Plasma-oxidized 2D MXenes subnanochannel membrane for high-performance osmotic energy conversion

Abstract

Nanofluidic channels inspired by electric eels open a new era of efficient harvesting of clean blue osmotic energy from salinity gradients. Limited by less charge and weak ion selectivity of the raw material itself, energy conversion through nanofluidic channels is still facing considerable challenges. Here, a facile and efficient strategy to enhance osmotic energy harvesting based on drastically increasing surface charge density of MXenes subnanochannels via oxygen plasma is proposed. This plasma could break Ti–C bonds in the MXenes subnanochannels and effectively facilitate the formation of more Ti–O, C═O, O–OH, and rutile with a stronger negative charge and work function, which leads the surface potential of MXenes membrane to increase from 205 to 430 mV. This significant rise of surface charge endows the MXenes membrane with high cation selectivity, which could make the output power density of the MXenes membrane increase by 248.2%, reaching a high value of 5.92 W m^–2 in the artificial sea-river water system. Furthermore, with the assistance of low-quality heat at 50°C, the osmotic power is enhanced to an ultrahigh value of 9.68 W m^–2, which outperforms those of the state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2D) nanochannel membranes. This exciting breakthrough demonstrates the enormous potential of the facile plasma-treated 2D membranes for osmotic energy harvesting.

Keywords

ion transport / MXenes membranes / osmotic energy harvesting / plasma / two-dimensional nanochannels