Nanotechnology is emerging as a transformative force in the electric vehicle (EV) industry, offering sustainable, renewable and innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in battery performance, energy efficiency, material weight, and environmental sustainability. This review synthesizes recent advancements in nanomaterials and their integration into EV technologies. Nanostructured silicon anodes demonstrate energy densities up to 4200 mAh/gnearly ten times higher than conventional graphite anodeswhile graphene-enhanced supercapacitors deliver power densities in the range of 10–100 kW/kg, enabling rapid energy delivery. Lightweight nanocomposites reduce overall vehicle mass by 20%–30%, translating to a 10%–15% improvement in energy efficiency. Thermoelectric nanomaterials can recover 5%–10% of waste heat, and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (25%–28%) offer auxiliary power solutions, potentially extending vehicle range by 10%–15%. Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates closed-loop recycling systems capable of recovering up to 95% of critical raw materials, while enhancing battery lifespan by approximately 30%, thus mitigating environmental impact. However, key barriers such as high production costs (e.g., graphene at $100–$1000 per gram) and limited cycle life (300–500 cycles) remain. Future innovations aim to reduce production costs by 50%–70% and significantly improve durability. Projections suggest that by 2030, nanotechnology could increase EV range by 30%–50%, reduce charging times by up to 50%, and lower manufacturing costs by 20%–30%, contributing to a 30%–50% reduction in transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
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2025 The Author(s). Battery Energy published by Xijing University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
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