Pore structure manipulation-enhanced sodium storage of calcium-lignosulfonate-based hard carbon

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a lot of attention owing to their low cost, as well as similar working mechanism and manufacturing technique to lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application of SIBs is severely hindered by limited electrode materials. Disordered carbons are reported to be promising as anode materials for SIBs. Here, for the first time, calcium lignosulfonate (LSCa), one papermaking waste, is explored as a novel low-cost precursor for carbon materials of SIBs. The optimized LSCa-derived carbon delivers a high reversible capacity of 317mAh g⁻¹ at 30mA g⁻¹ with ~60% plateau capacity, and it retains a capacity of 170mAh g⁻¹ even at 3000mA g⁻¹. These achievements are ascribed to the larger d₀₀₂ values, smaller defects, and more closed pores, compared with the original sample from the direct carbonization of LSCa.

Keywords

carbon anode / lignosulfonate / sodium-ion batteries

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RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 The Authors(s). Battery Energy published by Xijing University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.