Harnessing Carbon-Containing Materials for Next-Generation High-Temperature Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers

Abstract

The demand for high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) materials has significantly increased alongside advancements in aerospace and communication technologies. Although traditional magnetic absorbers, such as ferrites and metal powders, show excellent magnetic loss performance at room temperature, they have significant limitations in harsh environments due to their high density, low Curie temperature, and susceptibility to oxidation. In contrast, carbon-containing materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature EWA applications, owing to their high melting point, low density, tunable dielectric loss mechanisms, and superior thermal stability. Unlike magnetic materials, carbon-based systems primarily dissipate electromagnetic energy through conductance loss, dipole polarization, and interfacial polarization, thereby avoiding performance degradation at elevated temperatures. However, several critical challenges remain, including insufficient oxidation resistance, mechanical reliability issues, and the need for stable impedance matching. To address these limitations, recent strategies such as defect engineering, heterointerface construction, and metamaterial design have been proposed to enhance thermal stability and functional performance. This review provides a systematic summary of recent advances in carbon-containing absorbers, with a focus on dielectric loss mechanisms, optimization strategies, and multiscale structural design principles. By elucidating the structure–property relationships of carbon materials, carbide ceramics, and novel carbon hybrids, this study aims to offer theoretical and technical guidance for the development of advanced high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorbers, thereby promoting their practical applications in aerospace and telecommunications.

Keywords

carbon-containing materials / dielectric loss / electromagnetic wave absorption / impedance matching / thermal stability

References

[1] W. Q. Cao, M. Zhang, and M.-S. Cao, “A Perspective of Tailoring Dielectric Genes for 2D Materials Toward Advanced Electromagnetic Functions,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 52 (2024): 2410928.

[2] M. Qin, L. Zhang, and H. Wu, “Dielectric Loss Mechanism in Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials,” Advanced Science 9, no. 10 (2022): 2105553.

[3] Z. Wang, T. Yang, L. Zhou, X. Hou, Z. Fang, and Y. Hou, “Current Progress and Challenges of Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials at High Temperature,” Advanced Science 12, no. 30 (2025): e04286.

[4] X. Jiang, Q. Wang, L. Song, et al., “Enhancing Electromagnetic Wave Absorption With Core-Shell Structured SiO₂@MXene@MoS₂ Nanospheres,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 8 (2024): e502.

[5] L. Wang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhang, H. Qiu, K. Ruan, and J. Gu, “Mechanically Strong and Folding-Endurance Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PbO Nanofiber Films for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Management,” Carbon Energy 4, no. 2 (2022): 200–210.

[6] Y. Chen, M. Chen, H. Lei, et al., “Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of High-Performance TaC Nanorods for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 14, no. 8 (2025): 9221130.

[7] L. Song, F. Hu, Y. Chen, et al., “Heterointerface-Engineered SiC@SiO₂@C Nanofibers for Simultaneous Microwave Absorption and Corrosion Resistance,” Advanced Science 12 (2025): e09071.

[8] K. Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, et al., “Tracking Regulatory Mechanism of Trace Fe on Graphene Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Nano-Micro Letters 16, no. 1 (2024): 66.

[9] Y. Yan, K. Zhang, G. Qin, et al., “Phase Engineering on MoS₂ to Realize Dielectric Gene Engineering for Enhancing Microwave Absorbing Performance,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 32 (2024): 2316338.

[10] Z.-H. Sun, Z.-H. Guo, S.-Y. Tian, et al., “Recent Progress on Carbon-Based Microwave Absorption Materials for Multifunctional Applications: A Review,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 283 (2024): 111646.

[11] Z. Song, Z. Zhang, X. Zhang, et al., “Hierarchically Structured, Janus Optical Nanoengineered Wastepaper for Switchable Radiative Cooling/Heating,” Carbon Energy 7, no. 1 (2025): e676.

[12] B.-L. Wang, Q. Wu, Y.-G. Fu, and T. Liu, “A Review on Carbon/Magnetic Metal Composites for Microwave Absorption,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 86 (2021): 91–109.

[13] H. Wei, W. Li, and K. Bachagha, “Component Optimization and Microstructure Design of Carbon Nanotube-Based Microwave Absorbing Materials: A Review,” Carbon 217 (2024): 118651.

[14] K. Wei, Y. Shi, X. Tan, et al., “Recent Development of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites in Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Shielding Applications,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 332 (2024): 103271.

[15] S. Sharma, S.-R. Parne, S. S. S. Panda, and S. Gandi, “Progress in Microwave Absorbing Materials: A Critical Review,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 327 (2024): 103143.

[16] Z. Mu, P. Xie, D. A. Alshammari, et al., “From Structure to Function: Innovative Applications of Biomass Carbon Materials in Microwave Absorption,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 7, no. 6 (2024): 220.

[17] F. Hu, P. Ding, F. Wu, et al., “Novel Cable-Like Tin@Carbon Whiskers Derived From the Ti₂SnC MAX Phase for Ultra-Wideband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 12 (2024): e638.

[18] K.-L. Huo, S.-H. Yang, J.-Y. Zong, J.-J. Chu, Y.-D. Wang, and M.-S. Cao, “Carbon-Based EM Functional Materials and Multi-Band Microwave Devices: Current Progress and Perspectives,” Carbon 213 (2023): 118193.

[19] X. Liu, L. Wu, J. Liu, et al., “Dynamically Frequency-Tunable and Environmentally Stable Microwave Absorbers,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 10 (2024): e589.

[20] S. Shao, C. Guo, H. Wang, et al., “Multifunctional Graphene/Ti₃C₂T MXene Aerogel Inlaid With Ni@TiO₂ Core-Shell Microspheres for High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Thermal Insulation,” Chemical Engineering Journal 488 (2024): 150918.

[21] Y. Tang, S. Shao, C. Guo, et al., “Multifunctional Ultralight Magnetic Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x/rGO Aerogel With Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Thermal Management Properties,” Carbon 228 (2024): 119314.

[22] S. Shao, S. Xing, K. Bi, et al., “Fabrication of Graphene/Polyimide/Co-NC Aerogel With Reinforced Electromagnetic Losses and Broadband Absorption for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption and Thermal Insulation,” Chemical Engineering Journal 494 (2024): 152976.

[23] K. Zhang, Y. Yan, Z. Wang, et al., “Integration of Electrical Properties and Polarization Loss Modulation on Atomic Fe–N-RGO for Boosting Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Nano-Micro Letters 17, no. 1 (2025): 46.

[24] Y. Deng, Y. Chen, W. Liu, et al., “Transparent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials Using MXene,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 11 (2024): e593.

[25] J.-J. Xu, L. Wang, X.-M. Wang, and H.-P. Qiu, “Research Progress of High Temperature Absorbing Materials,” Advanced Ceramics 45, no. 3 (2024): 189–205.

[26] T. Li, D.-D. Zhi, Z.-H. Guo, J.-Z. Li, Y. Chen, and F.-B. Meng, “3D Porous Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Biomass Sources, Controllable Transformation and Microwave Absorption Application,” Green Chemistry 24, no. 2 (2022): 647–674.

[27] M.-S. Cao, Y.-Z. Cai, P. He, J.-C. Shu, W.-Q. Cao, and J. Yuan, “2D MXenes: Electromagnetic Property for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding,” Chemical Engineering Journal 359 (2019): 1265–1302.

[28] J. Wei, Y. Zhang, X. Li, et al., “Recent Progress in Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms, and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Silicon Carbide Nanowires,” Ceramics International 48, no. 24 (2022): 35966–35985.

[29] Y. Li, Y. Qing, Y. Zhang, and H. Xu, “Simultaneously Tuning Structural Defects and Crystal Phase in Accordion-Like Ti_xO_2x−1 Derived From Ti₃C₂T_x MXene for Enhanced Electromagnetic Attenuation,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 12 (2023): 1946–1960.

[30] Y. Du, “Advances in Carbon-Based Microwave Absorbing Materials,” Materials 15, no. 4 (2022): 1359.

[31] S. Ren, H. Yu, L. Wang, et al., “State of the Art and Prospects in Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Microwave Absorption Materials,” Nano-Micro Letters 14, no. 1 (2022): 68.

[32] F.-R. Perez, S.-M. Estrada, R.-V. Hernández, and F.-C. Briones, “Carbon-Based Radar Absorbing Materials: A Critical Review,” Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 7, no. 3 (2022): 100454.

[33] H. Liang, Y. Guo, S. Hui, et al., “Tailoring Dielectric-Magnetic Synergy in Bimetallic MOF-Derived Cu/C@Fe₃O₄ for High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Carbon 243 (2025): 120605.

[34] R. Qiang, S. Feng, Y. Chen, Q. Ma, and B. Chen, “Recent Progress in Biomass-Derived Carbonaceous Composites for Enhanced Microwave Absorption,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 606 (2022): 406–423.

[35] S. Song, H. Li, P. Liu, and X. Peng, “Applications of Cellulose-Based Composites and Their Derivatives for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Shielding,” Carbohydrate Polymers 287 (2022): 119347.

[36] C. Gao, X. Sun, J. Chen, et al., “SiBCN-rGO Ceramic Fibers Based on Wet Spinning Technology: Microstructure, Mechanical and Microwave-Absorbing Properties,” Journal of Inorganic Materials 40, no. 3 (2025): 290–296.

[37] J. Liu, L. Zhang, and H. Wu, “Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing Performance of Carbons, Carbides, Oxides, Ferrites and Sulfides: Review and Perspective,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 54, no. 20 (2021): 203001.

[38] Y. Wu, S. Tan, Y. Zhao, L. Liang, M. Zhou, and G. Ji, “Broadband Multispectral Compatible Absorbers for Radar, Infrared and Visible Stealth Application,” Progress in Materials Science 135 (2023): 101088.

[39] X. Zhang, J. Qiao, Y. Jiang, et al., “Carbon-Based MOF Derivatives: Emerging Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Agents,” Nano-Micro Letters 13, no. 1 (2021): 135.

[40] H. Guan, Q. Wang, X. Wu, et al., “Biomass Derived Porous Carbon (BPC) and Their Composites as Lightweight and Efficient Microwave Absorption Materials,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 207 (2021): 108562.

[41] H. Zhao, F. Wang, L. Cui, X. Xu, X. Han, and Y. Du, “Composition Optimization and Microstructure Design in MOFs-Derived Magnetic Carbon-Based Microwave Absorbers: A Review,” Nano-Micro Letters 13, no. 1 (2021): 208.

[42] L. Cui, X. Han, F. Wang, H. Zhao, and Y. Du, “A Review on Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Dielectric System for Microwave Absorption,” Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 18 (2021): 10782–10811.

[43] J. Li, D. Zhou, P.-J. Wang, et al., “Recent Progress in Two-Dimensional Materials for Microwave Absorption Applications,” Chemical Engineering Journal 425 (2021): 131558.

[44] W. Yang, B. Jiang, S. Che, L. Yan, Z. Li, and Y. Li, “Research Progress on Carbon-Based Materials for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and the Related Mechanisms,” New Carbon Materials 36, no. 6 (2021): 1016–1030.

[45] M. S. Cao, W. L. Song, Z. L. Hou, B. Wen, and J. Yuan, “The Effects of Temperature and Frequency on the Dielectric Properties, Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Microwave-Absorption of Short Carbon Fiber/Silica Composites,” Carbon 48, no. 6 (2010): 788–796.

[46] K. Li, J. Xu, X. Yan, et al., “The Origin of the Strong Microwave Absorption in Black TiO₂,” Applied Physics Letters 108 (2016): 183102.

[47] F. Wang, L. Cui, H. Zhao, X. Han, and Y. Du, “High-Efficient Electromagnetic Absorption and Composites of Carbon Microspheres,” Journal of Applied Physics 130 (2021): 230902.

[48] M. Kallumottakkal, M. I. Hussein, and M. Z. Iqbal, “Recent Progress of 2D Nanomaterials for Application on Microwave Absorption: A Comprehensive Study,” Frontiers in Materials 8 (2021): 633079.

[49] L. Wang, X. Li, X. Shi, et al., “Recent Progress of Microwave Absorption Microspheres by Magnetic-Dielectric Synergy,” Nanoscale 13 (2021): 2136–2156.

[50] Z. Gao, Z. Ma, D. Lan, et al., “Synergistic Polarization Loss of MoS₂-Based Multiphase Solid Solution for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 18 (2022): 2112294.

[51] W. Yang, Q. Zhao, Y. Zhou, Z. Cui, and Y. Liu, “Research Progress of Metal Organic Frameworks/Carbon-Based Composites for Microwave Absorption,” Advanced Engineering Materials 24, no. 4 (2022): 202100964.

[52] X. Zeng, X. Cheng, R. Yu, and G.-D. Stucky, “Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption Theory and Recent Achievements in Microwave Absorbers,” Carbon 168 (2020): 606–623.

[53] J.-B. Cheng, H.-G. Shi, M. Cao, T. Wang, H.-B. Zhao, and Y.-Z. Wang, “Porous Carbon Materials for Microwave Absorption,” Materials Advances 1, no. 8 (2020): 2631–2645.

[54] Y. Cao, Y. Qing, H. Jia, et al., “A Jackfruit-Inspired Ultralight High Load-Bearing Multifunctional Microwave Absorbing Composite With High Temperature Resistance by Modified E-Glass Fabric/Oriented Aerogel,” Carbon 243 (2025): 120518.

[55] J. H. Lee and S. J. Park, “Recent Advances in Preparations and Applications of Carbon Aerogels: A Review,” Carbon 163 (2020): 1–18.

[56] F. Sultanov, C. Daulbayev, B. Bakbolat, and O. Daulbayev, “Advances of 3D Graphene and Its Composites in the Field of Microwave Absorption,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 285 (2020): 102281.

[57] H. Zhao, Y. Cheng, W. Liu, et al., “Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon-Based Nanostructures for Microwave Absorption,” Nano-Micro Letters 11 (2019): 24.

[58] Y. Li, Y. Qing, Y. Zhou, et al., “Unique Nanoporous Structure Derived From Co₃O₄-C and Co/CoO-C Composites Towards the Ultra-Strong Electromagnetic Absorption,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 213 (2021): 108731.

[59] J. S. Li, H. Huang, Y. J. Zhou, C. Y. Zhang, and Z. T. Li, “Research Progress of Graphene-Based Microwave Absorbing Materials in the Last Decade,” Journal of Materials Research 32 (2017): 1213–1230.

[60] Z. Guo, H. Huang, D. Xie, and H. Xia, “Microwave Properties of the Single-Layer Periodic Structure Composites Composed of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Polycrystalline Iron Fibers,” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 11331.

[61] Q. Huang, G. Wang, M. Zhou, J. Zheng, S. Tang, and G. Ji, “Metamaterial Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers and Devices: Design and 3D Microarchitecture,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 108 (2022): 90–101.

[62] Y. Wang, S. Yi, X. Sun, et al., “Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Metastructure for High-Temperature Resistant and Broadband Application,” Materials Today Nano 29 (2025): 100572.

[63] K. N. Rozanov, “Ultimate Thickness to Bandwidth Ratio of Radar Absorbers,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 48 (2000): 1230–1234.

[64] M. M. Lu, W. Q. Cao, H. L. Shi, et al., “Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Decorated With ZnO Nanocrystals: Mild Solution-Process Synthesis and Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption Properties at Elevated Temperature,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 (2014): 10540–10547.

[65] B. Wen, M. S. Cao, Z. L. Hou, et al., “Temperature Dependent Microwave Attenuation Behavior for Carbon-Nanotube/Silica Composites,” Carbon 65 (2013): 124–139.

[66] Y. Li, Y. Qing, Y. Cao, F. Luo, and H. Wu, “Positive Charge Holes Revealed by Energy Band Theory in Multiphase Ti_xO_2x−1 and Exploration of Its Microscopic Electromagnetic Loss Mechanism,” Small 19, no. 41 (2023): 2302769.

[67] L. Kong, X. Yin, M. Han, L. Zhang, and L. Cheng, “Carbon Nanotubes Modified With ZnO Nanoparticles: High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption at High-Temperatures,” Ceramics International 41 (2015): 4906–4915.

[68] H. Xu, X. Yin, M. Li, et al., “Mesoporous Carbon Hollow Microspheres With Red Blood Cell Like Morphology for Efficient Microwave Absorption at Elevated Temperature,” Carbon 132 (2018): 343–351.

[69] S. Xiao, H. Mei, D. Han, and L. Cheng, “Sandwich-Like SiC/C/Si₃N₄ Porous Layered Composite for Full X-Band Electromagnetic Wave Absorption at Elevated Temperature,” Composites Part B—Engineering 183, no. 15 (2020): 107629.

[70] X. Lu, X. Li, Y. Cao, et al., “1D CNT-Expanded 3D Carbon Foam/Si₃N₄ Sandwich Heterostructure: Utilizing the Polarization Compensation Effect for Keeping Stable Electromagnetic Absorption Performance at Elevated Temperature,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 34 (2022): 39188–39198.

[71] Y. Fan, H. Yang, M. Li, and G. Zou, “Evaluation of the Microwave Absorption Property of Flake Graphite,” Materials Chemistry and Physics 115, no. 2–3 (2009): 696–698.

[72] J. P. Gogoi, N. S. Bhattacharyya, and K. C. James Raju, “Synthesis and Microwave Characterization of Expanded Graphite/Novolac Phenolic Resin Composite for Microwave Absorber Applications,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 42 (2011): 1291–1297.

[73] K. H. Wu, T. H. Ting, G. P. Wang, W. D. Ho, and C. C. Shih, “Effect of Carbon Black Content on Electrical and Microwave Absorbing Properties of Polyaniline/Carbon Black Nanocomposites,” Polymer Degradation and Stability 93 (2008): 483–488.

[74] J. H. Oh, K. S. Oh, C. G. Kim, and C. S. Hong, “Design of Radar Absorbing Structures Using Glass/Epoxy Composite Containing Carbon Black in X-Band Frequency Ranges,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 35 (2004): 49–56.

[75] S. K. Kwon, J. M. Ahn, G. H. Kim, C. H. Chun, J. S. Hwang, and J. H. Lee, “Microwave Absorbing Properties of Carbon Black/Silicone Rubber Blend,” Polymer Engineering & Science 42 (2002): 2165–2171.

[76] S. Iijima, “Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon,” Nature 354 (1991): 56–58.

[77] Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, C. Zhang, et al., “Aligned Fluorinated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Transmission Channel Towards Attenuation of Broadband Electromagnetic Waves,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6 (2018): 9399–9409.

[78] Y. Zhang, A. Zhang, L. Ding, H. Lu, and Y. Zheng, “The Effect of Polymer Spatial Configuration on the Microwave Absorbing Properties of Non-Covalent Modified MWNTs,” Composites, Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 81 (2016): 264–270.

[79] Y. Li, Y. Qing, H. Yao, H. Xu, and H. Wu, “A Novel Plasma-Sprayed Ti₄O₇/Carbon Nanotubes/Al₂O₃ Coating With Bifunctional Microwave Application,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 645 (2023): 165–175.

[80] Q. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Xiong, H. Hu, N. Meng, and Y. Liao, “Fiber Materials for Applications of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Advanced Fiber Materials 7 (2025): 1320–1349.

[81] D. Tan, Q. Wang, M. Li, et al., “Magnetic Media Synergistic Carbon Fiber@Ni/NiO Composites for High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Chemical Engineering Journal 92 (2024): 152245.

[82] D. Tan, C. Xu, and G. Chen, “Charge-Transfer States Disclosed by First-Principles Calculations in Core-Shell Carbon Fiber@Ni and Exploration of Its Microscopic Electromagnetic Loss Mechanism,” Carbon 1 (2019): 119931.

[83] H. Liang, T. Hou, T. Liu, et al., “Rare-Earth Oxide–Induced Interfacial Engineering for Tailoring Dielectric Response in NiCo₂O₄/CeO₂ Composites Toward High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers,” Carbon 246 (2026): 120922.

[84] W. Geng, Y. Liu, H. Lei, et al., “Construction of a Highly Ordered Sic Nanofiber@C Fiber Heterojunction Hybrid With a Fuzzy Grass-Like Structure for Enhanced Microwave Absorbing Performance,” Chemical Engineering Journal 499 (2024): 155785.

[85] J. Zeng, J. Xu, P. Tao, and W. Hua, “Ferromagnetic and Microwave Absorption Properties of Copper Oxide-Carbon Fiber Composites,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 487 (2009): 304–308.

[86] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al., “Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films,” Science 306, no. 5696 (2004): 666–669.

[87] C. Wang, X. Han, P. Xu, et al., “The Electromagnetic Property of Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Application as Microwave Absorbing Material,” Applied Physics Letters 98, no. 7 (2011): 072906.

[88] W. Feng, Y. Wang, J. Chen, et al., “Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated With In-Situ Growing ZnO Nanocrystals: Facile Synthesis and Enhanced Microwave Absorption Properties,” Carbon 108 (2016): 52–60.

[89] M. Han, X. Yin, W. Duan, S. Ren, L. Zhang, and L. Cheng, “Hierarchical Graphene/SiC Nanowire Networks in Polymer-Derived Ceramics With Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Capability,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 36, no. 11 (2016): 2695–2703.

[90] Y. Chen, A. Zhang, L. Ding, Y. Liu, and H. Lu, “A Three-Dimensional Absorber Hybrid With Polar Oxygen Functional Groups of MWNTs/Graphene With Enhanced Microwave Absorbing Properties,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 108 (2017): 386–392.

[91] Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, H. Chen, et al., “Composition and Structure Control of Ultralight Graphene Foam for High-Performance Microwave Absorption,” Carbon 105 (2016): 438–447.

[92] T. Li, D. Zhi, Y. Chen, B. Li, Z. Zhou, and F. Meng, “Multiaxial Electrospun Generation of Hollow Graphene Aerogel Spheres for Broadband High-Performance Microwave Absorption,” Nano Research 13 (2020): 477–484.

[93] F. Meng, H. Wang, W. Wei, et al., “Generation of Graphene-Based Aerogel Microspheres for Broadband and Tunable High-Performance Microwave Absorption by Electrospinning-Freeze Drying Process,” Nano Research 11 (2018): 2847–2861.

[94] J. P. Chen, H. Jia, Z. Liu, et al., “Construction of C-Si Heterojunction Interface in SiC Whisker/Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels for Improving Microwave Absorption,” Carbon 164 (2020): 59–68.

[95] C. Liu, Z. Zeng, J. Qiao, et al., “Versatile Cellulose Nanofibril Assisted Preparation of Ultralight, Scalable Carbon Nanotube Aerogel-Based Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers With Ultrahigh Reflection Loss,” Carbon 213 (2023): 118277.

[96] Y. Y. Wang, Z. H. Zhou, J. L. Zhu, et al., “Low-Temperature Carbonized Carbon Nanotube/Cellulose Aerogel for Efficient Microwave Absorption,” Composites, Part B: Engineering 220 (2021): 108985.

[97] Y. Y. Wang, Z. H. Zhou, C. G. Zhou, et al., “Lightweight and Robust Carbon Nanotube/Polyimide Foam for Efficient and Heat-Resistant Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Microwave Absorption,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 7 (2020): 8704–8712.

[98] Y. Y. Wang, W. J. Sun, K. Dai, D. X. Yan, and Z. M. Li, “Flexible and Heat-Resistant Carbon Nanotube/Graphene/Polyimide Foam for Broadband Microwave Absorption,” Composites Science and Technology 212 (2021): 108848.

[99] S. Liu, Q. Xu, Y. Bai, et al., “Toward Strong X-Band-Electromagnetic-Wave-Absorbing Materials: Polyimide/Carbon Nanotube Composite Aerogel With Radial Needle-Like Porous Structure,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10 (2022): 25140–25147.

[100] L. Yang, X. Zhou, Z. Jia, et al., “Selective Tailoring of Covalent Bonds on Graphitized Hollow Carbon Spheres Towards Controllable Porous Structure and Wideband Electromagnetic Absorption,” Carbon 167 (2020): 843–851.

[101] X. Guan, Z. Yang, Y. Zhu, et al., “The Controllable Porous Structure and S-Doping of Hollow Carbon Sphere Synergistically Act on the Microwave Attenuation,” Carbon 188 (2022): 1–11.

[102] Y. Wang, W. Zhou, G. Zeng, et al., “Rational Design of Multi-Shell Hollow Carbon Submicrospheres for High-Performance Microwave Absorbers,” Carbon 175 (2021): 233–242.

[103] S. C. Chiu, H. C. Yu, and Y. Y. Li, “High Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance of Silicon Carbide Nanowires in the Gigahertz Range,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, no. 4 (2010): 1947–1952.

[104] Z. Shen, J. Chen, B. Li, G. Li, Z. Zhang, and X. Hou, “Recent Progress in SiC Nanowires as Electromagnetic Microwaves Absorbing Materials,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 815 (2020): 152388.

[105] L. Song, L. Wang, Y. Chen, et al., “Engineered Core-Shell SiC@SiO₂ Nanofibers for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance,” Small 20, no. 52 (2024): 2407563.

[106] M. Li, W. Li, Y. Wang, et al., “Entropy-Driven Microwave Absorption Enhancement in Hexagonal (Ba_1/3Sr_1/3Ca_1/3)FeO₃ Perovskite,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 14, no. 4 (2025): 9221059.

[107] X. L. Lan, Y. Hou, X. Y. Dong, et al. “All-Ceramic SiC Aerogel for Wide Temperature Range Electromagnetic Wave Attenuation,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 13 (2022): 15360–15369

[108] W. Zhou, R. Yin, L. Long, et al., “Enhanced High-Temperature Dielectric Properties and Microwave Absorption of SiC Nanofibers Modified Si₃N₄ Ceramics Within the Gigahertz Range,” Ceramics International 44, no. 11 (2018): 12301–12307.

[109] L. Hong-Sheng, F. Xiao-Yong, S. Wei-Li, et al., “Modification of Band Gap of β-SiC by N-Doping,” Chinese Physics Letters 26 (2009): 067101.

[110] J. L. Fan, Y. S. Wei, and S. K. Lu, “Structural Stability, Electronic and Optical Properties of Ni-Doped Boron Carbide by First Principles Calculation,” Advanced Materials Research 690–693 (2013): 602–606.

[111] X. Su, W. Zhou, J. Xu, et al., “Preparation and Dielectric Property of Al and N Co-Doped SiC Powder by Combustion Synthesis,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 95, no. 4 (2012): 1388–1393.

[112] Y. Yao, A. Jänis, and U. Klement, “Characterization and Dielectric Properties of β-SiC Nanofibres,” Journal of Materials Science 43 (2008): 1094–1101.

[113] X. Lan and Z. Wang, “Efficient High-Temperature Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Enabled by Structuring Binary Porous SiC With Multiple Interfaces,” Carbon 170 (2020): 517–526.

[114] Z. Cai, L. Su, H. Wang, et al., “Alternating Multilayered Si₃N₄/SiC Aerogels for Broadband and High-Temperature Electromagnetic Wave Absorption up to 1000°C,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 14 (2021): 16704–16712.

[115] W. Wang, G. Liu, L. Wang, et al., “Temperature-Dependent Dielectric and Wide-Temperature-Range Microwave Absorption Properties of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃/Al₂O₃-13%TiO₂ Coatings,” Ceramics International 49, no. 22 (2023): 34595–34602.

[116] J. Ding, F. Chen, J. Chen, J. Liang, and J. Kong, “MXene-Derived TiC/SiBCN Ceramics With Excellent Electromagnetic Absorption and High-Temperature Resistance,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 104, no. 4 (2021): 1772–1784.

[117] Y. Zhou, J. Muhammad, X. Zhang, et al., “Novel Nanocapsules With Co-TiC Twin Cores and Regulable Graphitic Shells for Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” RSC Advances 8, no. 12 (2018): 6397–6405.

[118] T. Shao, H. Ma, J. Wang, et al., “High Temperature Absorbing Coatings With Excellent Performance Combined Al₂O₃ and TiC Material,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 5 (2020): 2013–2019.

[119] G. Mera, A. Navrotsky, S. Sen, H. J. Kleebe, and R. Riedel, “Polymer-Derived SiCN and SiOC Ceramics—Structure and Energetics at the Nanoscale,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 12 (2013): 3826–3836.

[120] X. Liu, Z. Tang, and J. Xue, “Enhanced Microwave Absorption Properties of Polymer-Derived SiC/SiCN Composite Ceramics Modified by TiC,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32 (2021): 25895–25907.

[121] R. M. Prasad, G. Mera, K. Morita, et al., “Thermal Decomposition of Carbon-Rich Polymer-Derived Silicon Carbonitrides Leading to Ceramics With High Specific Surface Area and Tunable Micro- and Mesoporosity,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32, no. 2 (2012): 477–484.

[122] F. Ye, L. Zhang, X. Yin, et al., “Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies on the Deposition of Silicon Carbon Nitride From CH₃SiCl₃–C₃H₆–NH₃–H₂–Ar and Its Excellent Electromagnetic Absorbing Property,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 589 (2014): 579–589.

[123] J. Xue, X. Yin, F. Ye, L. Zhang, and L. Cheng, “Thermodynamic Analysis on the Codeposition of SiC–Si₃N₄ Composite Ceramics by Chemical Vapor Deposition Using SiCl₄–NH₃–CH₄–H₂–Ar Mixture Gases,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 96, no. 3 (2013): 979–986.

[124] W. Zhao, G. Shao, M. Jiang, et al., “Ultralight Polymer-Derived Ceramic Aerogels With Wide Bandwidth and Effective Electromagnetic Absorption Properties,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37, no. 13 (2017): 3973–3980.

[125] W. Zhao, G. Shao, S. Han, et al., “Facile Preparation of Ultralight Polymer-Derived SiOCN Ceramic Aerogels With Hierarchical Pore Structure,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 102, no. 5 (2018): 2316–2324.

[126] Y. Zeng, N. Dai, Q. Cheng, J. Huang, X. Liang, and W. Song, “Preparation and Characterization of Phosphorus-Doped Silicon Nanocrystals in SiC Films,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 16, no. 3 (2013): 598–604.

[127] X. Yin, L. Kong, L. Zhang, L. Cheng, N. Travitzky, and P. Greil, “Electromagnetic Properties of Si-C-N Based Ceramics and Composites,” International Materials Reviews 59, no. 6 (2014): 326–355.

[128] M. Li, X. Yin, G. Zheng, et al., “High-Temperature Dielectric and Microwave Absorption Properties of Si₃N₄-SiC/SiO₂ Composite Ceramics,” Journal of Materials Science 50, no. 50 (2015): 1478–1487.

[129] B. Ren, Y. Deng, and Y. Jia, “Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Ceramics Composites Made of Polymer-Derived SiC With BN@CNTs Pyrolyzed Higher Than 1200°C,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 167, no. 20 (2023): 21327.

[130] Q. Zhou, X. Yin, F. Ye, Z. Tang, R. Mo, and L. Cheng, “High Temperature Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of SiC_f/Si₃N₄ Composite Induced by Different SiC Fibers,” Ceramics International 45, no. 5 (2019): 6514–6522.

[131] F. Yang, J. Xue, Y. Ma, et al., “Sandwich Structure SiCf/Si₃N₄–SiOC–Si₃N₄ Composites for High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance and Microwave Absorption,” Ceramics International 48, no. 17 (2022): 24803–24810.

[132] X. Wang, X. Fan, Y. Dong, H. Hao, J. Xue, and F. Ye, “Honeycomb Structure SiC_f/Si₃N₄ Composite With Broadband Electromagnetic Absorption Performance Under a Wide Temperature Range,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 45, no. 6 (2025): 117205.

[133] Q. Zhou, X. Yin, F. Ye, et al., “Multiscale Designed SiC_f/Si₃N₄ Composite for Low and High Frequency Cooperative Electromagnetic Absorption,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 101, no. 12 (2018): 5552–5563.

[134] J. C. Shu, W. Q. Cao, and M. S. Cao, “Diverse Metal-Organic Framework Architectures for Electromagnetic Absorbers and Shielding,” Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 23 (2021): 2100470.

[135] R. Freund, A. E. Lanza, S. Canossa, et al., “Understanding the Chemistry of Metal Oxide to Metal-Organic Framework Reactions for Morphology Control,” Chemistry of Materials 35, no. 5 (2023): 1891–1900.

[136] Q. Wang, J. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Lou, and Y. Li, “A Literature Review of MOF Derivatives of Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers Mainly Based on Pyrolysis,” International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 30, no. 3 (2023): 446–473.

[137] X. Yuan, Q. Mu, S. Xue, et al., “Polypyrrole Reinforced ZIF-67 With Modulated Facet Exposure and Billion-Fold Electrical Conductivity Enhancement Towards Robust Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 60 (2021): 202–208.

[138] G. Xian, X. Zhang, Z. Zhu, et al., “Rhombic Dodecahedron Ce-Co/C Composites With Porous Hollow Structure for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 919 (2022): 165866.

[139] P. Miao, T. Zhang, T. Wang, et al., “A Two-Dimensional Semiconductive Metal-Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption,” Chinese Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 4 (2022): 467–474.

[140] G. Liu, S. Zhang, Y. Cai, et al., “Morphology-Tailored Microwave Absorption in MOF-Derived Co₉S₈/Co@N, S Dual-Doped Carbon Composites via Ligand-Exchange Induced Progressive Hollow Engineering,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 983 (2024): 173802.

[141] L. Li, J. Qiao, X. Zhang, et al., “Straw-Bundle-Like Rare Earth Metal-Organic Frameworks Derivatives for High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Chemical Engineering Journal 479 (2024): 147446.

[142] Y. Wu, K. Peng, Z. Man, et al., “A Hierarchically Three-Dimensional CoNi/N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets With High Performance of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Carbon 188 (2022): 503–512.

[143] L. Ren, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, Q. He, and G. Wu, “Efficient Microwave Absorption Achieved Through In Situ Construction of Core-Shell CoFe₂O₄@Mesoporous Carbon Hollow Spheres,” International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 30 (2023): 504–514.

[144] X. Gong, Q. Liu, W. Zhao, Z. Lu, and T. Zhang, “Almond C/Fe_xO_y Composite Material Based on Biomass Porous Carbon Structure With High-Efficiency Microwave Absorbing Properties,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 33 (2022): 13166–13179.

[145] F. Li, Z. Bi, H. Kimura, et al., “Energy- and Cost-Efficient Salt-Assisted Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Matrix Decorated With Nickel Nanoparticles for Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 6 (2023): 133.

[146] J. Wang, G. Chen, X. Bai, et al., “Significantly Enhancing Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of BaFe₁₂O₁₉ Hexaferrites via KOH Mineralizer,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 947 (2023): 169539.

[147] H. Nayebzadeh, N. Saghatoleslami, M. Haghighi, M. Tabasizadeh, and E. Binaeian, “Comparative Assessment of The Ability of, a Microwave Absorber Nanocatalyst in The Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production Process,” Comptes Rendus Chimie 21, no. 7 (2018): 676–683.

[148] Z. Wu, W. Hu, T. Huang, et al., “Hierarchically Porous Carbons With Controlled Structures for Efficient Microwave Absorption,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 32 (2018): 8839–8845.

[149] Y. Yi, C. Zhao, H. L. Shindume, et al., “Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption of Magnetite-Spinach Derived Carbon Composite,” Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 694 (2024): 134149.

[150] X. Yang, X. Pang, M. Cao, X. Liu, and X. Li, “Efficient Microwave Absorption Induced by Hierarchical Pores of Reed-Derived Ultralight Carbon Materials,” Industrial Crops and Products 171 (2021): 113814.

[151] J. Su, R. Yang, P. Zhang, et al., “Fe/Fe₃O₄/Biomass Carbon Derived From Agaric to Achieve High-Performance Microwave Absorption,” Diamond and Related Materials 129 (2022): 109386.

[152] T. Bai, Y. Guo, H. Liu, et al., “Achieving Enhanced Electromagnetic Shielding and Absorption Capacity of Cellulose-Derived Carbon Aerogelsviatuning the Carbonization Temperature,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 15 (2020): 5191–5201.

[153] X. Lu, D. Zhu, X. Li, M. Li, Q. Chen, and Y. Qing, “Protein-Derived Hybrid Carbon Nanospheres With Tunable Microwave Absorbing Performance in the X-Band,” ACS Applied Electronic Materials 3, no. 6 (2021): 2685–2693.

[154] P. Mou, J. Zhao, G. Wang, et al., “BCN Nanosheets Derived From Coconut Shells With Outstanding Microwave Absorption and Thermal Conductive Properties,” Chemical Engineering Journal 437 (2022): 135285.

[155] Z. Guo, P. Ren, F. Zhang, et al., “Magnetic Coupling N Self-Doped Porous Carbon Derived From Biomass With Broad Absorption Bandwidth and High-Efficiency Microwave Absorption,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 610 (2022): 1077–1087.

[156] P. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Yan, Y. Huang, L. Xia, and Z. Guang, “Synthesis of Lightweight N-Doped Graphene Foams With Open Reticular Structure for High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Chemical Engineering Journal 368 (2019): 285–298.

[157] H. Xu, B. Li, X. Jiang, et al., “Fabrication of N-Doped Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Dendritic Composites With Abundant Interfaces for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Carbon 201 (2023): 234–243.

[158] H. Wang, Y. Shao, S. Mei, et al., “Polymer-Derived Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon Materials,” Chemical Reviews 120 (2020): 9363–9419.

[159] X. Chen, F. Zhang, D. Lan, et al., “State-Of-The-Art Synthesis Strategy for Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Based Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers: From the Perspective of Nitrogen Source,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 6 (2023): 220.

[160] R. Shu, G. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Wu, and J. Zhang, “Nitrogen-Doping-Regulated Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Ultralight Three-Dimensional Porous Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels,” Advanced Electronic Materials 7 (2021): 2001001.

[161] B. Quan, W. Shi, S. J. H. Ong, et al., “Defect Engineering in Two Common Types of Dielectric Materials for Electromagnetic Absorption Applications,” Advanced Functional Materials 29 (2019): 1901236.

[162] H. Liang, G. Chen, D. Liu, et al., “Exploring the Ni 3d Orbital Unpaired Electrons Induced Polarization Loss Based on Ni Single-Atoms Model Absorber,” Advanced Functional Materials 33 (2023): 2212604.

[163] W. Zhong, B. Li, Z. Ma, et al., “Double Salt-Template Strategy for the Growth of N, S-Codoped Graphitic Carbon Nanoframes on the Graphene Toward High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Carbon 202 (2023): 235–243.

[164] H. Xu, M. Liu, Z. Ma, et al., “Zn, N-Codoped Mesoporous Carbon Particles/Carbon Fibers for Wide-Band Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Chemical Engineering Journal 479 (2024): 147666.

[165] X. Zhang, B. Li, J. Xu, et al., “Metal Ions Confined in Periodic Pores of MOFs to Embed Single-Metal Atoms Within Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanoflowers for High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Advanced Functional Materials 33 (2023): 2210456.

[166] C. Wu, F. Zhang, Q. Zhi, et al., “From Binary to Ternary and Back to Binary: Transition of Electromagnetic Wave Shielding to Absorption Among MAB Phase Ni₃ZnB₂ and Corresponding Binary Borides Ni_n+1B_n (n = 1,3),” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 12, no. 11 (2023): 2101–2111.

[167] Z. Wang, F. Zhang, N. Wang, et al., “Ternary Layered Boride MoAlB: A Novel Thermo-Regulation Microwave Absorbing Ceramic Material,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 13, no. 5 (2024): 699–710.

[168] H. Niu, X. Jiang, Y. Xia, et al., “Construction of Hydrangea-Like Core–Shell SiO₂@Ti₃C₂T_x@CoNi Microspheres for Tunable Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 12 (2023): 711–723.

[169] J. L. Hart, K. Hantanasirisakul, A. C. Lang, et al., “Control of MXenes' Electronic Properties Through Termination and Intercalation,” Nature Communications 10 (2019): 522.

[170] M. Khazaei, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, et al., “Novel Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides,” Advanced Functional Materials 23 (2013): 2185–2192.

[171] K. Xiong, P. Wang, G. Yang, et al., “Functional Group Effects on the Photoelectronic Properties of MXene (Sc₂CT₂, T = O, F, OH) and Their Possible Photocatalytic Activities,” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 15095.

[172] H. Yu, L. Xue, Y. Xue, et al., “Mapping the Structure and Chemical Composition of MAX Phase Ceramics for Their High-Temperature Tribological Behaviors,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 11 (2024): e597.

[173] Z. Zhang, Z. Cai, Y. Zhang, et al., “The Recent Progress of MXene-Based Microwave Absorption Materials,” Carbon 174 (2021): 484–499.

[174] D. Sha, Y. You, R. Hu, et al., “Enhancing Potassium-Ion Storage of Bi₂S₃ Through External–Internal Dual Synergism: Ti₃C₂T_x Compositing and Cu²⁺ Doping,” Carbon Energy 6, no. 9 (2024): e563.

[175] Z. Tang, P. Cheng, P. Liu, Y. Gao, X. Chen, and G. Wang, “Tightened 1D/3D Carbon Heterostructure Infiltrating Phase Change Materials for Solar–Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting: Faster and Better,” Carbon Energy 5, no. 6 (2023): e281.

[176] Y. Li, Y. Qing, W. Li, M. Zong, and F. Luo, “Novel Magnéli Ti₄O₇/Ni/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Hybrids for High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 4 (2021): 1027–1038.

[177] M. Han, X. Yin, H. Wu, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes With Modified Surface for High-Performance Electromagnetic Absorption and Shielding in the X-Band,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8 (2016): 210119.

[178] J. Shen, M. Zhang, S. Lin, et al., “High-Entropy Enhanced Microwave Absorption in MAX Phases,” Journal of Applied Physics 133 (2023): 235101.

[179] X. Li, X. Yin, C. Song, et al., “Self-Assembly Core-Shell Graphene-Bridged Hollow MXenes Spheres 3D Foam With Ultrahigh Specific EM Absorption Performance,” Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 41 (2018): 41.

[180] H. Wei, J. Dong, X. Fang, et al., “Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Polyaniline (PANI) Sandwich Intercalation Structure Composites Constructed for Microwave Absorption,” Composites Science and Technology 169 (2019): 52–59.

[181] D. Pinto, B. Anasori, H. Avireddy, et al., “Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of 2D Molybdenum Vanadium Carbides-Solid Solution MXenes,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8 (2020): 8957–8968.

[182] D. Lan, Z. Zhao, Z. Gao, K. Kou, G. Wu, and H. Wu, “Porous High Entropy Alloys for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 512 (2020): 167065.

[183] B. Zhang, Y. Duan, Y. Cui, J. Ma, T. Wang, and X. Dong, “Improving Electromagnetic Properties of FeCoNiSiAl High Entropy Alloy Powders via Their Tunable Aspect Ratio and Elemental Uniformity,” Materials & Design 149 (2018): 17383.

[184] Y. Zhang, X. Yang, and P. K. Liaw, “Alloy Design and Properties Optimization of High-Entropy Alloys,” JOM 64 (2012): 830–838.

[185] Y. Zhou, B. Zhao, H. Chen, et al., “Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Properties of TMCs (TM=Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta) and High Entropy (Ti_0.2Zr_0.2Hf_0.2Nb_0.2Ta_0.2)C,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 74 (2021): 10518.

[186] H. Chen, B. Zhao, Z. Zhao, et al., “Achieving Strong Microwave Absorption Capability and Wide Absorption Bandwidth Through a Combination of High Entropy Rare Earth Silicide Carbides/Rare Earth Oxides,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 47 (2020): 21622.

[187] S. Shao, S. Xing, K. Bi, et al., “Tailored Multi-Band Microwave Absorption Performance via Entropy Engineering in Spinel Ferrite/Carbon Nanofiber Composites,” Small 21, no. 23 (2025): 2502349.

[188] L. Qiao, J. Bi, and G. Liang, “Synthesis and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performances of a Novel (Mo_0.25Cr_0.25Ti_0.25V_0.25)₃AlC₂ High-Entropy MAX Phase,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 137 (2023): 11222.

[189] L. Qiao, J. Bi, G. Liang, Y. Yang, H. Wang, and S. Wang, “Synthesis of High-Entropy MXenes With High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption,” Journal of Advanced Ceramics 12 (2023): 1902–1918.

[190] J. Lei, Z. Han, L. Xiang, D. Pan, H. Liu, and C. Shen, “The Preparation of SiO₂/SWCNT@Ni Composite Film With Sandwich Structure and Its Excellent Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Insulation Performances in Extreme Environment,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 8 (2025): 204.

[191] L. Xiang, D. Pan, J. Lei, et al., “Sodium Alginate Aerogel Derived SiC@Co-C 3D Network Enhances Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Thermal Conductivity of PDMS Based Composite,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 306 (2025): 141539.

[192] C. Li, L. Zhang, S. Zhang, et al., “Flexible Regulation Engineering of Titanium Nitride Nanofibrous Membranes for Efficient Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption in Wide Temperature Spectrum,” Nano Research 17 (2024): 1666–1675.

[193] B. Wen, M. Cao, M. Lu, et al., “Reduced Graphene Oxides: Light-Weight and High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Interference Shielding at Elevated Temperatures,” Advanced Materials 26, no. 21 (2014): 3484–3489.

[194] K. Ardakani and M. Holl, “Nanostructured Materials for Microwave Receptors,” Progress in Materials Science 87 (2017): 22145.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). Carbon Energy published by Wenzhou University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.