High-efficiency sodium storage of Co_0.85Se/WSe₂ encapsulated in N-doped carbon polyhedron via vacancy and heterojunction engineering

Abstract

With the advantage of fast charge transfer, heterojunction engineering is identified as a viable method to reinforce the anodes' sodium storage performance. Also, vacancies can effectively strengthen the Na⁺ adsorption ability and provide extra active sites for Na⁺ adsorption. However, their synchronous engineering is rarely reported. Herein, a hybrid of Co_0.85Se/WSe₂ heterostructure with Se vacancies and N-doped carbon polyhedron (CoWSe/NCP) has been fabricated for the first time via a hydrothermal and subsequent selenization strategy. Spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy confirms the phase interface of the Co_0.85Se/WSe₂ heterostructure and the existence of Se vacancies. Density functional theory simulations reveal the accelerated charge transfer and enhanced Na⁺ adsorption ability, which are contributed by the Co_0.85Se/WSe₂ heterostructure and Se vacancies, respectively. As expected, the CoWSe/NCP anode in sodium-ion battery achieves outstanding rate capability (339.6 mAh g^-1 at 20 A g^-1), outperforming almost all Co/W-based selenides.

Keywords

Co_0.85Se/WSe₂ heterostructure / density functional theory simulations / N-doped carbon polyhedron / Se vacancies / sodium-ion batteries

References

[1] Chu S, Majumdar A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature. 2012; 488 (7411): 294- 303.

[2] Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J-M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Science. 2011; 334 (6058): 928- 935.

[3] Zhao C, Wang Q, Yao Z, et al. Rational design of layered oxide materials for sodium-ion batteries. Science. 2020; 370 (6517): 708- 711.

[4] Zhu Z, Zhong W, Zhang Y, et al. Elucidating electrochemical intercalation mechanisms of biomass-derived hard carbon in sodium-/potassium-ion batteries. Carbon Energy. 2021; 3 (4): 541- 553.

[5] Jing WT, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Zhu YF, Yang CC, Jiang Q. N-doped carbon nanonecklaces with encapsulated Sb as a sodium-ion battery anode. Matter. 2019; 1 (3): 720- 733.

[6] Liu Q, Xu R, Mu D, et al. Progress in electrolyte and interface of hard carbon and graphite anode for sodium-ion battery. Carbon Energy. 2022; 4 (3): 458- 479.

[7] Yuan X, Chen S, Li J, et al. Understanding the improved performance of sulfur-doped interconnected carbon microspheres for Na-ion storage. Carbon Energy. 2021; 3 (4): 615- 626.

[8] Zhang DM, Jia JH, Yang CC, Jiang Q. Fe₇Se₈ nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon nanofibers as high-rate anode for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2020; 24: 439- 449.

[9] Wang Y, Wen Z, Wang CC, Yang CC, Jiang Q. MOF-derived Fe₇S₈ nanoparticles/N-doped carbon nanofibers as an ultra-stable anode for sodium-ion batteries. Small. 2021; 17 (38): 2102349.

[10] Jing WT, Yang CC, Jiang Q. Recent progress on metallic Sn- and Sb-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2020; 8 (6): 2913- 2933.

[11] Li C, Pei YR, Zhao M, Yang CC, Jiang Q. Sodium storage performance of ultrasmall SnSb nanoparticles. Chem Eng J. 2021; 420: 129617.

[12] Yin H, Qu H-Q, Liu Z, Jiang R-Z, Li C, Zhu M-Q. Long cycle life and high rate capability of three dimensional CoSe₂ grainattached carbon nanofibers for flexible sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2019; 58: 715- 723.

[13] Huang Y, Wang Z, Jiang Y, et al. Hierarchical porous Co_0.85Se@reduced graphene oxide ultrathin nanosheets with vacancy-enhanced kinetics as superior anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2018; 53: 524- 535.

[14] Ali Z, Tang T, Huang X, Wang Y, Asif M, Hou Y. Cobalt selenide decorated carbon spheres for excellent cycling performance of sodium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2018; 13: 19- 28.

[15] Sun W, Zhao W, Yuan S, et al. Designing rational interfacial bonds for hierarchical mineral-type trogtalite with double carbon towards ultra-fast sodium-ions storage properties. Adv Funct Mater. 2021; 31 (18): 2100156.

[16] Tabassum H, Zhi C, Hussain T, Qiu T, Aftab W, Zou R. Encapsulating trogtalite CoSe₂ nanobuds into BCN nanotubes as high storage capacity sodium ion battery anodes. Adv Energy Mater. 2019; 9 (39): 1901778.

[17] Yang C, Liang X, Ou X, et al. Heterostructured nanocubeshaped binary sulfide(SnCo)S₂ interlaced with S-doped graphene as a high-performance anode for advanced Na⁺ batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2019; 29 (9): 1807971.

[18] Cao L, Gao X, Zhang B, Ou X, Zhang J, Luo W-B. Bimetallic sulfide Sb₂S₃@FeS₂ hollow nanorods as high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Nano. 2020; 14 (3): 3610- 3620.

[19] Guo C, Zhang W, Liu Y, et al. Constructing CoO/Co₃S₄ heterostructures embedded in N-doped carbon frameworks for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2019; 29 (29): 1901925.

[20] Zhang C, Han F, Wang F, et al. Improving compactness and reaction kinetics of MoS₂@C anodes by introducing Fe₉S₁₀ core for superior volumetric sodium/potassium storage. Energy Storage Mater. 2020; 24: 208- 219.

[21] Fang G, Wang Q, Zhou J, et al. Metal organic frameworktemplated synthesis of bimetallic selenides with rich phase boundaries for sodium-ion storage and oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Nano. 2019; 13 (5): 5635- 5645.

[22] Liu P, Han J, Zhu K, Dong Z, Jiao L. Heterostructure SnSe₂/ZnSe@PDA nanobox for stable and highly efficient sodiumion storage. Adv Energy Mater. 2020; 10 (24): 2000741.

[23] Yao K, Xu Z, Huang J, et al. Bundled defect-rich MoS₂ for a high-rate and long-life sodium-ion battery: achieving 3D diffusion of sodium ion by vacancies to improve kinetics. Small. 2019; 15 (12): 1805405.

[24] Wang L, Xie X, Dinh KN, Yan Q, Ma J. Synthesis, characterizations, and utilization of oxygen-deficient metal oxides for lithium/sodium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Coord Chem Rev. 2019; 397: 138- 167.

[25] Liang J, Wei Z, Wang C, Ma J. Vacancy-induced sodium ion storage in N-doped carbon nanofiber@MoS₂ nanosheet arrays. Electrochim Acta. 2018; 285: 301- 308.

[26] He H, Huang D, Gan Q, et al. Anion vacancies regulating endows MoSSe with fast and stable potassium ion storage. ACS Nano. 2019; 13 (10): 11843- 11852.

[27] Zhang L, Lu C, Ye F, et al. Selenic acid etching assisted vacancy engineering for designing highly active electrocatalysts toward the oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Mater. 2021; 33 (14): 2007523.

[28] Xing L, Han K, Liu Q, et al. Hierarchical two-atom-layered WSe₂/C ultrathin crumpled nanosheets assemblies: engineering the interlayer spacing boosts potassium-ion storage. Energy Storage Mater. 2021; 36: 309- 317.

[29] Cui RC, Xu B, Dong HJ, Yang CC, Jiang Q. N/O dual-doped environment-friendly hard carbon as advanced anode for potassium-ion batteries. Adv Sci. 2020; 7 (5): 1902547.

[30] Zhang X, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Chen D. Co_0.85Se nanoparticles encapsulated by nitrogen-enriched hierarchically porous carbon for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020; 12 (8): 9236- 9247.

[31] Zhang S, Sun L, Yu L, et al. Core-shell CoSe₂/WSe₂ heterostructures@carbon in porous carbon nanosheets as advanced anode for sodium ion batteries. Small. 2021; 17 (49): 2103005.

[32] Zhou X, Hu X, Zhou S, et al. Tunneling diode based on WSe₂/SnS₂ heterostructure incorporating high detectivity and responsivity. Adv Mater. 2018; 30 (7): 1703286.

[33] Huang S, Wang H, Wang S, et al. Encapsulating CoS₂-CoSe₂ heterostructured nanocrystals in N-doped carbon nanocubes as highly efficient counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans. 2018; 47 (15): 5236- 5244.

[34] Li J, Han S, Zhang J, et al. Synthesis of three-dimensional freestanding WSe₂/C hybrid nanofibers as anodes for high capacity lithium/sodium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2019; 7 (34): 19898- 19908.

[35] Lu S, Wu H, Xu S, et al. Iron selenide microcapsules as universal conversion-typed anodes for alkali metal-ion batteries. Small. 2021; 17 (8): 2005745.

[36] Hou Z, Hei P, Shu C, et al. Multifunctional selenium vacancy coupling with interface engineering enables high-stability Li-O₂ battery. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng. 2020; 8 (17): 6667- 6674.

[37] Setzler SD, Moldovan M, Yu Z, Myers TH, Giles NC, Halliburton LE. Observation of singly ionized selenium vacancies in ZnSe grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Appl Phys Lett. 1997; 70 (17): 2274- 2276.

[38] Zhang H, Wang T, Sumboja A, et al. Integrated hierarchical carbon flake arrays with hollow P-doped CoSe₂ nanoclusters as an advanced bifunctional catalyst for Zn-air batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2018; 28 (40): 1804846.

[39] Dong Q, Wang Q, Dai Z, Qiu H, Dong X. MOF-derived Zndoped CoSe₂ as an efficient and stable free-standing catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016; 8 (40): 26902- 26907.

[40] Shan H, Qin J, Ding Y, et al. Controllable heterojunctions with a semicoherent phase boundary boosting the potassium storage of CoSe₂/FeSe₂. Adv Mater. 2021; 33 (37): 2102471.

[41] Yang CC, Zhang DM, Du L, Jiang Q. Hollow Ni-NiO nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon nanosheets as a hybrid anode for sodium ion batteries with an ultra-long cycle life. J Mater Chem A. 2018; 6 (26): 12663- 12671.

[42] Xie F, Xu Z, Guo Z, et al. Achieving high initial Coulombic efficiency for competent Na storage by microstructure tailoring from chiral nematic nanocrystalline cellulose. Carbon Energy. 2022; 4 (5): 914- 923.

[43] Zhang G, Ou X, Yang J, Tang Y. Molecular coupling and selfassembly strategy toward WSe₂/carbon micro-nano hierarchical structure for elevated sodium-ion storage. Small Methods. 2021; 5 (8): 2100374.

[44] Yousaf M, Chen Y, Tabassum H, et al. A dual protection system for heterostructured 3D CNT/CoSe₂/C as high areal capacity anode for sodium storage. Adv Sci. 2020; 7 (5): 1902907.

[45] Wang C, Zhang B, Xia H, et al. Composition and architecture design of double-shelled Co_0.85Se_1-xS_x@carbon/graphene hollow polyhedron with superior alkali(Li, Na, K)-ion storage. Small. 2020; 16 (17): 1905853.

[46] Huang P, Zhang S, Ying H, Zhang Z, Han W. Few-layered Ti₃C₂ MXene anchoring bimetallic selenide NiCo₂Se₄ nanoparticles for superior sodium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J. 2021; 417: 129161.

[47] Feng Y, Xu M, He T, et al. CoPSe: a new ternary anode material for stable and high-rate sodium/potassium-ion batteries. Adv Mater. 2021; 33 (16): 2007262.

[48] Jo MS, Lee JS, Jeong SY, et al. Golden bristlegrass-like hierarchical graphene nanofibers entangled with N-doped CNTs containing CoSe₂ nanocrystals at each node as anodes for high-rate sodium-ion batteries. Small. 2020; 16 (38): 2003391.

[49] Xu E, Li P, Quan J, et al. Dimensional gradient structure of CoSe₂@CNTs-MXene anode assisted by ether for highcapacity, stable sodium storage. Nano-Micro Lett. 2021; 13 (1): 40.

[50] Feng J, Luo S, Yan S, et al. Rational design of yolk-shell Zn-Co-Se@N-doped dual carbon architectures as long-life and high-rate anodes for half/full Na-ion batteries. Small. 2021; 17 (46): 2101887.

[51] Xu Y, Liu X, Su H, Jiang S, Zhang J, Li D. Hierarchical bimetallic selenides CoSe₂-MoSe₂/rGO for sodium/potassiumion batteries anode: insights into the intercalation and conversion mechanism. Energy Environ Mater. 2022; 5 (2): 627- 636.

[52] Xiao S, Li X, Zhang W, et al. Bilateral interfaces in In₂Se₃-CoIn₂-CoSe₂ heterostructures for high-rate reversible sodium storage. ACS Nano. 2021; 15 (8): 13307- 13318.

[53] Cui RC, Zhou HY, Li JC, Yang CC, Jiang Q. Ball-cactus-like Bi embedded in N-riched carbon nanonetworks enables the best potassium storage performance. Adv Funct Mater. 2021; 31 (33): 2103067.

[54] Deng L, Yang Z, Tan L, Zeng L, Zhu Y, Guo L. Investigation of the Prussian blue analog Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ as an anode material for nonaqueous potassium-ion batteries. Adv Mater. 2018; 30 (31): 1802510.

[55] Nai J, Lou XW. Hollow structures based on Prussian blue and its analogs for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Adv Mater. 2018; 31 (38): 1706825.

[56] Ma W, Wang J, Gao H, et al. A mesoporous antimony-based nanocomposite for advanced sodium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2018; 13: 247- 256.

[57] Qu B, Ma C, Ji G, et al. Layered SnS₂-reduced graphene oxide composite-a high-capacity, high-rate, and long-cycle life sodium-ion battery anode material. Adv Mater. 2014; 26 (23): 3854- 3859.

[58] Peng J, Zhang W, Hu Z, et al. Ice-assisted synthesis of highly crystallized Prussian blue analogues for all-climate and longcalendar-life sodium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2022; 22 (3): 1302- 1310.

[59] He Y, Liu C, Xie Z, et al. Prussian blue analogue-derived cobalt sulfide nanoparticles embedded in N/S-codoped carbon frameworks as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2022; 5 (7): 8697- 8708.

[60] Qiao Y, Wei G, Cui J, et al. Prussian blue coupling with zinc oxide as a protective layer: an efficient cathode for high-rate sodium-ion batteries. Chem Commun. 2019; 55 (4): 549- 552.

[61] Jiang Y, Yu S, Wang B, et al. Prussian blue@C composite as an ultrahigh-rate and long-life sodium-ion battery cathode. Adv Funct Mater. 2016; 26 (29): 5315- 5321.

[62] Chen R, Huang Y, Xie M, et al. Preparation of Prussian blue submicron particles with a pore structure by two-step optimization for Na-ion battery cathodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016; 8 (25): 16078- 16086.

[63] Xu Z, Wang J, Guo Z, et al. The role of hydrothermal carbonization in sustainable sodium-ion battery anodes. Adv Energy Mater. 2022; 12 (18): 2200208.

[64] Song H, Eom K. Overcoming the unfavorable kinetics of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃//SnP_x full-cell sodium-ion batteries for high specific energy and energy efficiency. Adv Funct Mater. 2020; 30 (31): 2003086.

[65] Moyer K, Donohue J, Ramanna N, et al. High-rate potassium ion and sodium ion batteries by co-intercalation anodes and open framework cathodes. Nanoscale. 2018; 10 (28): 13335- 13342.

[66] Chang J, Jin M, Yao F, et al. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnO₂ nanospheres and graphene/MoO₃ nanosheets with high energy density. Adv Funct Mater. 2013; 23 (40): 5074- 5083.

[67] Shan T-T, Xin S, You Y, Cong H-P, Yu S-H, Manthiram A. Combining nitrogen-doped graphene sheets and MoS₂: a unique film-foam-film structure for enhanced lithium storage. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2016; 55 (41): 12783- 12788.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 2023 The Authors. Carbon Energy published by Wenzhou University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.