Rethinking the Roles of Graphite and Graphene in Lithium-Ion Batteries From Environmental and Industrial Perspectives

Abstract

Graphite, encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite, and graphene, have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In the pursuit of carbon neutrality, LIBs are expected to play a pivotal role in reducing CO₂ emissions by decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and enabling the integration of renewable energy sources. Owing to their technological maturity and exceptional electrochemical performance, the global production of graphite and graphene for LIBs is projected to continue expanding. Over the past decades, numerous researchers have concentrated on reducing the material and energy input whilst optimising the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphene, through novel synthesis methods and various modifications at the laboratory scale. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the manufacturing methods, environmental impact, research progress, and challenges associated with graphite and graphene in LIBs from an industrial perspective, with a particular focus on the carbon footprint of production processes. Additionally, it considers emerging challenges and future development directions of graphite and graphene, offering significant insights for ongoing and future research in the field of green LIBs.

Keywords

circular sustainability / graphene / graphite / green processing / net-zero

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