Functionalizing Conductive Diamond: Recent Advance in Fabrication, Modifications, and Applications

Abstract

Conductive diamond, especially boron-doped diamond, has gained tremendous attention due to its high stability, broad potential window, low background current, good biocompatibility, and tunable surface properties. Over the past 5 to 10 years, significant progress has been made in the synthesis and modification of conductive diamond, positioning it as a promising functional material in various electrochemical applications. This review covers synthesis methods, such as high-pressure high-temperature and chemical vapor deposition, highlighting their role in controlling diamond growth, microstructure, and doping. Modification strategies, including boron, nitrogen, and phosphorus doping, as well as surface terminations, crystal orientation, stress engineering, and hybridization, are discussed in terms of enhancing their electrochemical properties and expanding applications. Conductive diamond shows promise in energy storage, electrocatalysis, electrosynthesis, environmental remediation, and biosensing, particularly in supercapacitors, water treatment, and electrical detectors, owing to its robustness and stability. The review also discusses future directions, focusing on AI-driven process optimization, advanced modifications, and the development of multifunctional diamond composites. This review aims to highlight the potential of conductive diamond in next-generation electrochemical and energy technologies.

Keywords

applications / chemical vapor deposition / conductive diamond / state of the art / synthesis

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