” JACS Au 3, no. 6 (2023): 1711-1722.

[221] C.-R. Zhang, W.-R. Cui, R.-H. Xu, et al., “Alkynyl-Based sp² Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks With Enhanced Uranium Extraction From Seawater by Photoinduced Multiple Effects,” CCS Chemistry 3, no. 11 (2021): 168-179.

[222] X. Ren, C. Li, W. Kang, et al., “Enormous Promotion of Photocatalytic Activity Through the Use of Near-Single Layer Covalent Organic Frameworks,” CCS Chemistry 4, no. 7 (2022): 2429-2439.

[223] Y. Liu, M. Wang, C. Dong, et al., “A Thienyl-Benzodithiophene-Based Two-Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Fast Photothermal Conversion,” Journal of Polymer Science 61, no. 16 (2023): 1843-1848.

[224] X. Yan, S. Lyu, X. Q. Xu, et al., “Superhydrophilic 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks as Broadband Absorbers for Efficient Solar Steam Generation,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 61, no. 19 (2022): e202201900.

[225] J. Li, D. Ma, Q. Huang, et al., “Cu²⁺ Coordination-Induced In Situ Photo-to-Heat on Catalytic Sites to Hydrolyze β-Lactam Antibiotics Pollutants in Waters,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 52 (2023): e2302761120.

[226] X. Tang, Z. Chen, Q. Xu, et al., “Design of Photothermal Covalent Organic Frameworks by Radical Immobilization,” CCS Chemistry 4, no. 8 (2022): 2842-2853.

[227] C. Xiao, Y. Yao, X. Guo, et al., “Ultralight and Robust Covalent Organic Framework Fiber Aerogels,” Small 20, no. 32 (2024): 2311881.

[228] C. Liu, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, and Z. Dong, “Soft 2D Covalent Organic Framework With Compacted Honeycomb Topology,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 144, no. 41 (2022): 18784-18789.

[229] Z.-B. Zhou, H.-H. Sun, Q.-Y. Qi, and X. Zhao, “Gradually Tuning the Flexibility of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks via Stepwise Structural Transformation and Their Flexibility-Dependent Properties,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62, no. 38 (2023): e202305131.

[230] Y. Lv, Y. Li, G. Zhang, et al., “An In Situ Film-to-Film Transformation Approach Toward Highly Crystalline Covalent Organic Framework Films,” CCS Chemistry 4, no. 5 (2022): 1519-1525.

[231] S. Yao, Y. Wei, Z. Lu, S. Guo, J. Chen, and Z. Yu, “Review of Research Progress on Concentrated Solar Energy Utilization System,” Renewables 1, no. 4 (2023): 397-414.

[232] Z. Dai, Y. Gao, C. Wang, et al., “Oriented High Thermal Conductivity Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials for Mid-Temperature Solar-Thermal Energy Storage,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 22 (2023): 26863-26871.

[233] M. Mazman, L. F. Cabeza, H. Mehling, M. Nogues, H. Evliya, and H. Ö. Paksoy, “Utilization of Phase Change Materials in Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems,” Renewable Energy 34, no. 6 (2009): 1639-1643.

[234] A. Dahash, F. Ochs, M. B. Janetti, and W. Streicher, “Advances in Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage for Solar District Heating Applications: A Critical Review on Large-Scale Hot-Water Tank and Pit Thermal Energy Storage Systems,” Applied Energy 239 (2019): 296-315.

[235] S. Seddegh, X. Wang, A. D. Henderson, and Z. Xing, “Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems Using Latent Heat Energy Storage Medium: A Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (2015): 517-533.

[236] J. Liu, X. Zou, Z. Cai, Z. Peng, and Y. Xu, “Polymer Based Phase Change Material for Photo-Thermal Utilization,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 220 (2021): 110852.

[237] M. Dannemand, J. M. Schultz, J. B. Johansen, and S. Furbo, “Long Term Thermal Energy Storage With Stable Supercooled Sodium Acetate Trihydrate,” Applied Thermal Engineering 91 (2015): 671-678.

[238] Y. Li, Y. Kou, K. Sun, et al., “Spatiotemporal Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Long-Term Storage and Controllable Release,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 80 (2023): 228-236.

[239] J. Chen, Y. Kou, S. Zhang, et al., “Spatiotemporal Utilization of Latent Heat in Erythritol-Based Phase Change Materials as Solar Thermal Fuels,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 16 (2024): e202400759.

[240] S. Yang, H. Y. Shi, J. Liu, Y. Y. Lai, Ö. Bayer, and L. W. Fan, “Supercooled Erythritol for High-Performance Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 4948.

[241] M. Hou, Z. Jiang, W. Sun, Z. Chen, F. Chu, and N. C. Lai, “Efficient Photothermal Anti-/Deicing Enabled by 3D Cu_2-xS Encapsulated Phase Change Materials Mixed Superhydrophobic Coatings,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 3 (2024): e2310312.

[242] Z. Tang, P. Cheng, P. Liu, Y. Gao, X. Chen, and G. Wang, “Tightened 1D/3D Carbon Heterostructure Infiltrating Phase Change Materials for Solar-Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting: Faster and Better,” Carbon Energy 5, no. 6 (2023): e281.

[243] L. Zhao, “SnSe/SnS: Multifunctions Beyond Thermoelectricity,” Materials Lab 1 (2022): 1-20.

[244] X. Zhang, “Emerging Quantum Dots Spotlight on Next-Generation Photovoltaics,” Materials Lab 1 (2022): 220007.

[245] W. Lin, J. Lai, K. Xie, D. Liu, K. Wu, and Q. Fu, “D-Mannitol/Graphene Phase-Change Composites With Structured Conformation and Thermal Pathways Allow Durable Solar-Thermal-Electric Conversion and Electricity Output,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 34 (2022): 38981-38989.

[246] J. Hu, Z. Wei, B. Ge, L. Zhao, K. Peng, and Z. Shi, “AIN Micro-Honeycomb Reinforced Stearic Acid-Based Phase-Change Composites With High Thermal Conductivity for Solar-Thermal-Electric Conversion,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 11, no. 20 (2023): 10727-10737.

[247] W. Musie and G. Gonfa, “Fresh Water Resource, Scarcity, Water Salinity Challenges and Possible Remedies: A Review,” Heliyon 9, no. 8 (2023): e18685.

[248] H. Shen, Z. Zheng, H. Liu, and X. Wang, “A Solar-Powered Interfacial Evaporation System Based on MoS₂-Decorated Magnetic Phase-Change Microcapsules for Sustainable Seawater Desalination,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 48 (2022): 25509-25526.

[249] H. He, X.-M. Song, M. Huang, X. Hou, Z. Song, and Y. Zhang, “A Photothermal and Conductive Composite Hydrogel Membrane for Solar-Driven Synchronous Desalination and Salinity Power Generation,” Green Chemistry 25, no. 22 (2023): 9343-9350.

[250] S. Li, K. Zhao, E. A. Shin, G. Kim, and G. Zan, “Passive Interfacial Cooling Sparks a Major Leap in Solar-Driven Water and Power Cogeneration,” Clean Energy Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2024): 140.

[251] H. Ji, Y. Park, and Y. M. Jung, “Investigation of Minerals Extracted During Seawater Desalination Using Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy,” Molecules 28, no. 23 (2023): 7852.

[252] H. Xie, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, et al., “One-Step Facile Fabrication of PDA@MCE for High Efficiency Seawater Desalination,” Materials Letters 370 (2024): 136811.

[253] M. A. Abdelsalam, M. Sajjad, A. Raza, F. Almarzooqi, and T. Zhang, “Sustainable Biomimetic Solar Distillation With Edge Crystallization for Passive Salt Collection and Zero Brine Discharge,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 874.

[254] S. Poddar, M. Kay, A. Prasad, J. P. Evans, and S. Bremner, “Changes in Solar Resource Intermittency and Reliability Under Australia's Future Warmer Climate,” Solar Energy 266 (2023): 112039.

[255] H. Wu and S. R. West, “Co-Optimisation of Wind and Solar Energy and Intermittency for Renewable Generator Site Selection,” Heliyon 10, no. 5 (2024): e26891.

[256] S. Chen, Z. Zheng, H. Liu, and X. Wang, “Highly Efficient, Antibacterial, and Salt-Resistant Strategy Based on Carbon Black/Chitosan-Decorated Phase-Change Microcapsules for Solar-Powered Seawater Desalination,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 13 (2023): 16640-16653.

[257] H. Liu, D. Tian, Z. Zheng, X. Wang, and Z. Qian, “MXene-Decorated Magnetic Phase-Change Microcapsules for Solar-Driven Continuous Seawater Desalination With Easy Salt Accumulation Elimination,” Chemical Engineering Journal 458 (2023): 141395.

[258] B. Gong, H. Yang, S. Wu, et al., “Phase Change Material Enhanced Sustained and Energy-Efficient Solar-Thermal Water Desalination,” Applied Energy 301 (2021): 117463.

[259] G. Zhu, W. Chen, Y. Liu, et al., “A Novel Bio-Based Composite Phase Change Material With Excellent Photo-Thermal Conversion Capability for Solar Energy Harvesting and Energy Storage,” Journal of Energy Storage 78 (2024): 110067.

[260] Z. Zheng, H. Liu, and X. Wang, “Double-Layered Hydrogels Based on Phase Change Material and Pen Ink for Continuous and Efficient Solar-Driven Seawater Desalination,” Desalination 574 (2024): 117276.

[261] T. Shi, Z. Zheng, H. Liu, D. Wu, and X. Wang, “Flexible and Foldable Composite Films Based on Polyimide/Phosphorene Hybrid Aerogel and Phase Change Material for Infrared Stealth and Thermal Camouflage,” Composites Science and Technology 217 (2022): 109127.

[262] Z. Wei, Y. Zhang, C. Cai, H. Qu, Y. Fu, and S. C. Tan, “Wood Lamella-Inspired Photothermal Stearic Acid-Eutectic Gallium-Indium-Based Phase Change Aerogel for Thermal Management and Infrared Stealth,” Small 19, no. 46 (2023): e2302886.

[263] H. Liu, L. Li, X. Tian, and X. Wang, “Flexible Phase-Change Composite Films for Infrared Thermal Camouflage and Photothermal Energy Storage,” Journal of Energy Storage 73 (2023): 109203.

[264] S. Gao, J. Ding, W. Wang, and J. Lu, “MXene Based Flexible Composite Phase Change Material With Shape Memory, Self-Healing and Flame Retardant for Thermal Management,” Composites Science and Technology 234 (2023): 109945.

[265] W. Wu, W. Wu, and S. Wang, “Form-Stable and Thermally Induced Flexible Composite Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage and Thermal Management Applications,” Applied Energy 236 (2019): 10-21.

[266] W.-W. Li, W.-L. Cheng, B. Xie, N. Liu, and L.-S. Zhang, “Thermal Sensitive Flexible Phase Change Materials With High Thermal Conductivity for Thermal Energy Storage,” Energy Conversion and Management 149 (2017): 1-12.

[267] Y. Zhou, X. Liu, D. Sheng, et al., “Polyurethane-Based Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials With In Situ Reduced Graphene Oxide for Light-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage,” Chemical Engineering Journal 338 (2018): 117-125.

[268] W. Aftab, A. Mahmood, W. Guo, et al., “Polyurethane-Based Flexible and Conductive Phase Change Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage,” Energy Storage Materials 20 (2019): 401-409.

[269] X. Qi, Y. Shao, H. Wu, J. Yang, and Y. Wang, “Flexible Phase Change Composite Materials With Simultaneous Light Energy Storage and Light-Actuated Shape Memory Capability,” Composites Science and Technology 181 (2019): 107714.

[270] H. Wang, Y. Yu, X. Yang, et al., “A Smart Mechanical-Energy Harvesting and Self-Heating Textile Device for Photo-Thermal Energy Utilization,” EcoMat 5, no. 5 (2023): e12337.

[271] S. Feng and S. Bian, “Wearable Sweat Biosensors on Sports Analysis,” Materials Lab 1 (2022): 220028.

[272] M. Lei, P. Wang, and X. Ke, et al., “Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of 2D Materials,” Electron 3, no. 1 (2025): e43.

[273] Y. Ding, H. Li, M. Haider, et al., “Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells: A Review,” Energy Lab 2, no. 1 (2024): 230002.

[274] X. Liu, H. Li, M. Pang, et al., “Photoacoustic Imaging in Brain Disorders: Current Progress and Clinical Applications,” VIEW 5, no. 4 (2024): 20240023.

[275] S. Zhang, Q. Li, N. Yang, et al., “Phase-Change Materials Based Nanoparticles for Controlled Hypoxia Modulation and Enhanced Phototherapy,” Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 49 (2019): 1906805.

[276] R. Liu, L. Sang, T. Wang, et al., “Phase-Change Mesoporous Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Loading Paclitaxel and Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Cancer,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 207 (2021): 112018.

[277] C. Zhang, D. Li, P. Pei, et al., “Rod-Based Urchin-Like Hollow Microspheres of Bi₂S₃: Facile Synthesis, Photo-Controlled Drug Release for Photoacoustic Imaging and Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Tumor Ablation,” Biomaterials 237 (2020): 119835.

[278] L. Chen, X. Sun, K. Cheng, et al., “Temperature-Regulating Phase Change Fiber Scaffold Toward Mild Photothermal-Chemotherapy,” Advanced Fiber Materials 4, no. 6 (2022): 1669-1684.

[279] J. Cen, L. Li, L. Huang, and G. Jiang, “Construction of a Photothermal Controlled-Release Microcapsule Pesticide Delivery System,” RSC Advances 12, no. 36 (2022): 23387-23395.

[280] F. Zhao, Y. Feng, Y. Wang, et al., “Two-Dimensional Gersiloxenes With Tunable Bandgap for Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution and CO₂ Photoreduction to CO,” Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020): 1443.

[281] M. F. Iqbal, M. Li, T. Xu, et al., “Substrates and Electrolytes Dependent Electrocatalytic Performance of Metal Selenides for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: A Review,” Renewables 2, no. 2 (2024): 111-137.

[282] X. Chu, C. I. Sathish, M. Li, et al., “Anti-Stoke Effect Induced Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production,” Battery Energy 2, no. 2 (2023): 20220041.

[283] S. Guo, “Electro-(Photo)Catalysis for Concurrent Evolution of Hydrogen and High Value-Added Chemicals,” Energy Lab 1, no. 1 (2022): 220004.

[284] H. Chen and X. Zou, “Developments and Challenges of Catalytic Materials for Green Hydrogen Production,” Energy Lab 1, no. 2 (2023): 220013.

[285] J. Hou, “Effective Charge Transfer Regulation for Robust Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting,” Energy Lab 1, no. 1 (2023): 220017.

[286] X.-Q. Qiao, W. Chen, C. Li, et al., “Construction of Mo/Mo₂C@C Modified Znin₂S₄ Schottky Junctions for Efficient Photo-Thermal Assisted Hydrogen Evolution,” Materials Reports: Energy 3, no. 4 (2023): 100234.

[287] L. Zheng, Y. Zhang, M. Wu, et al., “Efficient Photocatalytic Reforming of Cellulose for H₂ Production Enabled by Oxygen-Vacancy Rich SrMoO₄/Palygorskite Nanocomposite,” Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 696 (2024): 134341.

[288] J. Li, B. Sheng, Y. Chen, et al., “An Active and Robust Catalytic Architecture of NiCo/GaN Nanowires for Light-Driven Hydrogen Production From Methanol,” Small 20, no. 25 (2024): 2309906.

[289] T. Ma, Z. Li, and J. Zhao, “Photovoltaic Panel Integrated With Phase Change Materials (PV-PCM): Technology Overview and Materials Selection,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 116 (2019): 109406.

[290] H. Jarimi, D. Aydin, Z. Yanan, G. Ozankaya, X. Chen, and S. Riffat, “Review on the Recent Progress of Thermochemical Materials and Processes for Solar Thermal Energy Storage and Industrial Waste Heat Recovery,” International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 14, no. 1 (2019): 44-69.

[291] H. Jiang, X. Liu, D. Wang, et al., “Designing High-Efficiency Light-to-Thermal Conversion Materials for Solar Desalination and Photothermal Catalysis,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 79 (2023): 581-600.

[292] S. Peng, W. Zhong, H. Zhao, et al., “Solar-Driven Multifunctional Au/TiO₂@PCM Towards Bio-Glycerol Photothermal Reforming Hydrogen Production and Thermal Storage,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47, no. 98 (2022): 41573-41586.

[293] W. Zhong, C. Wang, B. Jiang, et al., “Investigation on Multifunctional Au/TiO₂@n-Octadecane Microcapsules Towards Catalytic Photoreforming Hydrogen Production and Photothermal Conversion,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47, no. 98 (2022): 41540-41552.

[294] K. Zhao, Z. Guo, J. Wang, and H. Xie, “Phase Change n-Octadecane Microencapsulated in Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer for Photothermal Conversion and Photocatalysis,” Solar Energy 254 (2023): 73-87.

[295] H. Chen, L. Shao, C. Wang, and Y. Fu, “Construction of a Hierarchical Tubular Metal-Organic Framework Composed of Nanosheet Arrays as a Photothermal Catalyst Through Phase Transformation,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 34 (2022): 17434-17439.

[296] Z. Miao, G. Wu, Q. Wang, et al., “Recent Advances in Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalysts for Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production,” Materials Reports: Energy 3, no. 4 (2023): 100235.

[297] Y. Zhang, Y. Xiao, S. Abuelgasim, and C. Liu, “A Brief Review of Hydrogen Production Technologies,” Clean Energy Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2024): 117.

[298] J. Qin, J. Li, K. Chu, et al., “Biomimetic Solar Photocatalytic Reactor for Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols With Enhanced Solar-Energy Utilization,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 9 (2023): 2311214.

[299] P.-L. Wang, C. Ma, Q. Yuan, T. Mai, and M.-G. Ma, “Novel Ti₃C₂T_x MXene Wrapped Wood Sponges for Fast Cleanup of Crude Oil Spills by Outstanding Joule Heating and Photothermal Effect,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 606 (2022): 971-982.

[300] L. Dong, J. Li, D. Zhang, et al., “Coupling Carbon-Based Composite Phase Change Materials With a Polyurethane Sponge for Sustained and Efficient Solar-Driven Cleanup of Viscous Crude Oil Spill,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 31 (2023): 37517-37529.

[301] Y. Fang, Z. Li, X. Li, et al., “A Novel Covalent Polymerized Phase Change Composite With Integrated Shape Memory, Self-Healing, Electromagnetic Shielding and Multi-Drive Thermal Management Functions,” Chemical Engineering Journal 459 (2023): 141600.

[302] Y. Cao, Z. Zeng, D. Huang, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, and X. Sheng, “Multifunctional Phase Change Composites Based on Biomass/MXene-Derived Hybrid Scaffolds for Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Superior Solar/Electro-Thermal Energy Storage,” Nano Research 15, no. 9 (2022): 8524-8535.

[303] Y. He, Y. Shao, Y. Xiao, J. Yang, X. Qi, and Y. Wang, “Multifunctional Phase Change Composites Based on Elastic MXene/Silver Nanowire Sponges for Excellent Thermal/Solar/Electric Energy Storage, Shape Memory, and Adjustable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Functions,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 4 (2022): 6057-6070.

[304] T. Cai, Z. Pang, Z. Jiang, et al., “Flexible Phase Change Composites With Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties for Photothermal Conversion and γ-Rays Shielding,” Journal of Energy Storage 90 (2024): 111902.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). Carbon Energy published by Wenzhou University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.