Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/carbon composites for advanced supercapacitors: Synthesis, progress, and perspectives

Abstract

MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal carbides/nitrides that show promising potential for energy storage applications due to their high-specific surface areas, excellent electron conductivity, good hydrophilicity, and tunable terminations. Among various types of MXenes, Ti₃C₂T_x is the most widely studied for use in capacitive energy storage applications, especially in supercapacitors (SCs). However, the stacking and oxidation of MXene sheets inevitably lead to a significant loss of electrochemically active sites. To overcome such challenges, carbon materials are frequently incorporated into MXenes to enhance their electrochemical properties. This review introduces the common strategies used for synthesizing Ti₃C₂T_x, followed by a comprehensive overview of recent developments in Ti₃C₂T_x/carbon composites as electrode materials for SCs. Ti₃C₂T_x/carbon composites are categorized based on the dimensions of carbons, including 0D carbon dots, 1D carbon nanotubes and fibers, 2D graphene, and 3D carbon materials (activated carbon, polymer-derived carbon, etc.). Finally, this review also provides a perspective on developing novel MXenes/carbon composites as electrodes for application in SCs.

Keywords

electrochemical performance / MXene/carbon composites / supercapacitors

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